Volokh, Emelyan Ivanovich

Born in the Kuban in the village of Kalnibolotskaya , in a family of alien non-resident peasants of the Kupyansk district of the Kharkov province , a Ukrainian ^[3] . Had two younger brothers.

When Emelyan was six years old, his mother died, and the Volokhov family returned to their homeland, in the village of Belotserkovka Kupyansk district (now the village of Travnevoe, Svatovsky district, Luhansk region , Ukraine ).

From an early age, he was forced to bludgeon (graze cattle) in the summer, and from 14 years old, he had to earn extra money with a coal dumper at a mine near the station Loskutovka in the Donbas .

He graduated from a two-year parochial school with a five-year course of study. Showed a penchant for drawing and painting.

After graduating from college, with the assistance of a village priest, he got a job in Kharkov and went to training for a graphic designer who produced advertising signs for stores, but after six months he returned home. He worked in the winter in the mines, in the summer - on agricultural work.

In 1907, he was called up for active military service and assigned to the fortress artillery of the Mikhailovsky Fortress (in the area of Batumi , now Georgia ). He served as a gunner , then from March 29, 1908 - as a company clerk. In 1910 he was transferred to the reserve.

After serving in the army he worked as a loader at the Nasvevich railway station (Lysychansk) , but the craving for painting and drawing did not leave him, and in 1911 he entered the Raevskaya Kharkiv City Art School . In 1912, his creative abilities were marked by a scholarship appointed by the Kupyansky district council "in memory of the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the peasants from serfdom", which gave the right to free schooling, but the study was interrupted by the war .

World War I

On July 18, 1914, by general mobilization, Volokh E.I. was called up for active service from the reserve and appointed as a private in the 6th company of the 124th Voronezh Infantry Regiment . On July 31, 1914, the regiment, plunging into echelons, set off for the Austro-Hungarian front and on August 13th entered the battle from the march. For differences in battles in August-September 1914, Volokh E.I. was awarded the first military award - the St. George's Cross of 4 degrees. September 14, 1914 was evacuated to the hospital due to illness.

By treatment he was assigned to the reserve battalion. November 12, 1914 sent to the 2nd Kiev school of ensigns. January 24, 1915 promoted to junior non-commissioned officer , February 14, 1915 promoted to lieutenant and assigned to the marching battalion .

On April 1, 1915, he was assigned to service in the 47th Siberian Rifle Regiment of the 12th Siberian Rifle Division . He served in this regiment until September 2, 1917. He commanded a company, in 1917 - a battalion. He took part in heavy defensive battles in Galicia , Poland, the Baltic States, in 1916 - in the offensive in Galicia . He was wounded twice in battles, was awarded six battle orders and St. George’s weapons, promoted to lieutenants ( seniority from 11/13/1915), lieutenants (seniority from 03/23/1916), staff captains (seniority from 10/01/1916).

In April 1917 he was elected deputy chairman of the soldiers' committee of the regiment, became close with the Left SRs. In June 1917, delegated to Petrograd at the Congress of Soviets , where he advocated an end to world war by any means.

In June 1917, under the influence of soldiers' committees, the regiments of the 12th Siberian Rifle Division refused to carry out the order of the command of the offensive. The government commission decided to disband the regiments, but this was not done, and they were in combat positions until December 1917.

On August 8, 1917, the staff captain Volokh E.I. was recognized by a medical commission of limited fit for military service for health reasons and on September 2, 1917 he was enrolled in the reserve of officials of the Kiev Military District .

He continued service in Kharkov by the company commander of the 28th Reserve Infantry Regiment, which was renamed after the Ukrainization to the 2nd Ukrainian Reserve Regiment. In October 1917 he was appointed military commander of the Kharkov garrison, and in November 1917 he was elected commander of the 2nd Ukrainian Reserve Regiment, which formed the basis of the Kharkov garrison. In Kharkov, he met with the leaders of the Ukrainian national movement, joined the Ukrainian Social Revolutionary Party and adjoined its “left” opposition.

