Western dialect group of the South Russian dialect

The territory of modern Smolensk dialects on the first dialectological map of the Russian language , drawn up in 1914 and published in 1915, was located mostly within the northeastern group of dialects of the Belarusian dialect (extremely northern and eastern regions of this group), partly within the region of transitional dialects from Belarusian to the South Great Russian ^{[21] [22]} . On the dialectological map published in the publication “Peoples of the European Part of the USSR” in 1964, where the territory of Russian dialects is separated on the basis of the map of 1914 on the border of the RSFSR with the Belarusian and Ukrainian SSR , the borders of the Belarusian language were drawn along the borders of the Belarusian SSR, and the dialects of the Belarusian adverbs (according to the map of 1914) that fell within the RSFSR are allocated to the Western dialect group and assigned to the South Russian dialect. At the same time, the regions of Sebezh and Nevel of the Pskov region (related in the modern dialect division to Smolensk dialects) turned out to be outside the range of the Western group and, on the contrary, the areas of Starodub and Novozybkov (belonging to the Middle Belorussian dialects ) are included in the range ^[23] . The modern boundaries of the Western group of dialects of the South Russian dialect were determined by K. F. Zakharova and V. G. Orlova , the authors of the dialectological map of the Russian language of 1964 (or 1965), created on the basis of materials that were collected for the dialectological atlas of the Russian language ^{[24] [ 25]} .

The Western group is one of two groups of the South Russian dialect (along with the Eastern (Ryazan) group ), which are completely outside the scope of the overlapping areas of the south-eastern and south-western dialect zones , since the Western group is located in the extreme western part of the south-western zone ^{[ 8]} . Accordingly, throughout the territory of Smolensk dialects there are no linguistic features of the south-eastern dialect zone, which distinguishes Smolensk from the rest of the western southern Russian dialects from other dialects of the southern dialect, and most strongly from Ryazan dialects (which do not know all the phenomena of the south-western dialect zone) . At the same time, the dialects of the Western group, by the presence in them of the linguistic features of the southern dialect zone, are closer to the other dialects of the southern dialect and are opposed to the Tula group , in the dialects of which these features are unknown ^[26] . The western dialect group is completely covered by the ranges of all variants of the I and II isogloss bundles of the southwestern dialect zone, which combines the Smolensk dialects with the neighboring Central Russian dialects of the Pskov group and the dialects of the southern dialect distributed to the east of them: the Upper Dnieper group , Upper Desninskoy group interzonal dialects type a , a smaller number of phenomena - with dialects Kursk Orlovskaya groups and partly western territories interzonal dialects type B (Tula, Eletskikh and wasps Ola ) ^[18] . Smolensk dialects are also related to the Upper Dnieper, Upper Desna, interzonal dialects of type A and partly to the Kursk-Oryol dialects in terms of the commonality of the linguistic phenomena of the western dialect zone, in addition, the phenomena of this dialect zone are shared by all Western Central Russian and part of Western North Russian dialects (primarily dialects Ladoga-Tikhvin and Onega groups ) ^[17] . By the presence of dialectic phenomena of the peripheral territory, Smolensk dialects are opposed to dialects of the central dialect zone , in which features are noted that are mostly similar to the features of the Russian literary language .

In the dialects of the Western group, located in the border areas with Belarus, there are common features that are characteristic mainly of the dialects of the Belarusian language ^[8] , which reflect the transitional nature of part of the Smolensk dialects:

• hard pronunciation [p] according to etymologically soft / p ' /;
• the exclusive use of the combination [sh] in accordance with sh's ;
• pronunciation of soft / t ' /, / d' / with a strong whistling sound - [c '], [d'z'];
• the use of imperative forms pi , bi , whether ( drink , beat , lei , respectively) from the verbs drink , beat , pour ;
• use of the word gurok ( gurki ) - “cucumber”, “cucumbers”; combinations on a hata - “attic”, etc.

Some specific Smolensk dialect phenomena characteristic only for this group of dialects are noted in one part or another adjacent to the Western group, the territories of distribution of the Upper Dnieper and Verkhny Desninsky dialect groups ^[27] , as well as interzonal dialects of type A ^[28] .

