Science in Tajikistan

The ancestors of Tajiks in ancient times mined and used copper, lead, gold, silver, iron and precious stones. The earliest written information about the acquaintance of the Central Asian peoples with mathematics and astronomy is given in the Avesta , which contains data on the movement of celestial bodies, the time-tracking system, and some mathematical rules. During the period of slaveholding and early feudal state formations in Central Asia, material production and culture reached a high level of development: crafts, agriculture, urban planning, and art. Written monuments of a religious, political and scientific nature were created, many of which were destroyed during the invasion of the troops of the Arab caliphate (VII – VIII centuries).

In the IX-XI centuries. Central Asia was one of the most important centers of scientific thought in the East. At that time, astronomical observatories, “Houses of Wisdom”, libraries appeared, translations and comments made by the Central Asian Persian (Tajik) scientists and the scientific heritage of Greece and India, as well as original works on mathematics, astronomy, mineralogy, applied mechanics, physics, chemistry and medicine appeared . A significant contribution to the development of science was made by al-Khorezmi , Khabbash al-Khasib , Usman Balkhi, al-Fargani , Zakaria ar-Razi (all - IX century), Abu l-Wafa , al-Khujandi (both - X century) and many others. The first works on the geography and geodesy of Ahmad Sarahsi, Abulabbas Marvasi (both - IX century), Abuzayda Balkhi, Jaihoni (both - X century) appeared. Tajik anonymous geographer of the 10th century abandoned work "Khudud alalim" ("Borders of the world"). In the XI-XIV centuries. Khorezm, Bukhara, Merv, Ghazna and other cities became major scientific centers, and in the 15th century - Samarkand with the Ulugbek Astronomical Observatory. The names of Abu Nasra Farabi , Abu Ali Ibn Sina , al-Biruni (X-XI centuries), Omar Khayyam (XI-XII centuries), al-Dzhurjani (12 century), Nasir ad-Din at -Tusi , al-Samarkandi , Jamaleddin Bukhoroi, Alishakh Bukhoroi (all - the 13th century), Ubaidullah Bukhoroi, Muhammad as-Samarkandi, Ansori (all - the 14th century) and others. The leading scientists of the Samarkand scientific school were Kazi-zade ar- Rumi , al-Kashi (both - XIV — XV centuries), al-Kushchi (XV century). Significant successes in the XIV-XV centuries. reached construction equipment and architecture. Practitioners and scientists of antiquity created many varieties of cultivated cereals and fruit plants, produced valuable animal breeds (Hissar sheep, Lokai and Karabair horses, zebu-shaped cattle, Pamir yaks, and local goats). From the 2nd half of the 15th centuries until the 17th century the activities of many Central Asian scholars ( al-Kushchi , al-Birjandi , Kamal ad-din Binai , Mirim Celebi, Abdulkadir Ruyani, Bahauddin Amuli, etc.) were transferred to the territory of modern Iran, Turkey; Najmiddin Alikhan, Farid Dekhlevi and scientists from the Sawai Jai Singh astronomical school (XVII-XVIII centuries) worked in North India.

In the 2nd half of the 19th century, after joining Russia, a new stage in the study of the nature and productive forces of Tajikistan began. A significant role in natural science research belonged to Russian scientific institutions and societies. In the 2nd half of the XIX - early XX centuries. the works of Russian scientists A.P. Fedchenko , V.F. Oshanin , N.A. Severtsov , I.V. Mushketov , G.D. Romanovsky, P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky , D.L. Ivanov, G. E. Grumm-Grzhimailo , V. L. Komarova, S. I. Korzhinsky, B. A. and O. A. Fedchenko, V. I. Lipsky, N. L. Korzhenevsky, D. I. Mushketov, D. V. Nalivkina, N.I. Vavilova and others laid the modern understanding of the geography, geology, climate, flora and fauna of Central Asia, including the Pamirs. In 1884, the first geological map of the Turkestan Territory was published. The first hydrometeorological stations appeared in Khojent (1870), Ura-Tyube (1873), Penjikent (1879) and Murghab (1892).

