The Great Chukchi-Kamchatka language is a hypothetical common ancestor of the Chukchi-Kamchatka languages [1] [2] , its reconstruction is given in the Comparative Dictionary of Chukotko-Kamchatkan , 2005 by Michael Fortescue .
There is a theory about the kinship between the great Chukchi-Kamchatka and Praural languages, based, among other things, on the same matching of the verb with the object (the Hungarian verb with the 3rd person and the 1st and 2nd person has no concordant morpheme, and the verb having a subject of the 1st person singular and 2nd person, takes at first glance irregular concordant morphemes that can be deduced from the inverse agreement ( English inverse agreement constraint ) of the great Chukchi-Kamchatka language) [3] .
Content
Phonetics
The emphasis, according to Fortescue, fell mainly on the penultimate syllable [4] .
Consonants
| labial | alveolar | palatine | back lingual | uvular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| explosive | p | t | c | k | q |
| fricatives | v | ð | ɣ | ʁ | |
| nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
| approximants | w | l | j | ||
| rotary | r |
* / c / - real deaf palatal explosive consonant , not affricate č . There were no voiced explosive consonants in the Prachukot-Kamchatka language, however there are several voiced fricatives - * / v ð ɣ ʁ / - which do not have deaf pairs (/ f θ x /).
* / v / - voiced labio-dental fricative, * / ɣ / - voiced velar fricative (similar to Ukrainian “g”), * / ʁ / - voiced uvular fricative (“French“ r “”).
The whole series * / t ð nlr / is represented by alveolar sounds (* / t ð n / - not dental).
Vowels
| Front | Medium | Rear | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top | i | u | |
| Medium | e | ə | o |
| Lower | æ | a |
Reconstruction of O. A. Mudrak
Consonants
| labial | dental | palatal | side | velar | uvular | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| explosive , affricates | p | t, ť | č | k, kʷ | q, qʷ | ||
| voiced fricatives | v | ɣ, ɣʷ | h, hʷ | ||||
| deaf fricatives | s | š | ɫ, ɫˈ | ||||
| nasal | m | n | ŋ, ŋʷ | ŋ̩ | |||
| laryngeal | ʼ |
Revised
| labial | dental | alveolar | palatal | lateral solid | lateral soft | velar | uvular | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| explosive , affricates | p- (-p-) | t- (-t-) | ṭ- (-ṭ-) | č- (-č-) | ʎ̆ - (-ʎ̆ -) | ʎ̥- (-ʎ̥-) | k-, kʷ- (-k-) | q-, qʷ- (-q-) | ʼ- (-ʼ-) |
| voiced fricatives and sonants | v- (-v-) | r- (-r-) | j- (-j-) | l- (-l-) | l̥ - (-l̥ -) | ɣ- (-ɣ-), ɣʷ- (-ɣʷ-) | h- (-h-), hʷ- (-hʷ-) | ||
| deaf fricatives | θ- (-θ-) | θ̠ - (-θ̠ -) | |||||||
| nasal | m- (-m-) | n- (-n-) | n̥- (-n̥-) | ŋ- (-ŋ-), ŋʷ- (-ŋʷ-) | ŋ̊- (-ŋ̊-) |
Vowels
| Front | Medium | Rear | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top | i | ɨ | u |
| Medium | e | ə, b | o |
| Lower | a |
Notes
- ↑ I. S Vdovin. History of the study of Paleo-Asian languages. - Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954. - P. 163.
- ↑ Bernard Comrie. Studies in the languages of the USSR. - Linguistic Research, 1981. - S. 111-118. - 276 p.
- ↑ Katalin É. Kiss. Organizing Grammar: Linguistic Studies in Honor of Henk van Riemsdijk. - Walter de Gruyter, 2006. - S. 114-115.
- ↑ Harry van der Hulst, Rob Goedemans, Ellen van Zanten. A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World. - Walter de Gruyter, 2010 .-- P. 882. - ISBN 9783110198966 .
Literature
- Michael D. Fortescue. Comparative Chukotko-Kamchatkan Dictionary. - Walter de Gruyter, 2005 .-- ISBN 9783110184174 .
- O. A. Mudrak. The etymological dictionary of the Chukchi-Kamchatka languages. - Languages of Russian culture, 2000. - ISBN 5785901412 .
- O. A. Mudrak. Linguistic situation in northeast Asia according to comparative historical linguistics.