Tour, Fedor Evdokimovich

Born in the family of a peasant of the Chernigov province Evdokim Nikolaevich Tour. In 1876 he entered the preparatory department of the Novgorod-Seversky Gymnasium, known for the fact that KD Ushinsky had previously studied in it ^[3] . Having completed the two-year program for the year, the Tour was enrolled in the 1st grade. From the 5th grade he was forced to earn private lessons to continue his studies. Having an extremely independent character, in high school he came into conflict with the director and was forced to leave the gymnasium. In the same 1884 he passed the exams for the full course of externship in Chernihiv.

In 1884, the Tour came to the capital where he easily entered the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg Imperial University. Here he soon became interested in physiology. Famous physiologists F.V. Ovsyannikov , I.M.Sechenov , N.E. Vvedensky became his teachers in this field.

A year earlier, Alexander Ulyanov entered the same faculty of the university. In 1886, mainly from among the students of his faculty, with the aim of organizing an assassination attempt against Alexander III, he organized the Terrorist fraction of the Narodnaya Volya party . The group was disclosed, and on March 1, 1887, all its members were arrested. Obviously, F.E. Tour was not part of the organization, but was somehow involved in its activities. In March 1887, he was expelled from the university with a ban on living in St. Petersburg for 2 years. Only thanks to the intercession of Professor N. E. Vvedensky in 1888 the Tour was restored, and he was able to return to classes.

In 1889, under the guidance of Professor N. E. Vvedensky, in the laboratory of the famous professor I. M. Sechenov, he completed the dissertation: “On the changes in the effects of muscle tetanization from the passage of an excitation wave”. Having received the degree of candidate of natural sciences after defense, Tur was appointed laboratory assistant in the physiological laboratory of his department, and since 1891 he took up the position of proctor of the same laboratory. In 1894, having passed the exam for the title of Master of Zoology and Physiology, Tour was elected an assistant to the Department of Physiology, which, after I.M.Sechenov's departure to Moscow, was led by N.E. Vvedensky. In 1900, with the rank of privat-docent F.E. Tour, he received the right to lecture to students. Being well-educated, in those same years he taught geography at the Stürmer real school, natural history at the Lokhvitskaya-Skalon gymnasium ^[4] , and since 1903, anatomy and physiology at the Lokhvitskaya-Skalon Higher Women's Science Courses transformed from the gymnasium ^{[5 ]} .

In 1902, F.E. Tour with a “scientific purpose” was in Germany and Austria, where at Heidelberg , Berlin and Vienna universities he got acquainted with methods for studying protein substances and their breakdown products, staging practical classes with students. The one-year trip to Naples was ending. Here at the renowned international Marine Zoological Station, Tour explored sponges and corals . The collected material allowed him to later release a series of works on the chemistry of the calcareous skeletons of these organisms. He carried out these and other works in the laboratory of physiological chemistry and metabolism created by him at the university, which he was in charge of until the fall of 1924. The research conducted in the laboratory formed the basis of the training course on metabolism and physical chemistry developed by F.E. Tur, which soon became mandatory for chemical students and physiologists.

Starting with I.M.Sechenov, a large number of true propagandists of female education in Russia gathered at the natural branch of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg Imperial University. Among them was F.E. Tur. For this reason, when the Women's Pedagogical Institute was organized by the Highest Decree ^[6] in 1903, Tura invited the first rector of the institute, a well-known historian, researcher of the Time of Troubles, S. F. Platonov , to give lectures.

Arriving at the institute as a teacher of anatomy and physiology, Tur, together with VV Polovtsov and VN Verkhovsky ^[7] equipped a laboratory for practical training of students. Soon, on the basis of the course, the department of physiology and anatomy of the natural department of the institute was organized, which was now headed by Professor F. E. Tour.

After the October Revolution, the Women's Pedagogical Institute was transformed into the 1st Pedagogical Institute, where Professor F.E. Tur took the post of dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. At the same time, he was in charge of the educational part of the 178th Labor School - the base at the institute ^[8] .

In December 1920, the Academic Council, by a majority vote, elected F. E. Tour as rector of the 1st Pedagogical Institute. During these years F.E. Tur worked a lot on compiling programs for different types of Soviet schools, trying to preserve in them everything of value that had been accumulated by the old school. He took part in the conference on polytechnic education (1918), the conference of pedagogical institutes (1920), in the work of the commission on the revision of the Regulations on universities. Everything else in the years 1918-1921. F. Ye. Tur headed the department of agricultural education of the Petrograd department of the Main Directorate of Vocational Education (Petroprofobra).

In 1923, by decision of the People's Commissariat of Education , the 1st and 3rd Pedagogical Institutes were merged into a single Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute (Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute) named after A.I. Herzen . F.E. Tur took the position of Dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences and at the same time Vice-Rector for Administrative and Economic Affairs at the joint institute. The volume of work was such that in 1924, Tour was forced to leave his native department of physiology at the University and completely switch to LHPI. However, in 1931, during the next reorganization, the faculties in the structure of the institute were liquidated and replaced by departments. In this situation, F.E. Tur left the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute and headed the Department of Physiology at the 2nd Leningrad Medical Institute . Here he worked until his retirement in 1939.

