The war for the unification of the Galicia-Volyn principality

In various versions, the events described in the article are referred to as: the struggle for the restoration of the unity of the Galician-Volyn Rus ^[3] , the unification of South-West Rus ^[4] , the forty-year-old feudal war in south-west Rus , in which the princely power won ^[1] . I.P. Kripyakevich , who calls events an internal struggle that lasted more than forty years , also clarifies the composition of the participants: supporters of strong princely power were the broad layers of the population (including petty boyars ) and Volyn boyars (associates of Roman Mstislavich ^{[K 1]} ), and their opponents - a large Galician boyars ^{[K 2]} , part of the Volyn princes, seeking to preserve their inheritance , Hungary and Poland, who supported the secondary princes as applicants to the Galician throne ^[5] . N.F. Kotlyar writes about the forty-year-long struggle of the Romanovichs with the feudal opposition , the line under which (and also under the attempts of Hungary and Poland to capture Galicia and Volhynia) was summed up by the Battle of Yaroslavl (1245) ^[6] , for the restoration of the Galician-Volyn principality created by Roman and destroyed by the boyars with the help of the Hungarian king and the Polish prince ^[7] . AE Presnyakov mentions the 40-year period of internal unrest after the death of Roman ^[8] .

Some historians consider the events as part of the struggle of the main princely dynasties of Russia (Volyn Izyaslavichs , Smolensk Rostislavichs , Chernigov-Seversky Olgovichs and Suzdal Yurevichs ^{[K 3]} ) for the Galician principality in the period when he did not have his own ruling dynasty (1199-1245) ^[9] .

A.V. Mayorov writes about intra-communal contradictions and inter-outbreaking conflicts during the period from the suppression of the first Galician dynasty (1199) to the Mongol invasion ^[10] . In this case, the researcher singles out the Galician community led by the boyars and the external forces acting on it, including the Volyn Izyaslavichs, and speaks of the abatement of the conflict when a common external enemy appeared in the person of the Mongol invaders ^[11] .

D. G. Khrustalyov writes about internal strife and external invasions starting from 1199, about the period of relative calm 1221-1227 (the reign of Mstislav Udatny ) ^[12] and the ensuing long and fierce battle for Galicia until the Mongol invasion ^[13] .

M. S. Grushevsky , evaluating the events as a turmoil in the Galicia-Volyn principality caused by the struggle for power , singled out the main events within the entire period of the war that fundamentally distinguished one stage from another ^[14] :

1. repressions of the Igorevichs against the Galician boyars ( 1211 ), after which they proceeded to try to independently head the principality;
2. the Hungarian-Polish agreement in Spisi (1214), after which Hungary returned to the policy of seizing the Galician throne for a representative of her dynasty;
3. Romanovich's coming to power in Volyn ( 1214 );
4. death of Mstislav Udatny ( 1228 ).

At the same time , V.T. Pashuto also identifies such main stages as the unification of Volyn (ended in 1227–1230 ) and Galicia ^[15] , I.P. Kripyakevich completes the section of his work preceding the description of the time of Daniil’s reign in the Galicia-Volyn principality, the transfer of Mstislav Udatny to the Hungarian prince Galich (1227) ^[16] and the conclusion of an alliance against the Hungarians and Pins princes between Mstislav and Daniil, and Grushevsky emphasizes that the death of Mstislav served as the starting point for Daniel’s independent struggle for Galich.

A number of historians indicate that the Mongol invasion of Russia played a role in establishing strong princely rule in the Galicia-Volyn principality, weakening the local aristocracy ^[17] . The opposite point of view is that the invasion that devastated large economic centers, upset administrative management and undermined the armed forces, weakened princely power, which resulted in the seizure of princely lands by the boyars ^[18] .

The main source of information on the events is the Galician-Volyn annals ^[19] , the dating of which was analyzed in comparison with other Russian and foreign sources of that time and updated by M. S. Grushevsky ^[20] , the offset of the dating of the annals is from minus 4 years at the beginning to plus 4 years in the middle of the XIII century .

The Volyn principality arose as a volost within Kievan Rus at the end of the 9th century and at first included lands in the Carpathian region . At the end of the XI century, the great-grandchildren of Yaroslav the Wise managed to establish themselves in Przemysl and Terebovl , thereby distinguishing them from the Volyn principality. Przemysl and Terebovl principality were united in 1141 into a single Principality of Galicia .