The involvement of Tajikistan in the sphere of economic and scientific interests of Russia , in spite of the great-power policy of tsarism, contributed to the familiarization of local residents with more advanced agricultural, industrial and transport equipment, various methods of cultivating the land, and new agricultural crops (potatoes, sugar beets, oats, tomato, etc.). The familiarization of the peoples of Central Asia with Russian culture influenced the formation of local educational, scientific and technical thought in the 19th and early 20th centuries. ( Ahmad Donish , Khoji Khalifa, Khoji Yusuf, Yakubi Farang, etc.).

With the establishment of Soviet power and the formation of the Tajik SSR (1929), the creation of the first scientific institutions began. In 1932 , the base of the USSR Academy of Sciences was first formed in Dushanbe , then the Tajik base of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1941. In 1951 , the Tajik Academy of Sciences was formed on the basis of the Tajik branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. ^[2] The first scientists of the Academy of Sciences of the TSSR were Sadriddin Aini, Mirzo Tursun-Zade, I. N. Antipov-Karataev, B. G. Gafurov, B. N. Niyazmukhamedov, S. I. Pleshko, A. A. Semenov, N. V. Smolsky, S. M. Yusupova, X A. A. Yuldashev, A. Yu. Yakubovsky. ^[3]

The religious and philosophical thought of the Iranian peoples goes back to the "Avesta" - the sacred canon of Zoroastrianism (Mazdekism). On the basis of Zoroastrian notions of infinite time as the original substance, the doctrine of Zervanism arose. In the era of the expansion of the slave system and the emergence of feudal relations, Manicheanism (mid-3rd century) and Mazdakism (late 5th - early 6th centuries), which perceived from Zoroastrianism the doctrine of the struggle between Good and Evil, gained a great influence.

With the conquest of Central Asia by the Arab caliphate, Islam became the dominant ideology. Eastern Aristotelism, developed by Abu Ali Ibn Sina and his followers (including Omar Khayyam ), was widely spread. The teachings of Ibn Sina contained some materialistic elements (the idea of ​​the eternity of the material world, sensualistic moments in the theory of knowledge, etc.). The continuation of the materialistic tradition of Democritus was the teachings of Razi, who recognized the natural laws in nature and society and affirmed the cognizability of the world. The advanced ideas of Biruni, which contrasted the religious picture of the world with the natural-scientific understanding of nature, were spread. The progressive line of Ibn Sina and his followers in philosophy was opposed by the kalam - the scholastic philosophy of Islam that arose in the 8th century. and widespread in the IX-XIV centuries.

In the XI century. Ismailism gained a significant influence, the philosophical doctrine of which was formed on the basis of Neoplatonism and Aristotelism. With Ismailism, Khosrov's philosophy was associated. In the 10-13 centuries. Sufism was widely spread, the philosophical dogma of which was largely opposed to orthodox Islam. The theoretical foundations of Sufi teachings were developed by Tajik-Persian thinkers Abu Sayd Meihani, Kharakani, Sulami, Kushayri, Sanai, Attar, Rumi. Under the undivided rule of Islam, Bedil's philosophical doctrine, combining the ideas of Hinduism, Eastern Aristotelianism, Neoplatonism, and Sufism, had a certain progressive significance;

After the accession of Central Asia to Russia , under the influence of advanced Russian socio-political thought, a democratic enlightenment direction arose (Ahmad Donish and his followers - Muhammad Khairat, Shamsiddin Shokhin, Tashkhoja Asiri, Sakhbo, Sadriddin Aini , etc.), highlighting the ideas of national progress and social justice and criticized medieval feudal orders.

In the Soviet years, departments of philosophy appeared in Tajikistan, which studied and taught in the field of dialectical and historical materialism, scientific communism, and philosophical questions of natural science. The leading philosophical institution is the Department of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan.

