Nanumba is a people living in the southeast of the northern region of Ghana , between the Daka and Oti rivers. Alternative names are Nanoon , Nanoon and Nanum . Nanune is a self-name. Related peoples include Mosi , Dagomba , Kusashi and Mamprusi .
| Nanumba | |
|---|---|
| Abundance and area | |
| Total: 50 thousand people (according to the 1990s) | |
 Ghana | |
| Tongue | Nanumle |
| Religion | Islam , Christianity , traditional beliefs |
Content
Strength
According to estimates for the 1990s, the size of this ethnic group was about 50 thousand people.
Language
The native language of this people is the language of Nanumle or Nanumli, which belongs to the group of gurus of the Niger-Kordofan family . Sometimes this language is referred to as the dialect of Dagbani (Dagomba).
Religion
Most representatives of this people adhere to traditional religious beliefs. Also among the Nanumba people there are Muslims - Sunnis and Christians of the Catholic and Protestant persuasion .
History
According to ethnogenetic traditions , the ancestors of the Nanumba people came to their modern territory of settlement from the north-east, most likely from the countries of the house . In the pre-colonial period, from the point of view of the ethnocultural and political aspect, this people developed under the powerful influence of the Dagomb people. Currently, the people of Nanumba live in constant and continuous communication with the people of the concomb . Representatives of the latter people began to move to the territory of the Nanumba as early as the colonial period, and now they have a numerical superiority over the Nanumba people. Ethnic and social disagreements between the representatives of these tribes led to mutual claims and disagreements, which ultimately led to a major interethnic conflict that erupted in 1981 . This conflict turned out to be bloody, it was followed by many casualties, and it acquired wide national significance.
Main Activities
Farming
The Nanumba people have traditionally been engaged in tropical manual farming . They grow crops such as millet , yams , corn , sorghum , phonio , rice , peanuts , legumes , vegetables . Cattle breeding is also widespread; representatives of this people breed cattle and small cattle .
Craft
Crafts such as pottery, blacksmithing, and weaving are developed. These people are engaged in weaving and woodcarving. Their activities also include fishing , hunting and gathering .
Nanumba Settlement Shop Network
In most cases, stores in northeastern Ghana are located in densely populated areas. Shops located in the settlement area of the Nanumba tribe are open for 6 days a week, while shops in the settlement area of neighboring tribes, such as Kushashi , Frafra, Kassani and Mamprusi , operate only for three days a week. This schedule of shops depends on the population density in the considered area [1] . The main trade sector for the Nanumba tribe is the clothing trade, but it (this industry) is not monopolized by one of their ethnic groups. Along with them, representatives of the local Dagomb tribe and non-native tribal groups such as Yoruba and Hausa are engaged in similar activities [2] .
Social Structure
Traditional Social Organization
Large family and village communities, patrilineal clans and units of the military organization (the structure of the latter was borrowed from the Dagomb tribe, although its basis is Ashantine ) formed the basis of traditional social organization.
Marriage
Representatives of this people in most cases have virilocal marriages, that is, patrilocal marriage is common - a type of marriage in which there is a transition from the mother to the father. Polygyny is widespread, purchased marriage is also often practiced. The Nanumba people have preserved the traditional rite of circumcision.
Social Stratification
In the pre-colonial period, the Nanumba people had a division into the following strata: the nobility, free communes and dependent, that is, slaves and bonded.
Tribal Conflict
As was proved during the war in 1994 , when the Nanumba in alliance with the Dagomb and Gonz tribes clashed with the Konkomb tribe, allied with the Navuri, traditional tribal disputes between the formally dominant (Nanumba, Dagomb , Gonzha ) and dependent tribes ( bite , kongkomba ) are still potentially important. During this war, about 2,000 dead, 178,000 people displaced from their place of residence and more than 300 destroyed homes were officially registered [3] .
One of the episodes of this war can be considered the mass clashes between the Nanumba and Konkomb tribes in northern Ghana that intensified in early 1994, which led to many deaths (about 1,000 deaths) and ousted 150,000 people, leaving them homeless. The results and circumstances of this conflict are not clear [4] . However, according to some sources, the conflict that unfolded in February 1994 was caused by the killing of a kongkomb boy by a man from the Nanumba tribe because of their dispute over the price of a guinea fowl [5] .
Genesis
Housing
The settlements of representatives of this people are most often compact. Traditionally, they live in round clay houses with a thatched roof.
Clothing
The traditional men's costume includes a long striped shirt with short sleeves. Women's traditional costume is a belt clothing like a skirt; women of this nation use Akan as a festive outfit.
Food
The basis of the diet of representatives of the Nanumba people is milk and vegetable food. The most common cereals, stews, fried and baked beans, as well as tubers.
Culture
Traditional Beliefs
Traditionally they believe in the spirits of their ancestors and the animate forces of nature (fire, water, earth). Widespread belief in magic , witchcraft and fetishes - amulets . A particularly important role in the life of the Nanumba people is played by the Tendaana ("guardians of the earth") - the soothsayers and priests of the cult of the earth.
Folklore
The most common and popular genres of folklore among this people are songs, proverbs, fairy tales.
Notes
- ↑ Wayne McKim. The Periodic Market System in Northeastern Ghana // Economic Geography. Vol. 48. No. 3 (Jul., 1972). P. 337.
- ↑ Wayne McKim. The Periodic Market System in Northeastern Ghana // Economic Geography. Vol. 48. No. 3 (Jul., 1972). P. 341.
- ↑ Kelly B. The 2004 Elections in Northern Ghana // Review of African Political Economy. Vol. 32. No. 104/105 (Jun. - Sep., 2005). P. 459.
- ↑ Gurr TR Peoples Against States: Ethnopolitical Conflict and the Changing World System // International Studies Quarterly. Vol. 38. No. 3 (Sep., 1994). P. 353.
- ↑ Kelly B. Ideology, Regionalism, Self-Interest and Tradition: An Investigation into Contemporary Politics in Northern Ghana / Bob Kelly, RB Bening // Journal of the International African Institute. Vol. 77. No. 2 (2007). P. 200.
Literature
- Popov V.A. Nanumba // Peoples and religions of the world / Chapters. ed. V.A. Tishkov . M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1999. P.468.
- Nanumba - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia .
- Gurr TR Peoples Against States: Ethnopolitical Conflict and the Changing World System // International Studies Quarterly. Vol. 38. No. 3 (Sep., 1994). P. 353.
- Kelly B. The 2004 Elections in Northern Ghana // Review of African Political Economy. Vol. 32. No. 104/105 (Jun. - Sep., 2005). P. 459.
- Kelly B. Ideology, Regionalism, Self-Interest and Tradition: An Investigation into Contemporary Politics in Northern Ghana / Bob Kelly, RB Bening // Journal of the International African Institute. Vol. 77. No. 2 (2007). P. 200.
- Wayne McKim. The Periodic Market System in Northeastern Ghana // Economic Geography. Vol. 48. No. 3 (Jul., 1972). P. 337, 341.