Morphology of the Bashkir language

Modern Bashkir linguistics is studying the actual problems of the Bashkir language. Fundamental works on the grammatical structure , lexical composition and phraseology , as well as dialectology and lexicography are written.

A systematic study of the Bashkir language began in the 20s. XX century A contribution to the development of Bashkir linguistics and Turkic linguistic science was made by corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences , academician of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR prof. N.K.Dmitriev (1898-1954). His main work was "Grammar of the Bashkir language" (M.-L., 1948) - the first scientific academic grammar in the history of Bashkir linguistics. In 1950, in Ufa, the monograph was published in translation into the Bashkir language.

Professor D.G. Kiekbaev was one of the first to study the scientific problems of Bashkir and Turkic linguistics. He wrote fundamental works: “Phonetics of the Bashkir language”, “Vocabulary and phraseology of the Bashkir language”, “Introduction to the Ural-Altai linguistics”, “Fundamentals of the historical grammar of the Ural-Altai languages”. The grammar of the Bashkir language was studied by professor Ishbulatov, Nagim Khazhgalievich .

In the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Bashkir language grammar is studied at the Department of Bashkir Linguistics and Ethnocultural Education of Bashkir State University ^[1] .

The word order in the Bashkir sentence is as follows: definitions and subjects are located at the beginning, then circumstances, additions, the predicate is placed at the end of the sentence.

Parts of speech are lexico-grammatical categories of words, differing in grammatical meaning, composition and features of morphological categories, syntactic functions in the composition of the sentence. When classifying parts of speech, the ability to reflect objects and phenomena of reality is taken into account; the presence and factors of grammatical categories; their role of word formation in the language system.

In the modern Bashkir language, words are divided into 5 classes:

• significant parts of speech (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, verb, adverb), which in the context and outside the sentence have a certain meaning and perform the syntactic functions of individual members of the sentence;
• service parts of speech (union, postposition, particle), expressing various grammatical relations and serving to connect words in a sentence or parts of a sentence;
• modal words ;
• interjection ;
• mimetic words.

Does a noun answer questions by whom? 'Who?' him? neither? 'what?'.

Nouns have the categories of numbers (һан), case (kilesh), affiliation (eәәlek), predicativity (әәәәәлеклек))), certainty and uncertainty (buildәlek һәm buildәһәһҙҙlek).

Cases in the Bashkir language

A specific category of the Bashkir language is prediction. Possibility is expressed synthetically and analytically: ҡытыусымын - мин уыыусы 'I'm a teacher'. The form of predicability expresses at the same time the number: min esche - eschemene 'I am a worker' (singular); be eshe - essebeҙ “we are workers” (plural).

Predictability forms in the Bashkir language

The verb denotes the action or condition of objects, phenomena and answers the questions of him (ne) ashlәrg, nim (nor) ashlә, nim (nor) ashlә, nim (nor) ashl ин ne, nim (nor) ashlar torғain, nim (nor) ashlәr - what to do, what to do, what does that do, what did, what did. The verb is used as a predicate . Verbs can function as primary and auxiliary verbs .

Verbs have the following categories: time, mood , number, person , voice , transitive-intransigence , negation, modality .

Currently, the following temporary forms of the verb are in the Bashkir language:

• past certain;
• past indefinite;
• past unfinished;
• preceding certain;
• pretending indefinite;
• long past certain;
• long past undefined;
• the present;
• a definite future;
• the future is uncertain.

Adjectives denote the attribute of an object and answer the questions of the ninja 'what, what, what', ҡayһy 'which', ҡayҙaғy, ҡasanyғ 'what time refers to'.

Adverb

Adverbs denote a sign of action, answer questions nisek, neither әүeshle, как how ’, ҡasan, when’, ҡayҙa’gde ’, ү pme, nor the tickle сколько how much’.

Adverbs, like adjectives, have degrees of comparison formed by the affixes –raҡ, -r -k, -yraҡ, -erәk, -oraҡ, -өrәk: -aҙ 'little' –a –-yra ы 'little', -shәp 'quickly' –shәb -erәk 'faster', -kүp 'a lot' -kүb-erәk 'more'.