The beginnings of historical knowledge appeared among the ancestors of Tajiks in ancient times. In the IX — X centuries. numerous historical works were written in Farsi (Dari) and Arabic, including the “History of Bukhara” by Muhammad Narshahi, the prosaic Book of Kings (957), which was one of the sources of Firdousi ’s epic “Shahnameh”, and others. Among Tajik historical works there were works that had the character of universal stories, the stories of individual dynasties or rulers, regions and cities, biographies, memoirs, etc. The works of Tabor, Rashidaddin, Sayfi Hiravi (XIII century), Mirkhond , Khondemir (both - XV — XVI centuries), Ruzbehon (XVII century) and other

The representative of the progressive direction of Tajik historiography in the XIX century. Ahmad Donish appeared , angrily denouncing the feudal rulers and the feudal system of the Bukhara Khanate . The scientific development of the history of Tajiks began after the October Revolution. Significant work on the history of Tajikistan was done by the society created in 1925 to study Tajiks and Iranian nationalities beyond its borders. It included prominent Russian scholars A. A. Semenov , M. S. Andreev, and others. The society organized a number of scientific expeditions, published works on the history, archeology, ethnography, and anthropology of Tajiks. In 1930, the Tajik Studies Committee was organized under the People's Commissariat of the Tajik SSR , transformed in 1932 into the State Research Institute (GNII); The sector of history, language and literature at the Tajik base of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1941 - a separate institute within the Tajik branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences). In 1951 , the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography (now the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography named after Ahmad Donish) was created as part of the Tajik SSR Academy of Sciences. Then the institute of party history was created under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Both of these institutes have become major centers of historical science in the republic. Significant scientific work is being conducted in the departments of the history of higher educational institutions.

In the 30s. published works of a popular scientific nature reflecting successes in the development of the national economy and culture of Soviet T. In the study of the history of pre-revolutionary T., Russian scientists V.V.Bartold , A. Yu. Yakubovsky played an important role. In 1925, Barthold published the essay "Tajiks" and a number of works on the history of Central Asia, in which considerable attention was paid to the history of Tajikistan. Leading universities and research institutes in Moscow, Leningrad, and Tashkent provided great assistance in training the national cadre of historians armed with the Marxist-Leninist methodology. In the postwar years, the development of the key problems of the history of both pre-revolutionary and Soviet Tajikistan was widely developed.

Soviet historiography of Tajikistan focuses on the study of industrial relations, the history of the class struggle, the role of the masses. The study of the socio-economic and political history of Tajikistan is carried out in different aspects: essays are published on the socio-economic and political life of individual khanates, beks and regions, issues of the accession of Central Asia to Russia, the emergence of capitalist relations in the economy, the growth of the revolutionary movement, the development of socio-political thought and democratic enlightenment ( S. Aini , Z. Sh. Rajabov, B. I. Iskandarov, O. R. Majlisov, A. M. Mukhtarov, M. B. Babakhanov ). B. G. Gafurov wrote the first generalizing work “The History of the Tajik People in Brief”, which covers the pre-revolutionary period, and in 1972 published the capital work “Tajiks”, which found the history of the Tajik people from ancient times to modern times.

In the field of the history of Soviet society, much attention was paid to the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution and the establishment of Soviet power in the republic, the Civil War, and socialist construction. The history of the struggle for the establishment and consolidation of Soviet power in certain regions of the republic is covered in the works of T. R. Karimov, G. Kh. Khaidarov, A. V. Makashov and others. The work of M. I. Irkaev addresses issues of the Civil War in Tajikistan. The works of S. A. Rajabov and A. M. Bogoutdinov show the process of consolidation of the Tajik socialist nation, nation-state building in the republic. In the studies of H. N. Drikker, V. A. Kozachkovsky, B. A. Antonenko, K. P. Marsakov and in the collective monograph "An Essay on the History of Collective Farm Construction in Tajikistan (1917-1965)," socio-economic relations were studied Tajik village, the history of victory and the consolidation of the collective farm system. The collective writings of historians of the republic highlight the progress and features of the industrialization process of Tajikistan, the modern development of industry of the republic, the main stages and features of the formation of the working class in Tajikistan. A synthesis of regional studies in the history of the working class of Soviet Tajikistan. the collective monograph “The History of the Working Class of Tajikistan (1917-1970)” appeared (vols. 1-2). In the works of Z. Sh. Rajabov and M.R. Shukurov, individual periods and problems of the cultural revolution are examined. Significant literature has been published on the history of Tajikistan during the Great Patriotic War. In the works of L.P. Sechkina, D. Usmanov, S. Rakhimov and other researchers, the heroism of Tajik warriors on the fronts and the dedicated work of the rear workers are shown.