A number of isoglosses , passing from west to east in the vicinity of the city of Smolensk , divide the territory of the Western group into two parts - southern and northern. As a rule, the phenomena associated with these isoglosses relate to other dialect associations (including the North Russian dialect, southwestern, southeastern, northwestern dialect zones, etc.), their own dialectic features in the ranges of north and south of Smolensk are absent, therefore, there are no grounds for distinguishing subgroups within the Western group of dialects ^[29] . The peculiarities of the southern Smolensk dialects include a certain extension of the range of phenomena related mainly to the Belarusian language, as well as the spread of some phenomena of the southeast dialect zone from among the most remote to the west isogloss variants B and D ^[30] .

The Western group is the only one of all groups of dialects of the Russian language whose territory borders on the territory of the distribution of dialects of the Belarusian language (mostly with dialects of the northeastern dialect , and to a lesser extent with medium Belorussian dialects ). At the junction of the areas of the Western group of the South Russian dialect and the north-eastern Belarusian dialect, border dialects are located by a strip of relatively large length from the north-west to the south-east almost over the entire western border of the Western group. At the junction with the area of ​​Middle Belorussian dialects, border dialects occupy a small area in the extreme south-west of the Western group border within the Bryansk region ^[1] . The border territory of these dialects is part of a continuous East Slavic dialect continuum characterized by the absence of sharp transitions and clear boundaries between dialects, and therefore, in most cases, assigning dialects of the so-called transitional zone to one or another dialectal union can be difficult ^{[31] [~ 1] [32]} . This situation greatly complicates the issue of differentiation, united by a complex of common linguistic features, dialects of the Western group and neighboring Belarusian dialects. In addition, the border in question is also the border of the Russian language (its South Russian dialect) with the Belarusian language, therefore, the issue of establishing the border between the dialects of the Western group and the Belarusian dialects is also the issue of establishing the border between the two East Slavic languages, which includes consideration of extensive language areas .

In contrast to the indefinite border between the Russian and Belarusian languages ​​in the western part of the territory of the distribution of the Russian language, the border between the Russian and Ukrainian languages ​​is quite distinct. The border of the Ukrainian and Russian languages ​​as a whole coincides with the state border of Ukraine and Russia (especially according to the isoglosses of phonetic, morphological and syntactic phenomena, only the ranges of some Ukrainian lexical features enter the territory of the Russian language). R.I. Avanesov associated this with an earlier period of demarcation of those parts of the East Slavic population (in the Ryazan and Chernihiv principalities) that subsequently formed the Russian and Ukrainian peoples. The language contacts of the Eastern Slavs, on the basis of which the Russian and Belarusian peoples were formed, were longer, beginning with the opposition of the dialect community of Polotsk (sometimes Turovo-Pinsk), the Smolensk and Novgorod lands to the east of the Old Russian territories that existed in the past; then continued separation of the dialects of the Belarusian and part of the Russian lands within the borders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ^{[9] [33]} .

The linguistic space at the border of the Russian and Belarusian languages ​​is characterized by the presence in both languages ​​as a closely related series of common phonetic and grammatical phenomena. In addition, a number of traits characteristic mainly of the Russian language are common in Belarus, and traits typical of the Belarusian language are common in Russia - the ranges of these language traits, partially overlapping each other, form a wide strip of transitional dialects ^[9] . The linguistic features that form the strip of transitional Russian-Belarusian dialects include ^[33] :

• Linguistic features (the areas of which connect parts of the territories of both languages) that are dialectic in one of the languages ​​(in Russian or Belarusian) and literary in another language. For example, the range of use of the soft consonant / p ' /, characteristic of the Russian literary language, also extends to the territory of the Belarusian language, in which this feature is dialectal (a feature of the northeastern dialect); lack of alternation of posterior lingual and whistling at the junction of the base and ending nouns of I declension in the form of the dative and prepositional cases of the singular ( ru [k] a - ru [k] e , but [g] a - but [g] e , blo [x] a - blo [x] e ), which is inherent in the Russian language as a whole, is also known in the northern Belarusian dialects (in the rest of the range of the Belarusian language - ru [c] e , on [z] e , bla [s] e ). The use of the phoneme / w /, alternating with / w / or / ў / at the end of the word and syllable, characteristic of the Belarusian language as a whole, is also spread over a significant part of the Russian language and is dialectical for it (a feature of the southwestern dialect zone and the Vologda dialect groups); the pronunciation of only hard labial consonants at the end of the word ( gol [p] , love [f] , etc.), typical of the Belarusian language, is also common in the North Russian dialect, Western Central Russian and other dialects, etc.
• Linguistic features (areas of which connect parts of the territories of both languages), which are dialectic in both Russian and Belarusian. For example, the dissimilative anchor of the Zhizdrinsky (or Belarusian type), the vowel / o / labialization in the second pre- stressed syllable ( b [y] ltunov , p [y] was ill , etc.), the spread of the word - form of mother-in-law , etc. is known in the eastern parts of the territory of the Belarusian language and in the western part of the territory of the Russian languages.

