Church of the Introduction to the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Turgenevo)

The history of the Vvedensky church is interesting, especially since the names of priests who have become famous in the field of public education live in the people's memory. Material on this topic has been collected from the Chronicle of the Vvedensky Church ^[2] , from the Clerical Lists of the church of the village of Turgenev for 1838 and 1861. The Chronicle of the Vvedensky Temple ^[3] reads: "The village of Turgenevo got its name at the end of the 18th century, since the construction of the temple. It got its name by the name of the temple builder - landowner Nikolai Alekseevich Turgenev .

  The parish consists of 5 villages: Turgenevo, the village of Petrovskoe from the church in one verst, the village of Sindeevo - in verst, 
 the village of Stekolnaya Slobodka in one verst and the village of Velevasheva farm in 2 versts. ”

Over time, a church was built in the village of Sindeev, but the village of Snezhed began to belong to the Turgenevsky parish. The chapter “Temple” ^[4] reads: “Before the construction of the stone church in the village of Turgenev there was a church of the Introduction to the Church of Our Lady. “The construction of a wooden church dates back to the 90s of the 18th century. For a long time there was a temporary church with unknown accuracy. The wooden temple was located approximately on the site of the currently existing monuments above the ashes of the Khozikovs. " These monuments were in place back in the 70s of the 20th century: near the stone church, in the north-west of it, opposite the school.

“The foundation of the stone temple was made in 1795,” as can be seen from the service inscription of priest V.V. Govorov on the bible kept in the church. “The Turgenev stone church was founded in 1795” - confirm the materials of the Tula spiritual consistory. “The construction of the temple was completed in 1806 at the expense of a member of the Life Guards. Ensign Nikolai Alekseevich Turgenev, approximately in the amount of 15,000 rubles in silver. Both chapels were consecrated in 1807, November 22, the right chapel - in the name of Rev. Paraskeva, the consecration was performed by the local priest Sergei Sokolov. The real church was cold, it was left unfinished inside, the decoration of the temple was completed by parishioner Major General Nikolai Nikolayevich Sukhotin with auxiliary church funds and the benefits of other parishioners, it was consecrated on September 3, 1861 by the local dean Zakhary Turbin. The walls were plastered with lime and covered with decent colors with the image in the dome of the Holy Spirit. A stone bell tower with 6 bells: in the larger - 108 pounds, 23 pounds, and in the smallest - 1 pounds, 19 pounds. " The construction of the temple was the result of religious piety of N. A. Turgenev - he did not build for the sake of profit and glory. He personally went to brick factories, where he tried every brick, he did not regret to sell one of his estates in order to finish the construction of the temple. The Paraskevsky chapel was built in memory of Nikolai Alekseevich’s daughter, Paraskeva, who had died by the time construction was completed. The Nikolaev chapel was commemorated by the builder of the church. The Vvedensky temple itself was erected in the name of the icon of the Mother of God revered by the Turgenevs: The introduction of the Mother of God to the temple: the temple icon, as the chronicler narrates, is decorated with silver-veneered carvings and showered with pearls on the crowns.

There were two stories about her:

  Nikolai Alekseevich was once a foreman, having left the regimental life, he somehow took the icon from the regimental church, and then transferred it to the temple he built. 

A more thorough and reliable other story:

  The patrimonial icon, she accompanied many Turgenevs in battle ... The Turgenevs, with faith in the protection of the Mother of God, always remained unharmed.

In the iconostases - the icons of the Savior and the Mother of God - the work of the Academy of Arts. A more remarkable painting belonged to the artist Sviridov, who often lived with N. N. Sukhotin: St. Nicholas the Miracle Worker , Anna Prophetitsa (in the iconostasis with the left choir, the image of the Archangel on the north door. Myasoedov owned the image of the Lord of hosts and three angels with him. An arch was built over the iconostases The beauty was distinguished by the royal gates, carved, gilded. In 1893-95, the iconostases were renovated, the right one was equipped according to the left. The left iconostasis was arranged by the Moscow icon-worker Pavel Varfolomeevich Chaadaev for 2 500 rubles ^[5] . The right-wing iconostasis made an icon-guard of the city of Kozelsk at the expense of the same Chaadayev. A high gilded bell tower, white columns, beautiful royal gates made the church majestic. It adorned the village and the Turgenev’s park.