In 1156, a separate branch of the Rurikovich ( Izyaslavichi ) was established in the Volyn principality, from which Roman Mstislavich (1150-1205) came from. In the period of the struggle for power after the death of Yaroslav Osmomysl, Roman managed to take a short ride in Galich, but he almost lost Volyn.

In 1198, a local dynasty was cut short in the Principality of Galicia, and Roman, with the support of the Poles, managed to come to power in Galicia, thus uniting the two principalities. However, even then there were other applicants (in particular, Igorevichi , grandchildren of Yaroslav Osmomysl through his daughter), supported by influential boyars Kormilichichichi. It is known about the repression of the novel against the boyars. In 1201, the former father-in-law of Roman, Grand Duke of Kiev Rurik Rostislavich with the Olgovichi and Polovtsy organized a campaign against Roman, but Roman ahead of him and took the throne of Kiev at the invitation of Kiev and black hoods .

Romanovich's Infancy

On November 30, 1204, Roman Mstislavich and the Hungarian king Andras II concluded an agreement on mutual assistance and patronage over the children of both rulers in the event of the premature death of one of them ^[21] . After the death of Roman, his widow met with Andras II in Sanok and received at his disposal a Hungarian garrison to protect Galich.

Upon learning of the death of Roman, Rurik Rostislavich left the monastic rank, returned to the reign of Kiev , occupied by the agreement of 1204 by his son , and organized a campaign with Galgovy and Polovtsy against Galich, similar to the one during which he was expelled from Kiev in 1201 A novel. And although the Allies defeated the Galician-Volyn army on the Siret River near Mikulin, they then suffered a defeat under the walls of Galich from the defenders of the city. The Polovtsian khan Kotyan Sutoevich and his brother Somogur lost horses in that battle and almost got captured. The allies returned home, according to the chronicler, “with great shame” ^[22] , but already in 1206 the Smolensk Rostislavichi, the Chernigov-Seversky Olgovichi and the Polovtsy held the Chernihiv Congress . There is no data on the content of the agreements reached on it, but in the same year its participants launched a new campaign against Galich, coordinating actions with the Krakow prince Leszek Bely , in the campaign against whom Roman was killed. Andrash II avoided a direct struggle, having only carried out a campaign in the direction of Vladimir-Volynsky, where the princess and Romanovich fled from Galich, and thereby upset the Allies' plan to march on Volyn. However, soon the princess and the Romanovichs had to leave from there, to Leszek, because the boyars of Kormilichichi who had returned to Galich after the exile called for the reign of the Novgorod-Seversky Igorevichs, who were the grandchildren of Yaroslav Osmomysl by mother. Leszek “didn’t mention hostility” and accepted relatives ^{[K 4]} .

The king, refusing to act in the struggle for Galich directly, invited Yaroslav from Pereyaslavl , the son of Vsevolod the Big Nest , to the Galician reign ^[23] . And although the plan could not be implemented and the Igorevichs in the Galicia-Volyn principality nevertheless eke out, the union of the South Russian princes was destroyed: the Chernigov prince Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Cherny in 1206 expelled Rurik from Kiev, and Yaroslav from Pereyaslavl, thereby aggravating relations with his father .

Igorevich board

Vladimir Igorevich took the throne in Galich, Svyatoslav Igorevich in Vladimir-Volynsky, and Roman Igorevich in Zvenigorod . The Hungarian-Polish union directed against them began to take shape immediately: Daniel was sent by Leszek to Andras, and he was considering the option of marrying Daniel to his daughter , taking into account the fact that at that time he did not yet have male heirs. At first, Vladimir bought off the Hungarians and Poles, but in 1207, Leshek married Volyn princess Gremislav (according to various versions, the daughter of Ingvar Yaroslavich ^{[19] [24]} or Alexander Vsevolodovich ^{[2] [25]} ), and in 1208 he returned Vladimir to the Volyn Izyaslavichs (the younger cousin of the Romanovichs, but older in age, Alexander Vsevolodovich), and Andras II supported Roman Igorevich’s claim to the Galician reign. Vladimir Igorevich fled to Putivl .