Civil War

With the transfer of power in Kharkov to the Bolsheviks on the night of December 28, 1917 ( January 10, 1918 ) 2 the Ukrainian reserve regiment was disarmed by the Bolsheviks after an hour-long battle and shelling of the barracks with armored vehicles , then the 1st regiment of the Chervony Cossacks under the command of V.M was created at its base . Primakov . Volokh, leaving Kharkov, went to Poltava , where he headed a volunteer detachment, formed mainly of officers and junkers , numbering about 200 people and, at the call of Simon Petlyura , began to defend the Ukrainian People's Republic .

The “Red Haidamak” lodge of the Haydamak Kosh, Sloboda Ukraine (Volokh detachment became known in this way) in January 1918, retreating to Kiev, fought with the Soviet troops under Poltava, Grebyonka , Kononovka , Yagotin , Darnytsya , and 2-3 February took part in suppressing the uprising at the Kiev plant "Arsenal" , showing itself as the most combat-ready and disciplined part of the armed forces of the UPR . At the end of January, Volokh was wounded and did not participate in further events until March 1918.

From March 1918, Volokh - commander of the 1st kuren (battalion) of the 3rd Haidamak regiment, from April 1918 - commander of the 3rd Haidamak regiment (the regiment was named after the 18th century Ukrainian rebels ). Under his command, the regiment in April 1918, together with the German troops who entered after the conclusion of the Brest peace to Ukraine, drove the Ukrainian Soviet troops out of Donbass , and in May 1918 carried an internal and border guard service in southeast Ukraine.

In July 1918, having refused to give the oath of allegiance to Hetman Skoropadsky , Volokh left the service and took part in the preparations for the uprising against the Hetmanate and the German occupiers. As a member of the “bork” party , he conducted organizational work in Kharkov, Starobelsk , Rovenky , hid from arrest in Kiev, met with Vladimir Vinnichenko . In August 1918, on the instructions of the Ukrainian National Union , he returned to Starobelsk, then he went to the village of Bely Well, Valuisky District , where 3 Haidamak regiment was stationed at that time.

In November 1918, he took part in the uprising against the Hetmanate, leading the 3 rd November 3, the Haidamak regiment, which under his command in the Peresyzhnaya (Lisichansk) -Svatovo - Popasnaya disarmed the hetman’s guard and about 800 German soldiers, greatly replenished with volunteers and mobilized Donbass.

In December, the 3rd Haydamak regiment under the command of Volokh took part in fierce battles with the White Guards , attacking the Donbass, then with the troops of the Zaporozhian corps of the UPR army retreated to Yekaterinoslav , where he took part in battles with the Red Army units and the Makhnovists .

On January 22, 1919, by order of S. V. Petlyura, Colonel Volokh, with the help of his regiment at the Kremenchug station, arrested the commander of the Zaporizhia Corps and the Left Bank Front, P. F. Bolbochan , who was preparing a coup d'état to eliminate the republic and join the UPR army to the Armed forces of southern Russia , and sent him to Kiev. He was appointed to the post of arrested Bolbochan, recovered with typhus , after recovering, continued command of the Zaporizhia Corps and, from March 18, 1919, part-time, by the South-Eastern Group of Forces (Eastern Front) of the UPR Army. In mid-March 1919, the 30,000th Southeast group was half-encircled by the troops of the Ukrainian Soviet Army in the Vapnyarki - Birzuly area and was pressed against the Dniester border river.

On March 27, 1919, in response to the call of the Ukrainian Soviet government to the UNR troops to cease resistance and join the armed forces of the independent Ukrainian SSR, established in Vapnyarka by the Ukrainian communists and left-wing Social Revolutionaries, the Revolutionary Committee of the South-Western Region of Ukraine accepted (with the consent of the commander of the troops Volokh) the decision to stop the resistance and join the Ukrainian Soviet Army, subject to the preservation of the group of troops, its organization and national characteristics. Earlier, in mid-February 1919, under similar conditions, Makhno , Grigoriev and other military leaders with their troops went over to the side of the Ukrainian SSR , but in this situation, the command of the Soviet troops stated that they agree to accept the troops of the South-West region only as prisoners of war, and offered to lay down arms ^{[4] [5]} . The disorganized and discontinuing troops of the South-Western region began to spontaneously side with the enemy. Volokh, with its headquarters and an 8,000-man consolidated detachment, advancing along the railway to the south, divided the Red Army barriers in the Balta area on April 2, went to the bridges on the Dniester River and moved to Romanian territory. By April 16, the Volokh detachment, disarmed and deprived of any military property, was transferred by the Romanians to the territory occupied by the UNR troops. Volokh was arrested by the Petliurists, but soon was acquitted and released from the arrest.