  There is land in this church in the indicated proportions: manor - three, arable land - thirty-three tithes, cut out of the ground, there is no giving a plan for this and a boundary book.
 The priests receive for this flour, namely: fifty five quarters with different bread, 
 with money one hundred seventy-five rubles, and this was done between the landowner and the clergyman by consent, not taken into account in legal books.
 The houses of the priest and sexton are own, on the land of the master.
 For the maintenance of the clergy of this salary, in addition to the indicated flour and insignificant incomes, it does not work out of nowhere;
 There are no buildings owned by the church.  The distance from the church to the consistory is 110, from the Spiritual government - 70, from the local dean - 10 miles. 
 The essence closest to that church is: Epiphany in the village of Sindeev, Paraskevskaya in the village of Gunkovo ​​in one verst ”.

Temple surroundings

In the aforementioned Chronicle, an interesting fact is indicated: on the banks of the Snezhed River, on Bezhinoy Luga there was a well, which the people nicknamed “Forgiven”. “Eyewitnesses say,” the chronicler reported, “there was an icon on the well, crosses, copper coins and candles”. The general belief that the water of the Forgiven Well, like the Epiphany, never spoils and heals from eye pain. " For holy water, as the people said, they went to the so-called rattlesnake. Here is what is written in the archives of the local historian A.F. Polyakov ^[6] : “On the Snezhedok river ^[7] , in a forest called Gorodishchensky, on a very steep and hardly accessible hill, there are several bulk mounds, popularly called Gorodishche. Downstairs against these heights lies the highly respected by the locals and the Gremyuchy, now completely overgrown and barely noticeable. " By the way, about the hillfort. In the Chronicle of the Vvedensky Church we read: “The hillfort is a kind of regular triangle ... Near this hillfort, on the western side there is a“ grave field ”, which the villagers say that there used to be a church and housing.” This hillfort was dug by treasure hunters. Nearby residents believe in some tradition that countless riches are hidden in the Chaplygin settlement, "the chronicler cites data from the work of Ivan Petrovich Sakharov" Historical Monuments of the Tula Province, "- according to their stories, old money and military armor were often found here"

  At 12 versts from the Chaplyginsky settlement there are 3 mounds, one of them is medium, rather large, and the others are barely noticeable from plowing. 
 Nearby residents consider them graves and say that there was a terrible battle with the Tatars at this place, and that Russian soldiers were buried in a large mound, and Tatar in two small mounds. 
 The latter were blown up by someone and there is no news about the finds ... On the grave field is the village of Velevasheva Khutor, which belonged to the Turgenevsky parish. 
 The Chronicle testifies that the peasants during the construction of houses tore off huge skulls.  As for the riches of this settlement, the inhabitants say that they were buried by the robber Kudeyar [8] .

Cemetery

The cemetery was originally a place near the church, where lay and church lay people were buried. This cemetery, along with the church, "was surrounded by a brick fence." At the same time there was another cemetery, and was located on a pasture, between the school and the canteen buildings, "" occupied a space of 1/8 of the tithes, "there were no fences." The burial here took place at the request of the priest, with the consent of the landowner in 1854. From this time was again buried near the church until a cemetery was taken away. " ^[9] It was planted with trees, dug in a moat. The cemetery, which the chronicler speaks of, has existed to this day. For a long time there is no gate, a moat and the space between the graves is covered with greenery. Tombs nickname in this cemetery there was no crypt at the churchyard until now, the entrance to it was from the street. Around the 70s of the 19th century, the church preserved many monuments, including over the grave of Nadezhda Malyarevskaya. They dealt blasphemously with a bulldozer bucket under the base, they stole it, loaded it onto a dump truck and drove away somewhere. It is not known who ordered this vandalism to be committed. The old-timer of the village of Turgenev, a labor teacher at the Turgenev school, a pensioner, Ivan Ivanovich Sakharov in his childhood, saw how they had been abused in the 30s. over the ashes m Sukhotina rests under the slabs of the temple in a zinc coffin: some men came with shovels in cars, quickly entered the church and began to dig at the spot where, according to them, was the coffin Sukhotina; separation of it, opened. ^[10] Finding nothing, they cursed, leaving their remains on the ground, and left. The children saw through the window grill of the church how the body of Sukhotin, miraculously preserved in the coffin, suddenly, with the access of air, everything contracted, settled. The military uniform of Major Nikolai Nikolayevich Sukhotin ’s artillery became the object of amusement for unreasonable boys ...