Numeral

Numerals indicate the number of objects and answer the questions nisә, үpme 'how many' and have the following categories:

• quantitative with a zero indicator: ber 'one', ike 'two', utyҙ 'thirty';
• ordinals are formed by joining quantitative affixes affixes – nsi, –nce, –ynsa, -ensee, -nnsө: ber 'one' - ber-enense 'first', ike 'two' - ike-nse 'second', өc 'three' - өс-өнсө 'third', өҙ 'hundred' –yөҙ-өnsө 'hundredth';
• dividing - with affix -ar, -әr, -shar, -shәr, -yshar, -eshәr, -өshәr: ber 'one' - ber-әr 'one by one', alti 'six' - alti-ball 'six ', yөҙ' hundred '- yөҙ-әr' one hundred ';
• collective numerals are formed only from numbers from one to eight and ten with the help of the affixes -au, -әү: ber - ber-әү 'one', alty - al-tau 'six', ete - et-әү 'seven';
• approximate - with affix -lap, -lәp; -laғan, -lәgәn: egerme-lәp, egermelәgәn 'about twenty, yөҙ-lәp, yөҙ-lәgәn' about one hundred;
• fractional numerals are formed analytically: өstәn ber 'one third', ber bөtөn undan өs 'one whole three tenths';
• numerical measures are formed by the affix -l, -le: there is a seven-linear lamp, and if kalush is a galoshes of the third size.

Pronouns are divided into:

• Personal (zat almashtars): min 'I', һin 'you', ul 'he, she, it', beҙ 'we', һеҙ 'you', ular 'they';
• Indicative (kүrһәteү almashtari): there was' this', tag 'that', shul 'that', osho 'this, this very', bynau 'this', anau'tot', etc .;
• Interrogative (һorau almashtar): by whom, who, him, what, ҡayһy, who, nisek, how, nisәnsa, who, nisә how much, nisәshәr by how much, nindә what, ҡayҙa where ', kүpme' how many ', ҡасан' when ';
• Definitive (buildәlәү almashtars): һәр, һәрcome, һәр bereһ, һәr ber (н (мә, by whom) 'everyone', bөtә, bөtәһe, bars, barlyғy 'all, everything', үҙе 'oneself', һәr by 'everyone' and others .;
• Undetermined (buildәһeҙlek almashtari): әllә by someone, әllә nimә that, something, әllә nindәy-some kind of әllә nisek как somehow ’, әllә ҡasan 'somehow', әllә ҡayҙa 'where something ';
• Negative (yulyk almashtars) are formed by a combination of interrogative pronouns with the words һis iber: һ with whom 'no one', һis nәmә 'nothing', ber with 'no one', ber nisek tә 'no way', etc .;
• Possessive (ejәlek almashtari): mineң 'mine', һineң 'yours', unhappiness 'him, her', beҙҙeң 'ours', һеҙҙең 'yours', ularҙyң 'them'.

In the Bashkir language there are unions:

Composing unions are divided into the following subgroups:

• connecting (yiyyu terkәүestәre): һәм 'and', taғy, taғy la 'also, again, another', shulay uҡ 'as well';
• opposing (ҡarshy ҡuyyu terkәүestәre): ә 'a', lәkin 'but, however', tick 'no', shulai ҙa 'but, however', әmmә 'a, but, however,' ftәҡә only ', youҡһa' otherwise ' ;
• separation (bүleү terkәүestәre): yә 'or', yәki 'or', bersә 'then', yәиһә 'or', ber 'then, or', әllә 'then, either, or';
• separation-determinative (anyҡlau terkәүestәre): hatta 'that, but'; squirrels 'this or that, for'.

The subordinate unions (Eyәrteү terkәүestәre) have the following subgroups:

• causal (sәbәp terkәүestәre): sanki 'because, since'; shuғa kүrә 'because';
• conditional (shart terkәүestәre): әгәр, әгәр ҙә 'if';
• comparative (saғyshtyryu terkәүestәre): әйтерһең, әйтерһең дә "as if as if";
• explanatory: tim тk 'means'; yәғni 'that is.'