In the 1915 Experience of the Dialectological Map of the Russian Language in Europe, linguistic features of this kind, primarily partially prevalent in Great Russian dialects and characteristic of the Belarusian dialect as a whole, were considered features of the Belarusian dialect, on the basis of which a significant part of the dialects east of Smolensk was attributed to Belarusian , dialects south of Pskov were defined as Middle Russian dialects with Belarusian stratification, and dialects east of Roslavl were defined as dialects transitioning from Belarusian to southern Great Russian ^[33] .

Due to the fact that assigning dialects from the transitional Russian-Belarusian strip to one or another language is usually difficult, when mapping the dialects to create dialectological atlases of the Russian and Belarusian languages, it was decided to draw the borders of the survey territory along the borders of the Belarusian SSR with the RSFSR ^[9] . When drawing up the dialectological map of the Russian language, the influence factor of the Russian and Belarusian literary languages ​​was taken into account when the state and language boundaries did not match the dialects located in the territories of Russia and Belarus, respectively, when one part of the former Polotsk and Smolensk lands was in the sphere of influence of the Russian language, and the other - in the sphere of influence of the Belarusian. So, for example, in the territory of Belarus there are tendencies for replacing the dialect dissimilative ankaci with a literary strong ankan; на территории России диалектное диссимилятивное яканье заменяется литературным иканьем. Произношение сочетания -ый , -ий под ударением в случаях типа мыйу , пий в говорах Белоруссии на границе с Россией устойчиво сохраняется, а в говорах России произношение мыйу , пий сосуществует с произношением мо́йу , пой и постепенно вытесняется из речи носителей переходных русско-белорусских говоров на территории России. Таким образом с синхронной точки зрения за время существования национальных языков одни и те же черты на смежной территории Белоруссии и России стали компонентами разных языковых систем — белорусской и русской, и потому не могут считаться чертами, характерными преимущественно для одного из этих языков. На основании чего авторами диалектного членения русского языка 1964 года была проведена граница между белорусским и русским языком (а следовательно, и граница Западной группы говоров) по линии государственной границы ^[34] . Тем не менее по усилению распространения ряда явлений, характерных для белорусского языка в целом, говоры Западной Брянщины (среднебелорусские с чертами переходности к южнорусскому наречию) были отнесены к белорусскому языку. Кроме того особо отмечается наличие типично белорусских черт в узкой полосе вдоль границы Белоруссии с Западной Смоленщиной ^{[31] [35]} .

По мнению В. Г. Орловой, занимавшейся изучением говоров русско-белорусского пограничья, общие явления двух языков, характеризующие говоры территорий взаимопроникновения этих явлений, «не могут быть использованы при определении границы между этими языками» ^[36] . А Л. Л. Касаткин отмечал, что при разграничении говоров двух языков — русского и белорусского — может быть использован такой экстралингвистический фактор, как этническое самосознание носителей переходных говоров ^[37] .

Западная группа говоров размещается в юго-западной части ареала распространения русских диалектов раннего формирования на территории западной части Смоленской области , центральной части Брянской области (в районах Унечи и Трубчевска) и крайне южной части Псковской области (в районах Себежа и Невеля).

Границы Западной группы на севере совпадают с границей южнорусского наречия; на востоке границы группы проходят по линии Дорогобуж — Ельня — Рославль — Трубчевск; на западе граница данной группы идёт вдоль государственной границы России с Белоруссией (исключая западную часть Брянской области) ^[8] .

С севера говоры Западной группы граничат с говорами Псковской группы , с северо-востока и востока — с говорами Верхне-Днепровской группы , с юго-востока — с говорами Верхне-Деснинской группы . На крайнем юге граница смоленских говоров на небольшом участке совпадает с государственной границей России и Украины. На северо-западе и западе к смоленским говорам примыкает ареал северо-восточного диалекта белорусского языка, а на юго-востоке — ареал среднебелорусских говоров ^[38] .

Языковой комплекс, характерный для Западной группы, состоит из диалектных явлений южного наречия , южной , западной и юго-западной диалектных зон , а также из присущих только Западной группе местных специфических диалектных явлений, отмечаемых на всей или большей части территории распространения данных говоров ^{[14] [16]} .