Then, in 1210 , when Rostislav Rurikovich briefly established himself on the Galician throne, Roman returned to Galich, but this time was captured by the Hungarians. Then the Galician boyars for the first time took advantage of the help of the Peresopnytsky prince Mstislav Nemoy , who raided near Galich. Then Roman escaped from captivity, made peace with Vladimir, and they occupied the previous tables, Svyatoslav Igorevich - Przemysl , Izyaslav Vladimirovich - Terebovl . They continued to pay off the continuation of the conflict with Hungary ( 1210 ) ^[20] .

In Vladimir in 1209-1210, the place of Alexander was occupied by the eldest of the Volyn princes, Ingvar Yaroslavich. Ingvar was not popular among the boyars, and after returning to the throne, Alexander Leszek supported the idea of ​​the widow of Roman to transfer the clan principality of Alexander, Belzsky , to the Romanovichs; in exchange for the rule of the Volyn prince, the western coast of the Bug returned ^[19] .

Boyar rule

In 1211, the Igorevichs launched repressions against the Galician boyars (the chronicle estimates the death toll at 500 people), after which the Kormilichichi themselves first approached Andrash with a request to put the Romanovichs in Galich, although, according to Grushevsky, they already came up with the idea to rule independently. In addition to the Hungarians and Poles, Alexander Vsevolodovich and his brother took part in the campaign, the son of Ingvar Yaroslavich, not named as a chronicle, with forces from Lutsk , Dorogobuzh and Shumsk , Mstislav Nemoy Peresopnitsky, forces from Belz . At first, Przemysl surrendered to the allies, while Svyatoslav Igorevich was captured. Then Zvenigorod was besieged. Izyaslav Vladimirovich with the Polovtsy came to the aid of the besieged, but was defeated on the Lyuty river, and Roman Igorevich, who tried to escape from the city, was captured, the city surrendered. Vladimir Igorevich escaped from Galich, the allies pursued him, on the river Nessede Izyaslav was again defeated and lost the convoy. The prince of Galicia was proclaimed Daniel ^[19] .

The Galician-Volyn chronicle speaks of the hanging of three Igorevichs: Roman, Svyatoslav and Rostislav, and the Novgorod first chronicle ^[26] quotes Vsevolod Chermny to the Smolensk Rostislavichs about the hanging of his two brothers in Galich.

Vladislav Kormilichich soon drove the princess and himself made a dress in Galich. Then Andras again sent the princess and the Romanovichs to reign, but after his departure the boyars brought Mstislav Nemy to the reign, and the princess and Daniel fled to Hungary, and Vasilko Romanovich to Belz, but in 1213 Leszek took Belz from the Romanovichs and returned him to Alexander, and further events show the west coast of the Bug again under the control of Leszek ^[19] .

Vladislav returned to Galich again, but with the support of the Hungarian and Czech troops. Then the princess and Daniel chose to leave the king and were received by Leszek, who soon organized a campaign against Galich with the participation of Alexander and Vsevolod Vsevolodovich, as well as Mstislav Mute. Vladislav with his foreign troops was defeated on the Bobrka River, but was able to keep Galich (1213) ^[19] .

Leszek’s campaign complicated his relationship with Andras, and he went on a campaign in Krakow. Then Leszek came up with the initiative of a dynastic marriage of the 5-year-old son Andras Coloman , whom Pope Innocent III proclaimed “King of Galicia”, and his 3-year-old daughter Salome and the joint capture and partition of Galicia. The agreement was concluded in Spisi in 1214 . Galich was captured by Andras, Koloman became the prince of Galicia, Leszek received Przemysl, and his governor Pakoslav - Lyubachev. In the same year, through the mediation of Pakoslav, as compensation for the Romanovichs ^[14], Leszek won the throne of Vladimir for them: Alexander had to leave for Belz. Vladislav Kormilichich died in Hungarian captivity ^[14] .

Romanovichi in Volyn. Mstislav Udatny in Galich

The alliance of Andras and Leszek again broke up when Andras took away their possessions from the Poles in Galicia, after which Leshok turned to Novgorod prince Mstislav Udatny , who played a large role in the capture of Kiev from Vsevolod Chermny (1212) and Lipitsky victory ( 1216 ) over the Suzdal Yurevichs, proposal to occupy Galich. Grushevsky dates this appeal in 1216–1217, and the first arrival of Mstislav in Galich in 1219 (in particular, following N. Karamzin ^[27] ). According to another version ^{[28] [29]} , the first arrival of Mstislav in Galich took place already in 1215 , which partially reflects the news of the original sources ^{[K 5]} .