F.E. Tour spent another 3 years. Having survived the most severe blockade winter of 1941-1942, he died on June 19, 1942, when it seemed that the main difficulties were already behind.

In the 31st volume of the Book of Memory of the Blockade, there is a short entry: “Tour Fedor Evdokimovich, b. 1866 Place of residence: Karl Liebknecht ave. , 10, apt. 5. Date of death: July 1942. Burial place: Seraphim cemetery . " There is only one mistake. In fact, F. Ye. Tur lived and died in house number 104 ^[9] .

While studying at the university, the Tour was associated with the Terrorist faction of the party "Narodnaya Volya" by Alexander Ulyanov . Being a native of the peasant class, the interests of which, as the conspirators believed, they expressed, the Tour might have experienced some pressure from the members of the organization, but never ended up in its ranks. Nevertheless, after the defeat of the organization, the surname of Tour was included in the list of unreliable students, and he was expelled from the capital of the Empire.

Since 1903, the Tour was familiar with the professor of history, known for his monarchical views, and later academician S.F. Platonov . After the October Revolution , considering Bolshevism an absolute evil, S. F. Platonov went to cooperate with the new government, considering this as a necessary form of service to the people. Platonov’s authority was so high that accusing him of anti-Soviet activity in 1930, the KGB did not dare to get rid of the academician, and sent him to exile in Samara. Apparently, the views of the Tour largely coincided with the views of Platonov, since many years of friendship united them until the death of the academician in 1933. A photograph of Platonov always stood on the table at the Tour. She can be seen for a moment in the documentary of Vladislav Vinogradov “Doctor” (1972), dedicated to the son of Fedor Evdokimovich - Academician A.F. Tur.

In imperial Russia

• Member of the Imperial Society of Naturalists at St. Petersburg Imperial University , later Secretary of this Society;
• The chairman of the pedagogical council of the female gymnasium E. M. Gedda - A. F. Mushnikova ^[10] ;
• Comrade Chairman of the Society for Assisting Needy Students of the Larin Gymnasium .

In Soviet Union

• Member of the Lensoviet III, IV and XI convocations;
• Member of the collegium of the department of technical and professional educational institutions of the People’s Commissariat of Education of the Northern Region;
• Honorary member of the Leningrad Society of Naturalists at Leningrad State University;
• editor of the Proceedings of the Leningrad Society of Naturalists (Department of Zoology and Physiology);
• Member of the Society of Russian Physiologists. I. M. Sechenov ^[11] , later deputy chairman of this Society.

F. E. Tour published more than 100 scientific papers. Below are just a few of them:

• To the question of the influence of gravity on the strength of muscle contraction // Notes of the Academy of Sciences, 1890;
• On the effect of electrical stimuli of varying frequency and strength on vasodilating nerves. // Diary of the X Congress of Naturals. and doctors in Kiev, 1898;
• Comparative experiments on the experience of an irritated nerve and a resting nerve. // Proceedings of St. Petersburg. Society Est., Vol. XXX, c. 2, 1899;
• To the question of the mechanism of action of vasodilating nerves // Transactions of St. Petersburg. Society Est., Vol. XXXII, c. 2.1901.

Professor L. A. Orbeli called Fyodor Evdokimovich "... one of the most competent biochemists and physiologists of the Union," emphasizing the value of his experimental work.

• Wife: Vera Vasilievna Tour (1.01.1870, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernihiv Province - 1945, Leningrad);
• Son: Alexander Fedorovich Tur (1894-1974) - professor of the Leningrad Pediatric Medical Institute , academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR , honored worker of science of the RSFSR ;
• Daughter: Antonina Fyodorovna Tur (1896-1976) - Professor, Department of Faculty Therapy , 1st Leningrad Medical Institute ;
• Son: Vladimir Fedorovich Tur (1898 -?).

Fyodor Evdokimovich Tur lived all his active working life with his older children, for whom he turned out to be not only a father and educator, but, perhaps, the main teacher in their chosen profession. At least, his famous son, academician A.F. Tur, as a clinician and scientist has always been distinguished by a genuine “physiological” approach in pediatrics. He also demanded this from his students.

• A biographical dictionary of professors and teachers of the Imperial St. Petersburg University for the past third quarter of a century of its existence. 1869-1894. - SPb .: Type. or T. B. M. Wolf, 1896 .-- T. 2 (M — I). - S.283 .;
• Bordovsky G. A., Kozyrev V. A. Professors of the A. I. Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University in the XX century: a biographical guide;
• Gruzdeva E. N. On the 140th anniversary of the birth of Fedor Evdokimovich Tour, the last rector of the Women's Pedagogical Institute .
• Tarasov O.F., Shabalov N.P.A.F. Tour (1894-1974). Moscow, Medicine, 1980 .-- 126 p.
• Shimkevich V.M. Tur, Fedor Evdokimovich // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.