Thanks to the successes achieved in studying certain problems of the history of the Tajik people, the accumulation of large factual material, it became possible to write the works “History of the Tajik people” in 3 volumes (5 books) and “History of the Tajik SSR” (a textbook for universities). Published "Essays on the History of the Communist Party of Tajikistan", covering the activities of the party organization of the republic during the construction of socialism and communism. A series of collections of documents on the history of party building, industrialization, collectivization of agriculture, and cultural construction has been released.

Systematic archaeological research in Tajikistan developed only in Soviet times. In 1946, a Tajik archaeological expedition was created, headed by A. Yu. Yakubovsky . In 1952 , the sector of archeology and numismatics was organized at the Institute of History. A. Donish, Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. By the mid 70's. the historical geography of the ancient regions of Tajikistan was developed, reviews and archaeological maps of almost all regions of the republic were prepared. Studies of monuments of the primitive communal and slave system are being conducted. Significant material was collected on the culture of the population of Tajikistan in the Middle Ages, the economics and culture of medieval cities are studied. Excavations of the fortresses of the Western Pamirs and Northern Tajikistan. gave material for the history of Tajik fortification. Research has begun on the ancient irrigation system of the Vakhsh valley. Valuable contribution to the archeology of Tajikistan. contributed by M. M. Dyakonov, A. P. Okladnikov , A. M. Belenitsky, B. A. Litvinsky , A. M. Mandelstam, N. N. Negmatov, V. A. Ranov , E. A. Davidovich, V L. Voronin.

The scientific ties of the historians of the republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan were strengthened. Joint sessions on topical problems of historical science were a tradition. The historians of Tajikistan , Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan prepared the collective works Victory of Soviet Power in Central Asia and Kazakhstan, and History of the Communist Organizations of Central Asia. Joint work was carried out on the history of the working class, agrarian socialist transformations and cultural construction. Tajik historians participated in the creation of summarizing works on the history of the USSR, the history of historical science, national state building, etc. During the years of independence, at the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan in 1998 - 2011 . the fundamental work “History of the Tajik people” was written in 6 volumes.

Зарождение экономической мысли в Таджикистане относится к эпохе раннего Средневековья. Труды мыслителей IX—XIV вв. Абу Насра Фараби , Абу Али Ибн Сины , Абу Хамида Газали, Насирэддина Туси, Насира Хосрова, Низам аль-Мулька, Фазлуллоха Рашиддина содержат ценные сведения экономического характера. Вопросами налоговой политики и финансов занимались учёные XV—XVI вв. Джалаледдин Даввани, Махмуд Мирхонд, Гиясаддин Хондемир и др. Предложения о проведении экономических реформ выдвигались многими учёными в течение XVII—XIX вв. Однако большинство проектов реформ носило ограниченный характер и было направлено главным образом на поощрение развития ремёсел и т. п. Авторы реформ не знали радикальных путей изменения социально-экономической жизни Таджикистана. Наиболее решительно выступил за преодоление многовекового хозяйственного застоя родоначальник просветительского направления общественно-политической мысли Средней Азии Ахмад Дониш .