In anticipation of the arrival in Galich of Mstislav, not only the Galicians, but also Sudislav called for the reign of Daniel, but he preferred to avoid a clash with the most powerful princely group in Russia at that time. Moreover, Daniel married the daughter of Mstislav Anna and, having received a guarantee of neutrality from him, regained the Volyn possessions on the western bank of the Bug. This caused the gap between Leszek and Mstislav and the resumption of the Hungarian-Polish union, and Leszek refused his own claims in Galicia. The allies captured Przemysl, from which the thousand Mstislav Yarun fled, then defeated the vanguard of the troops of Mstislav led by Dmitry near Gorodok . According to the annals, Mstislav stood with the main forces, including the allied Chernihiv forces, on the Zubra River. Mstislav instructed Daniel and Alexander to sit under siege in Galich, and Alexander evaded his execution. The besieged met the enemy on the outskirts of the city, on the Bloody ford. Then the allies went to Mstislav and drove him out of the principality ^{[K 6]} , after which Mstislav allowed Daniel to leave Galich. The departure had the character of a breakthrough, which ended successfully ^[19] . Daniel returned to Vladimir.

In 1220 - 1221, Mstislav and the Polovtsy undertook two more campaigns against Galich ^[20] . The Hungarian army was commanded by the voivode Filliy (in the Russian annals called "Filya"). The first campaign ended with a battle on the outskirts of the city, but during the second the city was taken, Koloman was captured and taken to Torchesk (then peace was made in 1221, and the son of Andras II, bearing the same name , married the daughter of Mstislav) . L. Voitovich associates with one of these battles near Galich the death of Svyatoslav, the son of Vladimir Mstislavich . At the same time as the first in Volyn, another confrontation took place: Leszek, supported by Alexander, did not give Daniil the opportunity to help Mstislav, and Poland was attacked by the Lithuanians , with whom the princess made peace shortly before, and Daniel and Leszek reconciled the latter, Konrad Mazovetsky . After the campaign ended, Daniel ravaged the Principality of Belz, but the conflict dragged on. After the Battle of Kalka in 1223 , in which both Mstislav, Daniil, and Mstislav Nemoy, and the Polovtsy under the command of Yarun, participated and two Ingvarevichs died, Alexander Mstislav himself, his cousin Vladimir Rurikovich of Kiev and the Polovtsy sided with Leszek - on the side of Daniel. Twice the opponents gathered troops against each other, but it did not come to serious clashes.

In 1226, Mstislav went to the steppes to Kotyan, which caused the Galician boyars fears about his possible return with the Polovtsy to suppress them. Then Mstislav handed over to the Hungarian prince Andras Przemysl, and Bela IV invaded the Galician land. He took Terebovl, Tikhoml , but could not take Kremenets and was defeated by Mstislav near Zvenigorod, and Daniel blocked Leszek, who was going to help the Hungarians. The chronicle gives a story about Bele IV’s prediction of death at the sight of Galich, explaining by this the fact that he did not personally approach the city, and when he was defeated near Zvenigorod, he fled, supposedly "crumple with your mind . " Despite the victory, in 1227, Mstislav gave the royal Andras and Galich himself, leaving only Ponisier . According to the annals, the transfer to the Hungarians of Galich was planned as a temporary measure due to the discontent of the boyars Mstislav with the prospect of returning in a more favorable situation. Since the option of transferring Galich to Daniil excluded such a prospect, he dismissed: “Prince, give your daughter the betrothed for the prince, and give him Galich. You can’t hold it by yourself, and the boyars shouldn’t want you ... Even give the prince, when you are dear, can you take it under him. Do you give Danilovi, in centuries you will not be Galich? ” ^[19] .

