Kozlovsky, Alexander Nikolaevich

He graduated from the Vladimir Kiev Cadet Corps .

• August 31, 1882 entered service.
• August 12, 1883 received the rank of second lieutenant .
• In 1884, a graduate of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School .
• August 12, 1887 assigned the rank of lieutenant .
• He graduated from the 1st category Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy .
• In 1890 he was promoted to headquarters captain for distinction (seniority 06/07/1890).
• In 1894 he was promoted to captain for distinction (seniority on 08/30/1894).
• Transferred to the guard with the rank of headquarters captain (seniority 08/30/1894).
• Captain of the Guard (seniority 12/06/1896).
• Renamed to lieutenant colonel (seniority 12/06/1896).
• In 1904, an order issued for the distinction of colonels (seniority 05/10/1904).
• He graduated from the Officer Artillery School .
• He commanded a 5 liter battery. 7 m. 20 divisions.
• From August 25, 1905 to October 2, 1912, commander of the 2nd Division of the 33rd Artillery Brigade,.
• In 1912, an order was issued for the distinction as major general (seniority on 10/02/1912).
• On October 2, 1912, the commander of the 11th Siberian combat artillery brigade. The family remained in Kiev, where the sons studied in the Cadet Corps. In the summer, the family reunited in Siberia ^[3] .

He participated in the First World War .

• The 11th Siberian combat artillery brigade stood at the front in Poland ^[3] .
• May 13, 1916 - until ... (not earlier than July 10, 1916) the acting inspector of artillery of the 1st Turkestan Army Corps.
• In 1916 until April 29, 1917, artillery inspector of the 34th artillery corps.

After the February Revolution, he entered the reserve of ranks of the Petrograd District. He joined the service of the counterparty of the Murmansk Railway Company. He left him, went to the comrade of the Minister of War A.A. Manikovsky to one of the ordinary officer posts, where after spending about a year and a half, he went to the front in the city of Smolensk, where he served in the Air Defense, in the artillery of the garrison, from there he was transferred to 7 Army in Ozerki assistant chief of artillery. Of the 7 armies, he was appointed commandant of the Red Army, fell ill, received leave, went on vacation to Moscow, where he was appointed chief of artillery to the Southern Front ^[3] .

• Since December 2, 1920, the chief of artillery of the Kronstadt fortress ^[4] .

Kronstadt Uprising

In the very first “Appeal of the Council of Labor and Defense” of March 2, the uprising in Kronstadt was called the “rebellion of the former general Kozlovsky and the ship Petropavlovsk”. Kozlovsky declared outlawed. “Now a new trump card in the Entente’s hands is the former general Kozlovsky” ^[5] , “the new monarchist last-born”, “adherent of monarchism” ^[6] wrote about him on March 3 by the Bolshevik newspapers. But already on the night of the 4th day, cadets of the command staff sent to the Kronstadts reported that the rebels "were subordinate not to Kozlovsky, but to the naval officer Petrichenko." In Petrograd, 27 people of his relatives and acquaintances, including his wife and 4 sons, were arrested as hostages for General Kozlovsky, and his 11-year-old daughter was also in prison with her mother. Despite the fact that the rebels did not harm the few arrested Bolsheviks, after the uprising, 12 former hostages were repressed without charge, one of them, Nadezhda Mikhailovna Doroshevskaya, died of typhus in 1921 in the Kholmogorsky camp ^[7] .

Together with 8 thousand Kronstadters, Kozlovsky went to Finland. It was Kozlovsky who, on March 18, turned to the Finnish commandant of the Karelian Military Sector with a request to present the status of internees to the Kronstadts ^[3] .

After the fall of Kronstadt, Kozlovsky himself, commanding the fortress artillery, said: “The Communists used my name to represent the uprising in Kronstadt in the light of the White Guard conspiracy only because I was the only general in the fortress” ^[8] . Kozlovsky was the most senior officer in Kronstadt, Bolshevik propaganda was beneficial to present the uprising as a result of a conspiracy of "military experts" from among the former tsarist officers ^[9] , as a result, it was General Kozlovsky who turned out to be a scapegoat ^[10] .

Later in Finland, he worked as a teacher ^{[3] of} physics and natural sciences ^[11] at the Terioksky boarding school, then in mechanical workshops in Vyborg ^[12] , was a road worker, a foreman in a mechanical plant, and a mechanic in a garage ^[11] .

Seventy-five-year-old Russian General Alexander Kozlovsky died in Helsinki a week before the end of the Winter War . He is buried in the Orthodox cemetery at the church of St. Nicholas in the area of Hietaniemi .

The wife and four sons of the general were repressed.

Wife - Natalia Konstantinovna nee Shestakova (1873-1958) with general secondary education, from August 1920 she taught German and French in boarding schools and orphanages in Petrograd. March 3, 1921 - Arrested with children as a hostage; April 20, sentenced to forced labor for 5 years in custody. In 1923 she was released from the camp ahead of schedule after a letter to M. I. Kalinin , and was sent to Cherepovets . In the 1930s, she taught foreign languages ​​at the institutions of Leningrad. In March 1935 she was sent with her sons to the village of Chelkar in the Aktobe region for 5 years, later transferred to the Kara-Chokat station of the Orenburg railway . In October 1936 she received permission to move to Aktyubinsk ; in the early 1940s - returned to Leningrad . She died in 1958 ^[13] .