Priests. Parish School

The first priest of the Vvedensky church was Boris Mikhailov, who was transferred in 1784 from the village of Gunkova to Turgenevo "to the construction of the church", as evidenced by the revision tales in the village of Tunkova in 1798. Judging by the discovered documents, priests Ivan Petrovich Sakharov, the author of the work “Historical Monuments of the Tula Province”, Vladimir Vasilievich Govorov and Ivan Vasilievich Kazan, had the greatest significance in the history of the village of Turgenev and the Vvedensky church. In the “Clearing sheet” of the village of Turgenev for 1861 it reads: “Priest Vladimir Vasiliev Govorov, deacon’s son. At the end of the Tula Theological Seminary, he was fired with a certificate of the 1st category. In 1842, on October 20, he was ordained priest Bp Damaskin, in 1849 he was elected a corresponding member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and in 1850-52 he received thanks from the Society for the delivery of climate information. In 1854 he was appointed a member of the Commission for compiling new inventories of church property. Awarded with the Cross

  In the family of Vladimir’s father, in addition to his wife Maria Ivanovna, five children Fedor studies at the Tula Theological Seminary, 
 Peter - in the same place, studying at the expense of his father, 
 there are still girls in the house - fourteen-year-old Alexandra and three-year-old Natalya, and one-year-old Semyon.

Aleksei Petrovich Ptitsyn served as deacon under Govorov, Vasily Petrovich Klyucharyov served as a clerk, Govorov was “a deputy from the clergy, an observer of schools and an assistant to the dean,” and was awarded a Kamilovka. In 1880, the priest left the states, served for hire in the prison castle of the city of Czerny. He died on June 19, 1892. Until his death, the father was on his feet and in solid memory.

Vladimir Vasilievich Govorov opened the first parish school in 1863 ^[11] . Together with him, the psalmist Klyucharyov worked as a teacher. The school opened in the presence of the landowner of the village Nikolai Sergeevich Turgenev. Twenty boys were provided with notebooks and primers. The school accepted the boys and the entire parish. In the Chronicle of the Vvedensky Church we read: “Literacy in the parish of the village of Turgenevo, especially in the village itself, could not fail to develop with such people dedicated to educating the masses as Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev and staff priest Vladimir Vasilievich Govorov . There is no question of the literary meaning of the former, the latter is known as a poet » ^[12] .

As for Ivan Vasilyevich Kazansky: “Since July 1880, he has been a priest of the village of Turgenev, a native of the village of Kamenki of Epifansky Uyezd, son of Deacon Basilia Grigoryev, a pupil of the Tula Seminary graduated in 1877. Since 1881, he has been the legal teacher of the school of the village of Turgenev ” ^[13] ; at first, despite the cramped room, the school managed to show itself on the good side. When the school was revised, the priest Mikhail Yakovlevich Pyatnitsky, a member of the Chernsky Uyezd Council, made the following conclusion: “The method of initial learning to read sound. Teaching is conducted reasonably, meaningfully. Even the youngest group of children begin to read with the correct intonation and understanding. The law of God is taught by the local priest Ivan Vasilievich Kazan. Other subjects are taught by the graduate course of the Tula Theological Seminary Ivan Nikolaevich B. (?) Both have a wonderful pedagogical tact. Both work at school with exemplary diligence. ” Another revision of the school, conducted on March 9, 1883, noted: “The school is maintained in tidiness, the success of students is a certificate of diligence and integrity of teachers. During the existence of the Turgenevsky Zemsky school, certificates were issued for privileges of the 4th category for serving military service to sixteen students " ^[14] , A. F. Polyakov in" History of the Turgenevskaya secondary school "writes that Kazan" was a strong-willed, persistent, energetic man " . He was known in Turgenev as a very authoritative person. His large wooden house ^[15] with a high porch stood on the site of the current dairy. Kazan was an excellent family man, had 12 children. According to the stories of Anna Mikhailovna Polyakova, the old-timers remembered how the priest, buttocks and all twelve offspring often marched to the master's dinner party ^[16] . Kazan managed, as A.F. Polyakov writes, to persuade the wealthy Chernsky merchant Chaadayev to help in the construction of a special building of the parish school in the village. And in 1883, on the banks of the tiny brook Azarovka, which flows into Snezhed, a new school building appeared. It was wooden, covered with iron, on a high foundation. The school had one classroom, a locker room and a small room for a teacher and a watchman. Then studied at school 60 students ^[17] .

