Education in Bashkortostan

The emergence of school education in the Republic of Belarus is associated with the penetration of Islam into the country of the Bashkirs, accompanied by the spread of religious schools at mosques. The first Islamic schools in the Republic of Belarus in which visiting missionaries from Bukhara , Baghdad, and other Islamic centers taught appeared in the 16th century.

By the forces of the local Muslim clergy at local mosques, the first mektebs and madrassas were opened, of which about 100 were in the 18th century. The largest are in the village of Sterlibash and the madrasah in the village of Kargaly . By 1865, there were about 600 mektebs and madrassas in Bashkir and Tatar villages, where more than 20 thousand students studied.

Muslim schools were cultural and educational centers in which there were libraries, books corresponded.

Since the 20s of the 18th century. Russian-language schools began to open in Bashkortostan (digital, verbal schools in Ufa, wikt: the school of "Tatar students" and the engineering school in Orenburg ). Mining schools were opened at the Verkhotorsky and Katav-Ivanovsky factories.

The Orthodox Spiritual Administration ( Synod ) opened a theological seminary in Ufa in 1800, and a religious school in 1818. By 1861, there were 253 Russian-language educational institutions in the region with about 9,490 students.

The command of the Bashkir-Meshcheryak army took up education in Russian for the Bashkirs, having secured 20 vacancies for the Bashkirs in Kazan gymnasiums and a university, 30 in the Orenburg Neplyuyev cadet corps, etc.

In 1864, a reform of public education was carried out, which limited the influence of the church in education. Since 1870, Russian-Bashkir, Russian-Tatar, Russian-Chuvash and other schools began to open in the region, and by 1900 there were 93 Russian-speaking schools for Bashkirs and Tatars in the Ufa and Orenburg provinces, 90 for baptized Tatars and Chuvashs, 65 for Mari , increased the number of mektebs and madrassas.

The first higher educational institution - the Ufa Teachers' Institute was opened on October 4, 1909 . The number of students at the Ufa Teachers' Institute was 75 people (25 people per class), the number of teachers - 9 people. There was not a single Tatar or Bashkir among the students: for admission to the institute of people of non-traditional Christian trends, as well as Muslims, a special permission of the Ministry of Education was required. The term of study at the Ufa Teachers' Institute was 3 years without specialization. ^[one]

After 1917, the education system was changed. Educational institutions were nationalized and transferred to the People's Commissariat. The school is separated from the church, the teaching of dead languages ​​(Old Slavonic, Latin), marks and exams are canceled.

The All-Bashkir Extraordinary Commission on the Elimination of Illiteracy in 1921 adopted a decree "On the forced involvement of all literate people in the education of illiterates." Were opened educational centers in the Bashkir, Tatar, Chuvash languages, in which during the 1922 / 23-1927 / 28 academic year. years 173 thousand people were trained to read and write. Illiteracy was completely eliminated by the mid-60s of the 20th century.

In the late 1920s, the Bashkir and Tatar scripts from Arabic were translated into Latin script - “ Yanalif ”. In the 30s, the introduction of Latin graphics was abandoned. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the BASSR on November 23, 1939, the Bashkir script was translated from Latin to Cyrillic. In the years 1940-1942, teaching in the new alphabet was introduced in schools.

In the 1940s, the introduction of compulsory 7-year education in cities began with the inclusion of labor lessons. The training was conducted in Bashkir, Russian, Tatar, Chuvash, Mari and Udmurt languages.

During the Great Patriotic War, secondary schools, 58 colleges and technical schools, where 16 thousand people studied, worked in the BASSR in difficult conditions. Universities evacuated from the western regions of the country continued to work in Bashkiria. The 1st Moscow Order of Lenin Medical Institute, the Rybinsk Aviation Institute, on the basis of which the Ufa Aviation Institute named after Ordzhonikidze, the Moscow Oil Institute named after I.N. Gubkin, worked in Ufa. In Sterlitamak - Moscow Library Institute. In Birsk - Oryol Pedagogical Institute.

By the beginning of the 1945-1946 school year, 6.1 thousand people were studying at universities of the republic, which is almost two times more than before the war ^[2] .

The first kindergartens appeared in 1919. By the 30s, 0.4% of children were enrolled in kindergartens.