Particles

Particles of the Bashkir language are divided into:

• interrogative (һorau kiҫәksәlәre): -we, -me, -mo, -mө; -we neither, -me nor, -my neither, -mө nor 'unless, really'; -we ikәn, -me ikәn, -my ikәn, -mө ikәn 'li';
• restrictive (siklәү kiҫәksәlәre): ғyna, genә, ҡyna, kenә 'only'; уҡ, үк 'same';
• reinforcing (kөsәiteү, raҫlau kiҫәksәlәre): that, tә; yes, dә; ҙa, ҙә; la, lә 'and'; yes baһa, ҙa baһa, la baһa, that baһa, daһa, ҙaһa, taһa 'the same';
• hypothetical (ikelәneү kiҫәksәlәre): -dyr, -der, -door, -dөr, -ҙyr, -ҙer, -ҙor, -ҙөr, -lyr, -ler, -lor, -lөr, -tyr, -ter, -tor , -tөr 'apparently, probably apparently';
• confirmative (raҫlau kiҫәksәlәre): yes baһa, ҙa baһa, la baһa, that baһa, daһa, taһa, lһa, bit 'after all';
• requests (үtenү kiҫәksәlәre): -sy, -se, -so, -sө '-ka please'.

Depending on the position of the combining word, particles are distinguished:

• prepositive, in front of the word: “iң yabai” (the simplest), “bik kүp” (a lot);
• post-positive - after the word: “kher үk” (now), “kesky gene” (tiny).

Interjections or words expressing feelings in the Bashkir language, as well as in Russian, are simple (ә-ә-и, and-and-and, u-y-u) and complex (a-һai, uy alla).

Bashkir language refers to agglutinative languages .

In accordance with the principles of agglutination (a method of form and word formation, in which, in most cases, the basic or root, in which the sound composition is stable, unique standard affixes are attached in a certain sequence) in the Bashkir language to form the plural form of the genitive case of the noun with the value of belonging to the plural affix joins the root or the base, then the possessive affix and the case affix: “duҫ” (friend) - “duҫ-tar” (friends) - “duҫ-tar-ybyҙ” (our friends) - “duҫ-tar-ybyk-ҙyң” (among our friends), “kitap-tar-ғa” (affix -tar- expresses the meaning of plural, affix -ғa - meaning directive case) (to books) .

Homonyms (words or parts of words matching in sound but differing in unrelated meanings) in the Bashkir language arise as a result of phonetic transformations of words, as a result of the historical development of the language, borrowings, word-formation and inflection processes, the collapse of polysemy, etc.

Full and partial homonyms are distinguished:

• Complete homonyms are identical in all grammatical forms: “ah” (moon) - “ah” (month), “drill” (chalk) - “drill” (thief), “her” (smell) - “her” (frenzy) and other
• Partial homonyms:

1) lexical and grammatical ( omoforms ) - words (as a rule, from different parts of speech) that coincide only in a separate grammatical form: "beҙ" (awl) - "beҙ" (we), "ҡala" (city) - "ҡала ”(Remains),“ kөҙgө ”(mirror) -“ kөҙgө ”(autumn), etc .;

2) grammatical - words or affixes that differ only in grammatical meanings: nominative and accusative cases: “kitap әtәldә yata” (the book is on the table) - “kitap uyyym” (I am reading the book), etc .;

3) homophones - words that are identical in sound but different in spelling: “bөrө” (kidney) - “Bөrө” (city name), “ball” (honey) - “point” (point), “tubal” (basket) - “stupid al” (take the ball), etc.

Homonyms are used to create rhymes , puns , etc. Homonyms of the Bashkir language are described in the dictionaries of M.Kh. Akhtyamov “Bashort teleneң homonymdar еlege” (1966); "Dictionary of homonyms of the Bashkir language"; “Omonimdar һүҙlegé” (1986; “Dictionary of homonyms”; about 300 nests) and “Omonimdar (aҙash һүҙҙәr) һүҙlege” (2006; “Dictionary of homonyms”; about 900 nests). the chief is healthy

• Zaynullin M.V. Kherger bashort әҙәbi tel. Morphology - Өфө, 2005.
• Dmitriev N.K. Grammar of the Bashkir language. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR - M., 1948.
• Sultanbaeva H.V. The system of service parts of speech (based on the material of the Bashkir language) - Ufa, 2006.
• Keyekbaev J. Ғ. Bashort telene phonetics - Өфө, 2002.

• G.R. Abdullina. Morphology of the Bashkir language (Neopr.) . BASHKIR ENCYCLOPEDIA . GAUN RB "Bashkir Encyclopedia" (2013). Date of treatment April 4, 2017.

• http://tel.bashqort.com/short-grammar
• http: //bashkir-encyclopedia.rf/index.php/prosmotr/2-statya/1827-chasti-rechi