Южнорусские диалектные черты

К числу южнорусских черт относят такие основные диалектные черты, как:

1. Akane (indistinguishability of vowels of low rise after firm consonants): d [b] ma (at home), k [b] sa (braid), p [a] rog (threshold), m [b] loco (milk), m [b ] lovat (too small), mountain [a] d or mountain [b] d (city), nad [a] or nad [b] (necessary), vyd [a] l or vyd [b] l (issued), and t p., a feature of Smolensk dialects is the distribution of dissimilative Akanya ^{[39] [40] [41]} . In the case of dissimilative acan, common in dialects of the southwestern dialect zone, the vowels / o / and / a / in the first prestressed syllable coincide in different vowels ( [a] or [b] ) depending on which vowel is stressed: before the stressed vowel of the lower ascent [a] is always pronounced the vowel of the middle ascent [b] ; before the shock vowels of the upper ascent [and] , [s] , [y] always pronounced [a] : in [a] dyda , in [a] wilderness , under in [a] doy , by in [a] de , but in [b] to ^{[42] [43]} . In the dialects of the Western group, this kind of dissimilative Akanya is widespread, distinguished depending on the stressed vowel, acting on the site of the phonemes of the middle-upper rise / ê / and / ô / and the average rise / e / and / o /, as zhizdrinsky, or Belarusian, Akane ^[44] , in which the vowel [a] is pronounced in front of all the vowels of the middle-upper and middle ascents: k with [a] bế , tr [a] bế , c [a] vốy , tr [a] vốy , l [a ] mtei , l [a] ptei , n [a] juice , pl [a] tok . Strong dissimilar acanus is opposed to strong acanic, common in the Ryazan, Tula and Yelets dialects of the southern dialect, as well as in Western and Eastern Central Russian singing dialects, in which the vowels / o / and / a / coincide in the first pre-stressed syllable after paired solid consonants in the vowel [a ] , regardless of the vowel under stress: in [a] dá , in [a] dy , in [a] small , under in [a] doy , after in [a] de , etc. ^[45] .
2. The presence of a voiced prenatal phoneme of the fricative type / ү / and its alternation with / x / at the end of the word and syllable: but [ү] a - but [x] “leg” - “legs”, ber'o [ү] ус ' - ber 'o [x] s'a “beware” - “beware”, etc. ^{[46] [47] [48]} .
3. Pronunciation in the intervocal position / j /, lack of assimilation and constriction in the resulting vowels: dkl [aje] t , zn [aje] t , mind [eje] t , new [aja] , new [uju] , etc. . ^{[6] [49]} .
4. Lack of assimilation by nasality bm > mm : o [bm] an , o [bm] er'al , etc. This phenomenon is known only to dialects distributed south of Smolensk, in the other dialects of the Western group a combination of mm corresponds to bm ^{[50] [51] [52]} .
5. The ending is in the form of a genitive singular in feminine nouns with the ending a and a solid foundation: for wives [e’] (for wife), for walls [e ′] (for walls), etc.
6. Distinction between the dative and instrumental cases of nouns and adjectives in the plural: for new homes , for new homes ; with deserts in the oodra , to deserts in the oodra . The North Russian area of ​​nondiscrimination of these forms of nouns will capture part of the dialects of the Western group in the Pskov region ^[53] .
7. The soft ending -t ' if it is present in verbs in the form of the 3rd person singular and plural of the present tense: nose [t'] , nose'a [t '] ; less often [t '] , I cut [t'] , etc. ^[54] .
8. The coincidence of the unstressed endings of the 3rd person of the plural verbs I and II of the conjugation of the present tense: do [y] t , pish [y] t - dysh [y] t , nose “[y] t ^[55] .
9. Distribution of words: green , green , green (rye seedlings); plowing ^[56] ; cradle ( cradle suspended from the ceiling) ^[57] ; korets , wrinkle (meaning bucket); deja , dezha (dishes for making dough) ^[58] ; to rob (meaning disdain); words with root chap (dac) to indicate a device for removing a pan from the oven ^[5] and other words and dialect features.

