John Gamble Kirkwood ( born John Gamble Kirkwood ; May 30, 1907 , Gotebo, USA - August 9, 1959 , New Haven , USA) - American theoretical physicist and chemist, member of the National Academy of Sciences . Known for his work in statistical physics , nonequilibrium thermodynamics , cavitation .
| John Gamble Kirkwood | |
|---|---|
| John gamble kirkwood | |
| Date of Birth | May 30, 1907 |
| Place of Birth | Gotebo , Oklahoma , USA |
| Date of death | August 9, 1959 (52 years old) |
| Place of death | New Haven , Connecticut , USA |
| A country |  |
| Scientific field | Theoretical Physics , Physical Chemistry |
| Place of work | |
| Alma mater | University of Chicago |
| Awards and prizes | [d] ( 1936 ) |
Content
Biography
Childhood and Youth
John Gamble Kirkwood was born May 30, 1907 in the city of Gotebo, Oklahoma. Already at school he was distinguished by success in mastering the natural sciences and mathematics. In addition, he liked to learn foreign languages. Higher education received at the University of Chicago, where in December 1926 he was awarded a bachelor 's degree .
Graduate
From 1927 to 1929 he studied at the graduate school of the Department of Chemistry of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Its supervisor was Frederick Case. A Ph.D. was awarded for his work on measuring the static dielectric constants of carbon dioxide [2] and ammonia.
Internship in Europe
He spent the 1931-32 school year in Europe, where, together with Peter Debye and Arnold Sommerfeld, he wrote several scientific papers on ionic solutions.
Research
Work in the field of statistical mechanics MIT
In 1932β34, the MIT laboratory studied the effect of quantum effects on equations of state [3] , laid the foundation for the general statistical mechanics of liquid solutions [4] .
Years at Cornell University
In 1934-1947, he developed an approach to calculating the properties of liquids based on the superposition approximation to solve the fundamental equations of statistical physics [4] . In 1939, his classic work, Dielectric Polarizability of Polar Liquids, was published [5] . In 1940β42, he published works on the theory of phase transitions [6] . After 1940, he switched from low molecular weight substances to the study of polymer materials, developing the theory of mechanical relaxation in polymers, as well as the rheological behavior of polymer solutions. In 1941, he developed a new method for separating proteins in solution using an electric field. [7]
In 1946β47, he published a paper on statistical mechanics in two parts [8] , [9] . In these works, a statistical theory of transport processes in gases is formulated, Brownian motion is described, and a theory of a linear response to a time-dependent external action. The results were expressed through the potentials of intermolecular interaction. A chain of equations was obtained for the many-particle distribution function , the Boltzmann equation for loose gases. For liquids and solutions, the Fokker-Planck equation was derived.
World War II
During the war years he contributed to a deeper understanding of explosives, formulated theories of explosive and shock waves in air and water [10] .
Relocation to California Institute of Technology
Generalized theories of liquid solutions [11] and surface stresses of Kirkwood-Baf liquids [12] were created . As well as the theory of macromolecular motion in a Kirkwood-Reisman solution [13] . The first of these theories is widely used to interpret experimental data.
Family
Father John Millard Kirkwood was a successful distributor of Goodyear Corporation. Mother Lilian Gamble Kirkwood. Had two younger sisters. In 1930, he married Gladys Lillian Danielson. In 1935, they had a son, John Millard Kirkwood. Divorced in 1951. In 1958, he remarried. Wife Platonia Calds. He died in a hospital on August 9, 1959 from cancer (the city of New Haven). He was buried in a cemetery near the campus of Yale University, where he worked as dean of the last years of his life.
In memory of John Kirkwood
In September 1960, a three-day symposium in New York was dedicated to the memory of John Kirkwood. In 1962, Yale Universityβs Department of Chemistry and the New Haven Branch of the American Chemical Society instituted the John Gamble Kirkwood Award for outstanding chemistry research. The first recipient of the award is Lars Onsager , a colleague of Kirkwood at Yale. In the years 1965-1968 published an eight-volume edition of selected works of John Kirkwood edited by I. Oppenheim. It included the majority of 181 scientific papers with comments by former scientists.
Kirkwood employees about him
Employees noted his determination, goodwill, scientific courage. We learned from him to seek a balance between rigorous proof and approximations.
Honors and Awards
- 1936 - Prize for the study of the general statistical mechanics of liquid solutions.
- 1936 - .
- 1942 - Election to the US National Academy of Sciences.
- 1945 - Medal of Merit to the US Navy.
- 1947 - Presidential Certificate of Recognition.
- 1950 - Theodore William Richards Medal of the North East Branch of the American Chemical Society.
- 1953 - Hilbert Norton Lewis Medal of the California Branch of the American Chemical Society.
- 1954 - Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Chicago.
- 1959 - Honorary Doctor of Science at the Free University of Brussels.
References
- http://theor.jinr.ru/~kuzemsky/kirkbio.html - biography and bibliography of J. Kirkwood
- Temples Yu. A. Kirkwood John Gamble (Kirkwood John Gamble) // Physicists: Biographical reference book / Ed. A.I. Akhiezer . - Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. - M .: Nauka , 1983 .-- S. 132. - 400 p. - 200,000 copies. (per.)
- Biography Supported by the US National Academy of Sciences
- Vdovichenko N.V. Development of the fundamental principles of statistical physics in the first half of the 20th century. M .: Nauka, 1986, 159 p.
Links to scientific publications
- β Leidse Hoogleraren
- β With FG Keyes. The dielectric constant of carbon dioxide as a function of temperature and density. Phys. Rev. 36: 754-61.
- β Quantum statistics of almost classical assemblies. Phys. Rev. 44: 31-37.
- β 1 2 Statistical mechanics of fluid mixtures. J. Chem. Phys. 3: 300-13.
- β The dielectric polarization of polar liquids. J. Chem. Phys. 7: 911-19.
- β With E. Monroe. On the theory of fusion. J. Chem. Phys. 8: 845-46.
- β A suggestion for a new method of fractionation of proteins by electrophoresis convection. J. Chem. Phys. 9: 878-79.
- β Statistical mechanical theory of transport processes. I. General theory. J. Chem. Phys. 14: 180-201; errata 14: 347.
- β The statistical mechanical theory of transport processes. II. Transport in gases. J. Chem. Phys. 15: 72-76; erratum 15: 155.
- β With SR Brinkley, Jr. Theory of the propagation of shock waves. Phys. Rev. 71: 606-11.
- β With FP Buff. Statistical mechanical theory of solutions. IJ Chem. Phys. 19: 774-77.
- β With FP Buff. The statistical mechanical theory of surface tension. J. Chem. Phys. 17: 338-43.
- β With J. Riseman. The intrinsic viscosities and diffusion constants of flexible macromolecules in solution. J. Chem. Phys. 16: 565-73; errata 22: 1626-27.