Kafzeh ( Heb. הקפיצה , Arabic. القفزة ) is a cave in Israel [1] . It is located south of the city of Nazareth and east of Lake Tiberias , on the slope of Mount Ha Kfitsa facing the Jezreel Valley . Here, the remains of 25 individuals of Middle Eastern Neanderthals were discovered are considered one of the first evidence of the departure of "anatomically modern people" outside of Africa [2] [3] .
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Content
- 1 Archaeological site
- 2 See also
- 3 notes
- 4 Literature
- 5 Links
Archaeological site
The first excavations began in the cave R. Neuville, M. Stekelis in 1934, as a result of which 5 skeletons (Kafzeh I - Kafzeh V) were discovered in layers with the Levallois industry [4] . Excavations into the caves were continued in 1965 (Kafzekh VI - Kafzekh VIII), 1967 (Kafzekh IX - Kafzekh X) and in 1971 (Kafzekh XI) [5] .
In total, the fossils of 25 people were discovered in the Kafzekh cave, which belong to the more progressive group of Middle Eastern hominids Shul-Kafzekh , significantly different from the more primitive and similar to European Neanderthals local finds from the caves of Tabun , Amud and Kebar [6] . Some of the remains found in the cave may be hybrids of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens .
Thermoluminescent analysis of flint from the Mousterian layers gave an age of 92,000 ± 5,000 years (Valladas et al., 1988). Electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR) yielded a result of 130,000–90,000 years [7] . For skeleton 6 from the Kafzekh cave, the uranium-thorium method obtained an age of about 80 thousand years, the uranium-protactinium method obtained an age of about 94 thousand years [8] .
See also
- The hominids of the Schul-Kafzeh group
- Schul
- Kesem
- Manot
Notes
- ↑ Erella Hovers. The Lithic Assemblages of Qafzeh Cave . - Oxford University Press, 2009-06-09. - 379 p. - ISBN 9780198043416 .
- ↑ Alexander Markov. First Steps // Human Evolution. Monkeys, bones and genes .
- ↑ Grinin L. E, Ilyin I. V, Korotaev A. V. Universal and global history: The evolution of the universe, earth, life and society . - LLC Publisher Uchitel, 2012-05-30. - 688 pp. - ISBN 9785705732371 .
- ↑ Bernard Vandermeersch : The excavation of Qafzeh, its contribution to knowledge of the Mousterian in the Levant. Bulletin du Center de recherche français de Jérusalem 10/2, 2002, 65
- ↑ Ofer Bar Yosef , Bernard Vandermeersch : Premiers hommes modernes et Néandertaliens au Proche-Orient: chronologie et culture. Work: Jean-Jacques Hublin , AM Tillier : Aux origines d'Homo sapiens. Paris, PUF 1991, 217-250
- ↑ Cro-Magnons, ancient man, fossil man
- ↑ Schwarcz, HP, Grün, R., Vandermeersch, B., Bar-Yosef, O., Valladas, H., Tchernov, E .: ESR dates for the hominid burial site of Qafzeh in Israel. In the work: Journal of Human Evolution, Band 17, 1988, S. 733-737; Valladas, H., Reyss, JL, Joron, JL, Valladas, G., Bar-Yosef, O., Vandermeersch, B .: Thermoluminescence dating of Mousterian ‚Proto-cro-magnon 'remains from Israel and the origin of modern man . In the work: Nature, Band 331, 1988, S. 614-616
- ↑ Kuzmin Y. V. Sinocentrism is evident. About the age of the teeth of Homo sapiens from Fuyan Cave (China)
Literature
- Kafzeh - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
- Kafzekh (Jebel Kafzekh) - an article from the Illustrated Explanatory Dictionary “Physical Anthropology” - 2013.
- Alekseev V.P. On the substantiation of the position of skulls from the Jebel Kafzeh cave in the hominid system // Issues of Anthropology , 1987, no. 78, pp. 6-13.
- Roginsky I. Ya., Palestinian and related forms of hominids . In the collection: Fossil hominids and the origin of man , M., 1966.
Links
- The excavation of qafzeh
- Jebel Qafzeh: Early Paleoanthropes / Jebel Qafzeh - “Catalog of Findings ,” Anthropogenesis. RU
- Skeletons Kafzekh 9 and 10