Here is another extract from the brochure of A. F. Polyakov: “The priest of Kazan, in fact the head and trustee of the parish school, did not consider it possible to limit himself to this type of educational institution for peasants. His intention was to create a school that would be a kind of “forge of cadres” for the literacy school and parochial schools of the Cherny district and the entire Tula province. He secured the release of funds in the ecclesiastical department for the construction of a second-class school and attracted the landowner Lauritz to this business. ” In 1897, a “second-class school” was opened in Turgenev in a spacious building on the top of the Red Hill hillock, where the board of the Turgenev collective farm is now located. One of the first students of this school, Peter Mitrofanovich Shadsky, recalled that the school was from the “red forest”, stood on a high foundation. A four-meter corridor divided the building into two parts. Three identical classrooms were located on the left side, the locker room, the teacher’s room, the library, the classroom and the visual aids room were located on the right. Nearby they took an apartment for teachers, organized a boarding school for 50 people. Separate from the school were a bathhouse and a woodshed. All these buildings were bordered by a beautiful hedge, occupying an area of ​​about a hectare. The head of the school was about. Kazan, trustee - A. A. Laurits. The teaching staff consisted mainly of people who graduated from a theological seminary. The law of God, church history, Russian language, geography, physics, arithmetic, Russian history, drawing, calligraphy, drawing, didactics, church singing, practical information on hygiene were taught at the school. Mostly the poor went to classes, in homespun clothes, bast shoes, and in bad weather - on stilts. School supplies were carried over canvas in canvas bags: books, notebooks, pencils. However, all, with rare exceptions, studied diligently. The charm and influence of the school was great. Ivan Vasilievich Shishov, who later received higher education and worked at the Sverdlovsk University, very warmly recalled the school of this period: “I must say bluntly that not one of the schools that I graduated from later left as many bright memories in me as Turgenevskaya second-class school. Enthusiastic teachers worked here under the leadership of Kazan. ”

It must be said that the wonderful traditions laid down at this time were then continued by elementary school teachers ^[18] . They inspired the children that, brought up in a bright halo in memory of Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev, they should in their life be worthy of this memory ...

The last Turgenev priest is Sergey Nikolaevich Abramov. He was born in the city of Belev. Mother is a laundress, father is a cooper. His daughter, Serafima Sergeevna, said that Sergei Nikolaevich graduated from the Belevsk two-year religious school and was first sent to Tula to sing in a church choir. In 1919 he was transferred from Tula to a village. Pokrovskoye, where he was a psalm-reader ^[19] .

In 1923, Archpriest translated his father Abramov as a priest into the Vvedensky church of the village of Turgenev. The priest's family lived in a churchhouse until 1930. When the persecution of the church began, Father Sergius, a loving husband, gave his wife a formal divorce for the sake of the family’s peace and ... he sank into the water. There was only a good memory of him. They say that he read a lot, adored Russian classics, and raised great lovers of books of his two daughters, Maria and Seraphim. The wife of Father Sergius, Natalia Zaitseva in her girlhood, was very religious, even went to pray in Jerusalem. Serafima Sergeevna says that her father had a firm belief that people would return to faith, because you cannot live without faith. The authority of the father, a modest, peace-loving man, always remained indisputable for the family. The eyes of Seraphim Sergeevna, gray-blue, huge, radiate a surprisingly gentle light. She worked as a primary school teacher in Ukraine. Having lost her husband, she returned to her homeland and worked with her sister in the village. There are always people in the little old house of Serafima Sergeevna. She, with her already poor health, in old age, is difficult to live alone, but she has a kind word of support for people. So her parents recalled.

From the “Clerical Sheets” of the village of Turgenev: “Three thrones are laid in it:

  a) Real cold in the name of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos ”, 
 b) in the cold aisles: on the right side - in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, and on the left - in the name of St. Paraskeva. 
 There are three reasons for the state: the priest, the clerk and the sexton, one at a time.

In the ZO-e years, the Vvedensky church lost its purpose. Her beauty was rapidly decreasing, for as soon as they did not use her. And under the club, and under the hospital during the war, they stored grain in it after the war and even arranged there a warehouse of caustic fertilizers, which was there until recently. Beautiful murals perished, the country looked from the walls punched by bullets ^{[20] the} faces of angels, saints, the Lord himself.

• Church Annals of the Church of the Vvedensky Village of Turgenev, Chernsky Uyezd (Tula Diocese. OGLMT, inv. 12241 of.)
• Polyakov A.F. History of Turgenev secondary school. Tula, 1966.
• Clearance records of the Vvedensky church for 1834 and 1861
• Memoirs of the old residents of the village of Turgenev about the priests of the Vvedensky church
• P. I. Malitsky “Parishes and Churches of the Tula Diocese” of Tula 1895. Chernsky Uyezd, p. 761.

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