In 1227, Mstislav Nemoy, in violation of the rights of his older nephews, Ingvarevich, dying, left the Lutsk principality Daniil, entrusting him with the cares of his son Ivan. Then Yaroslav Ingvarevich captured Lutsk, but Daniil sent an army and transferred Yaroslav to Peremil and Medzhibozh , already as his henchman ^[2] , and gave Lutsk and Peresopnitsa Vasilka. At the same time, Rostislav Svyatopolchich Pinsky captured the Volyn city of Czartoryski , and Daniel captured the city and captured the sons of Rostislav. At the same time, Mstislav took the side of Daniel, and his last political plan, which was never realized due to his death, was the new capture of Galich with the help of the Polovtsy for Daniel, preserving Mstislav Ponisya himself.

Daniel's fight for Galich

The death of Mstislav Udatny in 1228 opened up an opportunity for Daniel to make his own claims to Galich, but at the same time put him face to face with numerous opponents. In the same year, Daniel was besieged in Kamenetz by the forces of Vladimir Kiev, Mikhail Chernigovsky , Rostislav Pinsky and Kotyan, but he was able to agree with Kotyan not only on the withdrawal of the Polovtsian troops, but also on their attack on the Hungarian-controlled Galician land. Then Daniel with Alexander and the Poles made a return campaign to Kiev and made peace ^[20] .

Already in 1229 , taking advantage of the absence of Sudislav, the Galicians called on Daniel to reign. Vladimir Ingvarevich took part in the siege of the city. Daniel became the prince of Galicia. Immediately followed the campaign of Bela IV to Galich. On the side of Daniel were Poles, Polovtsian allies were on both sides. The Hungarians were defeated on the outskirts of Galich and suffered heavy losses on the way back from the flood and the epidemic in the army, but in 1230 the boyars plotted against Daniel with the participation of Alexander. Although the conspiracy was uncovered, and Alexander deprived of his principality in favor of Vasilka, the next year, Daniel, having no support in Galich, ceded it to the Hungarians who took Yaroslavl and besieged Vladimir ^[20] .

In 1231, Mikhail Chernigovsky , who failed in the struggle for the Novgorod princedom, began to claim Kiev, and Daniil helped Vladimir Rurikovich defend Kiev, having received Poros for it (it was transferred to him by the sons of Mstislav, one of which, according to one version ^[9] , was and Izyaslav , even earlier, in 1226, who left with Zhiroslav to Hungary after the defeat of Bela IV).

The Hungarians, in alliance with the Balkhovites, undertook two campaigns against Galich from Galich against Daniil: in the region of the White Coast — Sluch — Shumsk (unsuccessfully), and then on Tikhoml and Peremil. Daniel had constant support from Vladimir and Kotyan, as well as Izyaslav, but he moved away from the union and himself took Tikhoml ^[19] .

In the fall of 1233, Daniil besieged Galich for 9 weeks. The royal Andras died, and Daniel again regained the reign. Alexander, who left Daniel during a siege for the promise of the reign of Galician Sudislav, was intercepted in the spring of 1234 on the way to Kiev to Vladimir, whose daughter he was married to, and placed in prison, during which he died ^[24] .

In 1234, Vladimir, besieged in Kiev by Mikhail, asked Daniel for help, and a joint campaign was made to the Principality of Chernigov, with the cousin of Mikhail Mstislav Glebovich joining the allies. The lands on the Desna were devastated, Chernigov was besieged and fired from stone-throwing guns. As a result, a peace was concluded, which on the Chernigov side was signed by Mstislav Glebovich. The retaliatory campaign of Izyaslav and the Polovtsy had catastrophic consequences: in the battle of Torsky, Daniel was defeated and captured by Vladimir, Izyaslav became the prince of Kiev; the Galician boyars misinformed Daniel about the invasion of Izyaslav and the Polovtsy in Volyn, Vasilko was sent to intercept, and thus in 1235 the boyars were able to expel Daniel from Galich and take Mikhail ^[20] .

The loss of Galich even pushed Daniel to participate in the coronation of Bela IV in Fehervar on October 14, 1235, as a vassal of the Hungarian crown, but this did not bring any results. Upon returning from the coronation of Bela IV, at the very end of 1235, Vasilko conducted a campaign near Galich, and in 1236 the Galician boyars with the Bokhovites raided Kamenets , but suffered a heavy defeat from Daniil, who took many prisoners. Mikhail and Izyaslav demanded their extradition, brought the Polovtsy and entered into an alliance in Konrad Mazowiecki. However, the Polovtsy struck at the very Galician land, and Konrad was defeated by Cornflower, who also took many prisoners. Then the Romanovichs besieged Mikhail and his son Rostislav (with the Hungarian garrison) in Galich in the summer of 1237, thereby regaining Przemysl. But Michael already took it back in 1238 , and at the end of 1238, during a campaign in Lithuania, the Galician boyars and Rostislav, the Galicians called on Daniel, who had already completely mastered Galich.