После присоединения Средней Азии к России были опубликованы труды русских учёных (В. Н. Бебера, А. Губаревича-Радобыльского, С. И. Гулишамбарова, В. В. Заорской, К. А. Александера, А. А. Кушакевича, Д. Н. Логафета, Н. И. Малаховского и др.). в которых наряду с др. сведениями содержалась общая характеристика экономики края и некоторых её отраслей. Однако из-за отсутствия сколько-нибудь удовлетворительных статистических данных большинство этих трудов носило поверхностный характер.

Научная разработка экономических проблем Таджикистана стала возможной только после Октябрьской революции. In the 20s. были опубликованы труды Ю. И. Пославского, Б. Сегала, Г. Чёрного, А. П. Демидова, Н. И. Балашова, В. Балхова и др. В них была предпринята попытка дать комплексную характеристику экономики республики.

В 1930—1940-х гг. ведущие научные центры страны оказывали Таджикистану большую помощь в определении путей ликвидации экономической отсталости. На основе работ Таджикско-Памирской комплексной экспедиции АН СССР в 1933 были опубликованы материалы конференции по изучению производительных сил Таджикистана, в которых впервые была дана научная оценка перспектив развития производительных сил республики. Исследование крупных экономических проблем стало возможным только с начала 1950-х гг. К этому времени в республике сформировались квалифицированные национальные кадры экономистов. Учёные-экономисты Таджикистана ведут исследования по проблемам политической экономии, истории народного хозяйства, долгосрочного прогнозирования развития производительных сил и их размещения, эффективности общественного производства, темпов и пропорций народного хозяйства, экономики отраслей народного хозяйства, экономико-математических методов планирования и др. ( Р. Ю. Юсуфбеков , Х. Б. Салбиев, Т. М. Миракилов, В. Г. Ли, О. Т. Тошев , Х. С. Саидмурадов, Р. К. Рахимов, И. К. Нарзикулов, Т. Н. Назаров , К. Ш. Джураев, Д. Х. Каримов, Б. Р. Фатидинов, М. М. Мамадназарбеков, Х. З. Зайниддинов, Н. К. Каюмов, И. А. Аероров, Я. Т. Бронштейн, А. Г. Ходжибаев и др.), а также проводят большую работу непосредственно на промышленных предприятиях, в колхозах и совхозах, где помогают их коллективам внедрять НОТ, механизацию, автоматизацию и химизацию производства, тем самым укрепляя связь науки с производством. Главные центры экономических исследований: институт экономики АН Таджикской ССР (основан в 1964), НИИ экономики и экономико-математических методов планирования с Вычислительным центром при Госплане Таджикской ССР (основан в 1971 ), Совет по изучению производительных сил (СОПС) АН Таджикской ССР (основан в 1951 ), Отдел экономики Таджикского НИИ земледелия министерства сельского хозяйства Таджикской ССР. Подготовка кадров экономистов с высшим образованием осуществляется на экономических факультетах Таджикского университета им. В. И. Ленина, Таджикского сельскохозяйственного института, Таджикского политехнического института.

В трудах выдающихся мыслителей Средней Азии Абу Насра Фараби , Абу Али Ибн Сины , в отдельных трактатах (например, в «Книге об управлении государством», XI в.) наряду с философскими положениями выдвигались и государственно-правовые идеи. Однако юридические науки в Таджикистане получили развитие только после Октябрьской революции.

Важная роль в формировании и развитии правовой науки принадлежит созданному в 1949 юридическому факультету Таджикского университета.

Значительное место в исследованиях таджикских учёных занимают проблемы создания и совершенствования национальной государственности народов Средней Азии, становления национальной государственности таджикского народа (работы С. А. Раджабова, Д. Д. Дегтяренко и др.). Создан ряд монографий, посвященных роли государства и права в строительстве социализма и коммунизма, теоретическим основам некапиталистического пути развития государств и т. д. Ведутся исследования в области гражданского права (в 1970 издан Сборник работ кафедры гражданского права и процесса Таджикского университета), государственного строительства и укрепления социалистической законности (работы Ш. Разыкова, Ф. Тахирова, А. М. Мавлянова, А. Иманова, С. Касымова, Р. С. Гимпелевич, В. Г. Мелкумова), криминалистики (работы Д. Р. Джалилова и др.). Выпущен специализированный русско-таджикский юридический терминологический словарь.