Features of the Western Dialect Zone

The territory of the Western dialect group is included in the southern part of the range of the western dialect zone and shares all its dialectal features, which are also characteristic of the vast western part of the territory of distribution of Russian dialects (South Russian, Central Russian and North Russian) and partly peculiar to Belarusian and Ukrainian dialects (primarily bordering on Western Russian) ^{[ 62]} . Among the features of this dialect zone include ^[17] :

1. Distribution of adjectives with emphasis on the first syllable: the seventh ( [s'o] mine ) and the sixth ( [sho]] stand ).
2. Distribution of 3rd person personal pronouns with initial j : [yo] n , [yo] na , [yo] no , [yo] ny ( [ya] ny , [yy] ny )) ^[5] .
3. The presence of the 3rd person plural pronoun: he [s] , yon [s] , yan [s] , yen [s] .
4. The presence of / j / in the base in the forms of demonstrative pronouns : t [aya] (ta) - t [yyu] (tu), t [oyye] (that), t [yyy] (te) ^[63] .
5. The formation of nouns using the suffix -ak : ckd [ak] (rider), move [ak] (walker), etc. ^[5]
6. Distribution of the construction with the pretext c or z in cases of the type arrived from the city , got out of the hole in accordance with the preposition from ^[5] and other dialect features.

Southwest Dialect Traits

The southwestern dialect group is part of the southwestern area of ​​the territory of the distribution of Russian dialects of early formation, combining a number of South Russian and Central Russian dialects with a large number of common features — these features form the southwestern dialect zone distinguished by two isogloss beams ^[18] .

The linguistic features of the I beam of isogloss include: dissimilative akane; the presence of a vowel in the position of the first pre-stressed syllable before the initial combination of sonoric followed by a consonant; the use of a prosthetic consonant in front of the initial vowels o and y and other linguistic features.

The linguistic features of the second bundle of isogloss include: labialization of the vowels a and o in the first pre-stressed syllable; the presence of stress on the basis in the forms of the genitive case of the singular adjectives and the feminine demonstrative pronoun in-her and other linguistic features.

Southern Dialect Traits

The area of ​​distribution of the Western dialect group is included in the range of the southern dialect zone , in connection with which a number of common linguistic phenomena unite Smolensk with other South Russian dialects, with the exception of the dialects of the Tula group that are not covered by the range of this dialect.
The linguistic features of the southern dialect zone are grouped into two beams of isogloss ^[67] .

The linguistic features of the I isogloss bundle include: the presence of various types or varieties of yakan associated with dissimilativeness (purely dissimilative, as well as transitional - moderately dissimilative, assimilative-dissimilative and dissimilative-moderate), in particular, the purely dissimilative type I is characteristic of Smolensk dialects ; pronunciation of the word lightning as molo [n'ya] , molo [d'a’] and the word high with soft in ' ( [vi] soki ); spreading the verb paradigm of conjugation I with the primary pronunciation of the thematic vowel e under stress: carried [e’] w , carried [e’] t , carried '[o’] m , carried [e ’] etc.

The linguistic features of the second bundle of isogloss include: pronunciation of the words hole , full of holes with soft initial consonant d ' : [di] ra ’ , [di] r'ava ; the distribution of the ending of -th in adjectives and pronouns in the form of the genitive case of the singular masculine gender: new , mine , etc. the presence of the 3rd person feminine pronoun in the accusative singular yeye and other linguistic features.

Local Dialect Traits

The following phonetic, grammatical, and lexical phenomena noted in the work of K. F. Zakharova and V. G. Orlova “Dialect division of the Russian language” ^{[16] [20]} belong to the local dialect features of the Western dialect group:

Phonetics

1. Dissimilative Yakdrin type.
2. Cases of labialization of vowels / o / and / a / in the second pre- stressed syllable: b [y] ltunov , p [y] was ill , pr [y] valils , etc. This phenomenon is also known in the dialects of the Upper Dnieper group.
3. Cases of pronouncing vowels y or b , and in accordance with the phoneme / and / in the following words: w [y] roky , w [y] vot ( f [b] vot , f [a] vot ), b [b] la , b [a] la , etc. A similar pronunciation is also noted in the Upper Dnieper dialects.
4. Pronunciation with soft consonants n ' , s' words with the suffix -sk : same н [n ск sk] же , same [[n с s к k],, ru [[s ск sk] и, etc.
5. Distinguishing between two solid (or semi-soft) affricates h and c . This phenomenon is spread over a wider territory - in the northwestern dialect zone.
6. Morphologically and lexically limited cases of alternating [l] / [ў] according to the phoneme / l /: yes [l] a - yes [ў] , in [ў] k .