At the beginning of 1240, the Mongols, having ravaged the Principality of Chernigov , settled down on the left bank of the Dnieper opposite Kiev and demanded the surrender of the city. Then Mikhail left for Hungary in search of an alliance with White IV, and his family, including his wife (Daniel's sister), was captured in Kamenetz by Yaroslav (according to various versions, Yaroslav Ingvarevich ^{[10] [20]} or Yaroslav Vladimir ^{[9] [31 ] ]} ), who released the captives at the request of Daniel. In Kiev, Daniel landed his thousandth Dmitri , received Mikhail, who returned from Hungary, promised to give him Kiev, and gave Rostislav Mikhailovich Lutsk. After the capture of Kiev, the Mongols invaded the Principality of Galicia-Volyn, the princes took refuge in Hungary and Poland ^[19] , and then Mikhail returned to Kiev and reigned there before the transfer of the city by the Mongols to Yaroslav Vsevolodovich in 1243 .

Unlike his father, Rostislav, who returned to Chernigov, did not give up further struggle. In Galich, taking advantage of the Romanovich’s departure, the boyars arbitrarily seized the lands: Ponisie, Przemysl, princely Kolomyia salt mines. The Bolokhovites, who escaped the ruin of their lands by the Mongols for giving them fodder, attacked together with Rostislav Bakot in 1241 , for which the Romanovichs defeated them with a return campaign, and the next year Rostislav managed to make a short trip to Galich ^[20] . When the Romanovich troops approached, he fled, and the pursuit was not organized due to the dangerous proximity of the Mongols, who returned from Europe in the spring of 1242.

In 1243, the marriage plan of Rostislav and the Hungarian Princess Anne ^[20] , rejected in 1239 by White IV, was implemented. Michael, however, had to leave Kiev; he turned out to be an unwanted guest in Hungary and left for Chernigov.

In 1243–1244 ^{[20] the} Romanovichi intervened in the Polish feud on the side of Konrad Mazowiecki against his nephew Bolesław Shameful and conducted two campaigns, as a result of which they established control over the Lublin land. In the subsequent final clash with Rostislav, the Poles of Boleslav will speak on his side, the Poles of Konrad - on the side of the Romanovichs. Almost at the same time, Rostislav took possession of Przemysl, but then was forced to leave him, and the Romanovichs repulsed two Lithuanian raids, and in the decisive clash of 1245 Mindovg became an ally of the Romanovichs.

In 1245 Rostislav again captured Przemysl with the Hungarians and Poles, strengthened his army with local soldiers and besieged Yaroslavl , under which the decisive battle of the same name took place ^[20] . On the side of Daniel, the Polovtsians also fought (the Poles of Konrad and the Lithuanians, according to the annals, did not have time to join Romanovich). Daniel won a decisive victory. The Galitsky boyar Vladislav Yuryevich and the Hungarian governor Filny, famous for the events of the early 1220s, were captured and executed, Rostislav fled to Hungary, received an inheritance from his father-in-law and refused to fight.

Subsequent Events

After the Yaroslavl battle, Mauzi , one of the local Horde rulers, made claims to the southern, Galician half of Daniel’s possessions, but in 1245 he managed to gain recognition as ruler of both Galich and Volyn during a personal visit to Batu ^[19] . However, in the early 1250s, another local Horde ruler, Kuremsa , began his own actions to seize the Galician-Volyn lands bordering on the steppe. He did not set as his goal the change of power in Galich ^[32] and did not provide Izyaslav, known from the events of the early 1230s, with help in taking possession of the city in 1254 . He took Galich at his own peril and risk, was knocked out of the city by a detachment led by Roman Danilovich , who received 6 boars and a order to engage in battle regardless of whether the Tatars would be with Izyaslav for a 200-kilometer crossing from Hrubeshov to Galich ^{[19 ]} .

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