In the 1960s, there were 7 universities in the BASSR. The number of students was 16.7 thousand people. By a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of July 20, 1957, the Ufa Pedagogical Institute was transformed into Bashkir State University . New universities opened: in 1967 - the Bashkir State Pedagogical Institute (BSPI), in 1968 - the Ufa State Institute of Arts . The constitutions of the Republic of Belarus fixed the free basic education.

Since the 90s, a republican program for reviving the national school has been adopted in Belarus.

In the 90s, 2 military universities opened in the Republic of Belarus - the Ufa Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (1987), the Ufa Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots (1983), 4 universities were transformed into universities: Ufa State Aviation Technical University (1992) and the Petroleum Technical University ( 1993), Bashkir State Agrarian University (1993) and Medical University (1995). Since 1994, UFMTI has been operating as an independent Ufa Technological Institute of Service. In 1991, the Bashkir Academy of Public Administration and Management was established.

Currently, universities of the republic are moving to the preparation of bachelors and masters.

Preschool Education

In 2013, in the Republic of Bashkortostan, 1,644 pre-school educational institutions operate, in which more than 194 thousand children aged 1 year to 6 years study.

The number of teachers in the pre-school educational institution is more than 17 thousand people.

General education

In the 2012-2013 academic year, 1587 secondary schools and boarding schools work in the Republic of Bashkortostan, including 83 gymnasiums, 58 lyceums, 3 cadet institutions (9.1%). More than 96 thousand people study in schools.

100 gifted students receive scholarships from the President of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

In the Republic of Belarus, 14 native languages ​​are studied. More than 41% of educational institutions are national schools.

4694.4 million rubles were allocated for the development of the general education system of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2011-2013.

In 2013, the average salary of teachers in schools amounted to 23,078.2 rubles; teaching staff of preschool educational institutions - 17,739.9 rubles; pedagogical workers of institutions of additional education - 13,229.4 rubles; teachers of educational organizations providing social services to orphans and children without parental care amounted to 17,262.1 rubles; teachers and masters of industrial training of NGOs, vocational education and training amounted to 16,486.3 rubles.

Vocational education

In the Republic of Bashkortostan there are 10 state universities, 17 branches of universities, 3 non-state independent and 8 branches of non-state universities, 153 thousand students study in them.

There are 75 state colleges and technical schools in the system of secondary vocational education, where more than 68 thousand students study. (2nd place in the Volga Federal District).

25.9 thousand people study in 85 institutions of primary vocational education of the Republic of Belarus.

For the development of primary vocational education (NGO) in Belarus allocated 200 million rubles. Since September 1, 2011 30 monthly scholarships of the Government of the Republic of Belarus in the amount of 750 rubles have been established. for students of NGO institutions.

Special Education

37 special (correctional) general education institutions work in the Republic of Belarus, where about 4.5 thousand children are brought up (2628 disabled children)

Education staffing

In the education system of the Republic of Belarus, 42,353 teachers work, including 38,286 teachers.

Training for the education system of the Republic of Belarus is carried out by 2 universities - Bashkir State University and Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmulla ( Sterlitamak and Birsk State Pedagogical Academies became part of the Bashkir State University as branches) and 1 branch of a Moscow university, 15 colleges that train specialists with secondary vocational education of a pedagogical profile.

In 2012, 2771 specialists with secondary and higher pedagogical education were trained.

A teacher’s newspaper is published in Belarus. ^[3]

Pedagogical journal ^[4]

Pedagogical Journal of Bashkortostan ^[5]

Aminov T. M. The history of vocational education in Bashkiria. The beginning of the XVII century until 1917 / T. M. Aminov. - M .: Nauka, 2006 .-- 346 p.

Aminov T. M. Pedagogical education in Bashkiria and the Southern Urals in the pre-revolutionary period / T. M. Aminov // History of education in the southern Urals region of Bashkortostan: Collective monograph. - Ufa: Publishing House BIPKRO, 1996. - S. 44-54 (0.7 l.p.).

Yergin Yu. V. Ufa Teachers' Institute (1909-1919) // Bulletin of the University of Bashkir. - 2003. - No. 1. - S. 99 - 108.

Yergin Yu. V. At the origins of university education. Essays on the history of Bashkir State University. - Ufa: RIO BashSU, 2004.

The development of school education in the Republic of Bashkortostan in the XX century. Ufa, 2001;

Almaev R.Z. School education in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: history, achievements, traditions. Ufa, 2008.

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