Morphology

1. The presence of the ending ( s ) in masculine nouns with the basis for the soft consonant and q in the form of the prepositional case of the singular: at the end [s] , at the edge [s] , at the end [s] , etc. This phenomenon distributed inconsistently and is not found in all dialects of the Western group.
2. Spreading the word form of the mother - in - law is a nominative case of the singular.
3. The ending ( s ) under stress in nouns in the form of the nominative plural: city ​​[s] , brother [s] , forest [s] , etc.
4. Distribution of words - the names of berries, formed with the suffix -its- : lingonberry , earthman , etc.
5. The presence of the nominative case forms of the singular masculine adjectives with the endings- th , under stress without softening the preceding, paired in hardness and softness, consonant basis: young [s] , young [he] , as well as after rear-lingual consonants with softening and without softening of the base: plos [he] st , pl [he] st , less often pl [he] st .
6. Distribution of comparative forms of adjectives with secondary suffixes -eye , -ey : men / she / men [she] , men’s [she] , ton [she] , ton [she] , ton’s [her] , pain [ eee] , bol [s] , bols [s] , etc.
7. The form of the demonstrative pronoun is the one in the nominative case of the singular masculine gender - tei .
8. The dissemination of the paradigm of the verb can be with the generalization of the back-lingual consonant at the base: mo [g] y , mo [g] yes , mo [g '] osh , mo [g] ut , or mo [g] y , mo [g] yes , mo [g '] osh , mo [g] ut , or mo [g] y , mo [g] yes , mo [g] ut . Similar verb paradigms can be known in the dialects of the Upper Dnieper group.

Vocabulary

Distribution of the following words: forks , forks ; chapel “a device for removing a frying pan from the oven”; paw , paw , paw ; to pat "put patches"; kut "red corner or any corner in the hut"; beetroot "beet", etc.

Northern dialects of the Western Group

Northern dialects of the Western group are located north of the city of Smolensk, they are characterized by the distribution of dialect features of northern localization (the northern dialect as a whole and the north-western dialect zone), features of the neighboring Pskov and Upper Dnieper dialect groups unknown to dialects of the southern part of the group ^[68] .

The features of the dialects of the northern part of the Western group are ^[68] : the possibility of reducing the vowel y and its coincidence with b in shock syllables: ok [b] n , gol [b] b , deputy [b] pulp , etc. (this feature also known to the dialects of the Pskov and Upper Dnieper groups); pronunciation of double consonants nn and mm in accordance with combinations of dn and bm (traits mainly inherent in the northwestern zone and northern dialect); the distribution of words characteristic of the southwestern zone, in which there is no change in the stressed e in front of hissing, only [de] neck , o [de] lady , [ left] lady ; North Russian declension according to the type of masculine nouns for a child , a boy ; forms of instrumental case of a single number of feminine nouns on a soft consonant, formed by the type of productive declension: gr'az [her] , gr'az '[yey] and gr'az' [yy] , gr'az '[yui] and t n. (these forms are also known to the dialects of the Pskov and Upper Dnieper groups); the spread of the 2nd person forms of the singular verb with the ending of s't'a : moyes't'a and other dialectic features.

Southern dialects of the Western Group

The dialects of the southern part of the Western group are widespread south of Smolensk, they differ from the north by the lack of features of northern localization, features in the distribution of features of the south = western dialect zone and the presence of some features of the south-eastern dialect zone and the neighboring Verkhne-Desninskaya group, unknown in the northern part of Western groups. In addition, the southern area of ​​Smolensk dialects is characterized by some expansion of the ranges of phenomena inherent in the Belarusian language as a whole ^[69] .

The features of the dialects of the southern part of the Western group are ^[69] : the pronunciation of words is less , earlier , finer with hard n : me [n] she , ra [[]] she , then [n] she ; the distribution, as in the dialects of the Upper Desninsky Group and in interzonal dialects of type A, from among the words characteristic of the southwestern zone, in which there is no change being under stress e in front of hissing, only the words le [pe] shka ; pronunciation of the word lightning as a molo [d''a] (this feature is also characteristic of dialects of the Upper Desninsky group); the spread of the two-syllable ending of the instrumental case of the singular among female adjectives: bol'shoyu , newvoi , etc. (this trait is also known in the dialects of the Upper Desninsky group and interzonal type A); the use of the prepositional plural form in combination with the preposition by in the meaning of the dative case: at home and other linguistic features.

• Russian dialects

Comments

Sources

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