Налаживанию филологических исследований в Таджикистане способствовал приезд ряда видных русских учёных-востоковедов: Е. Э. Бертельса , И. С. Брагинского, А. А. Семенова, М. С. Андреева, BC Расторгуевой , А. З. Розенфельд, И. М. Оранского , В. А. Лившица, А. П. Смирновой, Дж. И. Эдельман , Р. Л. Неменовой, Л. В. Успенской, Н. Н. Ершова и др.

В 1940 г. был образован Институт истории, языка и литературы им. А. Рудаки, который вошёл как самостоятельное научное учреждение в состав Таджикского филиала АН СССР. После образования в 1951 г. Академии наук Таджикской ССР был создан самостоятельный Институт языка и литературы с четырьмя научно- исследовательскими секторами: языка, классической литературы, советской литературы и словарей. В области таджикской филолологической науки и востоковедения внесли свой вклад ученые: С. Айни , А. Мирзоев, М.Ф. Фазылов, Х.М. Мирзо-заде, Н.А. Масуми, AM Маниязов, Д. Саймиддинов, Х.Х. Отахонова, А. Афсахзод, К.С. Айни, 3. Ахрори, А. Алимардонов, X. Назаров, А. Зухуриддинов, Д. Саидмуродов, Дж. Додалишоев, С. Сиддиков, С. Шохуморов и других были изданы не только в республике, но и за её пределами. Достижением учёных филологов Таджикистана является подготовка к изданию и публикация таких фундаментальных научно-исследовательских работ, как «История таджикской советской литературы» в шести томах, «Свод таджикского фольклора» в 35-ти томах, «Толковый словарь таджикского языка» в двух томах, «Очерки по истории таджикской литературы» в 12-ти томах, «Опыт научного обобщения южных говоров таджикского языка» в пяти томах, «Таджикско-русский словарь», «Русско-таджикский словарь», «Шугнано-русский словарь», «Толковый словарь современного таджикского литературного языка», серия исследований по истории таджикского языка, издание собрания сочинений С. Айни , А.Лахути , других таджикских писателей и поэтов, а также представителей классической и современной таджикской литературы. Важным этапом научной деятельности учёных-языковедов института стало создание новой «Орфографии таджикского языка».

Основные направления исследований востоковедов Института востоковедения АН Таджикской ССР (образован в 1970 г.) были: актуальные проблемы истории культуры стран зарубежного Востока (Афганистана, Ирана, Индии, Пакистана и стран арабского Востока); научное описание Фонда рукописей АН РТ; составление и издание кратких и полных каталогов восточных рукописей; творчество наиболее видных представителей таджикско-персидской литературы и науки; поиск и публикация наследия; перевод на русский и таджикский языки важнейших памятников истории культуры народов Центральной Азии; налаживание международных связей для совместного издания памятников письменности. Фонд восточных рукописей насчитывает свыше 5750 рукописных книг и около 6350 литографий на таджикском, персидском, арабском, тюркском, иврите и других языках, которые содержат свыше 30 тыс. различных трактатов и произведений по всем отраслям древней и средневековой науки и культуры. Наиболее древние из них относятся к XI-XII вв. Подготовлена электронная версия 5680 экземпляров оригинальных рукописей. ^[four]

• http://avesta.isatr.org/ — тексты Авесты и информация о зороастризме
• Авеста — информация об Авесте и её тексты на официальном сайте Русского Анджомана
• Л. А. Лелеков Авеста в современной науке, М. 1992 г.
• On-line вестник «Научная жизнь Таджикистана» — TajScience.ru

• Академия наук Республики Таджикистан