Son - Nikolai Alexandrovich (1899—?). In November 1918 - entered the Artillery Academy, in 1919 - Assistant Commissioner of the Artillery Academy. Member of the RCP (b) since 1920. March 3, 1921 - arrested as a hostage; April 22, sentenced to one year of forced labor. On May 8, he went on a hunger strike to protest the verdict, demanding an explanation of why he and his brothers were convicted. After his release, he expressed "his extreme views" ^[14] . It was reported that one of the sons of General Kozlovsky committed suicide, perhaps it was about Nikolai, whose fate is unknown ^[11] .

The son - Konstantin Alexandrovich (1901-1937) - entered the Polytechnic Institute in Petrograd, later moved to the Naval Academy, fought at the front against Yudenich . March 3, 1921 - arrested as a hostage. During the investigation, he went on a hunger strike to protest. April 22, sentenced to one year of forced labor and sent to camp. In the fall of 1922 - after his release from the camp, he was sent to Cherepovets . After his release, he worked as a hydrologist and senior researcher in the river department of the Hydrological Institute. April 23, 1933 - arrested in a group case, released on May 25, the case was dismissed due to lack of evidence of the prosecution. In March 1935 - he was sent with his mother and brothers to the village of Chelkar in the Aktobe region for 5 years, worked on digging irrigation ditches. In July 1935, he was transferred to Aralsk , did not find work there and fled to Alma-Ata. August 7, 1935 - on the way, detained, returned to Aralsk and sentenced to 3 years in prison . Sent to the Akhpun branch of Siblag , to the mines in Temirtau . In November 1936, he was in Siblag, worked as a leveling officer at colony No. 21. In the autumn of 1937, he was arrested in the camp, sentenced to VMN on October 28, and executed on November 5 ^[13] .

Son - Dmitry Alexandrovich (1902-1975) - cadet at the Naval College, from 1919 - at the Polytechnic Institute, April 22 sentenced to one year of forced labor and sent to the camp. In the fall of 1922 - after his release from the camp, he was sent to Cherepovets . Later he worked as a hydrologist in the institution of Leningrad. In March 1935 - he was sent with his mother and brothers to the village of Chelkar in the Aktobe region for 5 years, worked on digging irrigation ditches. In July 1935, he was transferred to the Kara-Chokat station of the Orenburg Railway. In the 1940s, he returned to Leningrad, worked as a hydrologist ^[13] .

Son - Pavel Alexandrovich (1904-1971) - studied in the cadet corps in Kiev, after moving to Petrograd he studied at the 2nd Soviet school (the former Tenishevsky school ). March 3, 1921 - Arrested as a hostage for his father right at school. He was a fellow practitioner of Lydia Chukovskaya . As Korney Chukovsky writes in camouflage in his diary for March 4, 1921: “Yesterday's incident with Pavlushi greatly excited the children” ^[15] . Sentenced to one year of forced labor. After his release, he graduated from the institute, worked as a hydrologist in the institutions of Leningrad. In March 1935 - he was sent with his mother and brothers to the village of Chelkar in the Aktobe region for 5 years, later transferred to the Kara-Chokat station of the Orenburg railway. In the 1940s, he returned to Leningrad. In 1971, he died ^[13] .

Daughter - Elizaveta Aleksandrovna , the house name Lula (04.24.1908 - 02.06.1995) already worked at the age of eleven, taught French in the same orphanage as her mother. At the same age, she spent more than a month and a half with her mother in the Crosses cell, from March 3 to April 22. She is often listed among the hostages, in fact she was, but in the official "List of investigative materials in the case of the Kronstadt rebellion" for hostages for General Kozlovsky ", Lyul was not included in 27 people ^[16] . In an appeal to the Presidium of the Investigative Commission, N.K. Kozlovskaya wrote about her daughter that “in the opinion of even the investigator, she was not arrested, but only at my request she is kept with me.” On April 22, Lyulia was released, while all the brothers and mother received camp sentences. Remaining homeless, for some time she lived in the family of the famous cadet, the "vyborzhtsa", a major sanitary doctor Z. G. Frenkel . The eldest daughter of Frenkel Zinaida took a special part in it ^[14] . The Frenkel family managed (in a way - unknown) to transport the girl to Finland to her father ^{[14] [17]} . According to L.K. Chukovskaya , a fellow practitioner of Pavel Kozlovsky, his sister "stole" his father ^[15] . She was buried in Helsinki, in the Orthodox cemetery at the church of St. Nicholas, next to the grave of her father. According to Finnish sources, the grandson of General A. N. Kozlovsky, Kai Wiitanen, assistant judge in Helsinki, lives in Finland ^[10] .

• 1903 - Order of St. Stanislav of the 2nd degree;
• 1907 - Order of St. Anne of the 2nd degree;
• 1911 - Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class.
• March 5, 1915 - Order of St. Anne of the 1st degree with swords.

• 1916 - Kushkarskaya street house 58,
• end of 1917 - Suvorovskaya St. 47 apt. 33.
• 1920-1921 - Nadezhdinskaya, house 50, apt. 23.

• Kozlovsky, Alexander Nikolaevich (neopr.) . // Project "Russian Army in the Great War".

Recommended Sources

• Zalessky K. A. Who was who in the First World War. M., 2003.
• Eliseev F.I. Labyntsi. Escape from Soviet Russia. M. 2006
• Kronstadt tragedy of 1921. Documents. M. 1999, v. 2
• List of senior military commanders, chiefs of staff: districts, corps and divisions and commanders of individual combat units. St. Petersburg. Military Printing House. 1913.
• List to the generals by seniority. Compiled on 04/15/1914. Petrograd, 1914
• List to the generals by seniority. Compiled on 07/10/1916. Petrograd, 1916