In Radzivilov, Volokh met Petlyura and received from him at the end of May 1919 the authority to organize the insurgency on Left-Bank Ukraine . From June 1919 he was in Kiev in an illegal situation, the Cheka was arrested, but he managed to free himself. On August 31, 1919, during the capture of Kiev by the White Guards , he joined the 16th Haidamak regiment of the UNR army. In November 1919, by order of Petliura, due to the reorganization of the units of the Red Army, surrounded by the 44th Infantry Division , deployed the regiment in the Shock Gaydamak brigade and headed it. The brigade was stationed in the village of Krasnoselk (Zhytomyr region) .

In the second half of November 1919, the 10,000-strong Naddnipryanskaya army of the UPR, which occupied a small area of Miropil - Lyubar - Starokonstantinov , found itself in a very difficult position. The army was surrounded on all sides by opponents: from the west by Polish troops, from the north by parts of the Red Army, from the south and east by troops of South Russia , deprived of supplies, suffered from a typhoid epidemic and, as a result, became inefficient. At the same time, the Galician army , which signed on November 6, 1919, an agreement with the command of the Volunteer Army , went over to the side of the Armed Forces of southern Russia.

On November 26, 1919, a meeting of military leaders was held in Starokonstantinov with the participation of members of the UNR government, at which Petlyura announced the signing of an agreement with Poland, according to which the NPR Dnieper army would be interned by Polish troops, the UNR government would emigrate and continue fighting with Soviet power using guerrilla methods, essentially , meant the elimination of the Ukrainian People's Republic and the dissolution of its regular army. At the meeting, Volokh spoke out against such a decision and called for the continuation of the struggle against Denikin and the Poles who had seized Western Ukraine on the side of the Ukrainian SSR and the Red Army.

On December 2, 1919, with the consent of Petliura, he laid down his arms and the corps of the “Sich Riflemen” Colonel E.M. Konovalets self- dispersed : a few days later the “Sich Riflemen” found themselves in Polish prisoner of war camps. On the same day, the Volokh's Haidamak brigade, raising red banners, announced it was moving to the side of the Red Army. The Gaidamak detachment under the command of Volokh headed for Lyubar , where he captured the entire treasury of Petliura in a staff car without bloodshed, after which the brigade with the parts that had joined it (Cavalry Regiment S. I. Baylo , part of Petlyura's personal security, etc.) first concentrated in Chudnov , and then crossed the front line with the "red" near the village of Troyanov (west of Zhytomyr ). Sending a delegation to the headquarters of the 12th Army of the Red Army, Volokh, without the participation of the Borotbies party leaders, attempted to hold talks on his group of troops joining the Red Army as an independent national unit, but in response received an ultimatum: within 24 hours to lay down arms and go to the Mozyr - Gomel region ( Belarus ) in an organized way; otherwise, his troops will be disarmed forcibly, the guilty will be brought before a revolutionary tribunal.

Unwilling to surrender, Volokh retreated to the village of Pyatka (Chudnovsky district in the Zhytomyr region). Political workers — the Borotists — A. Ya. Shumsky , I. F. Nemolovsky, and S. Savitsky (a former political commissar of ataman Grigoriev , who did not support his insurgency ) arrived.

On the night of December 6, 1919, leaving the troops and the treasury, Petlyura with his headquarters went to the Polish emigration. On the same day, a joint detachment called the Ukrainian Communist Army, numbering about 4,200 men (the former Haidamak brigade and the units that joined it, reorganized into three infantry regiments, a horse brigade and an artillery battery), commanded Volokh, made a raid on the rear Denikin, moving fought south-east along the route Yanushpol , Ulanov , Voronovtsy , Pikov , Kalinovka , Lipovets , Ilintsy , Dashev , Granov , Ropotukha , then Uman , replenished with volunteers and continuing to negotiate with the Red command th Army.

On January 1, 1920, the Volokh detachment in a battle with Denikinians near the village of Ladyzhinka was defeated and suffered significant losses. On January 10, Volokh sent a note to Ataman Yu. O. Tyutyunnik , at that time commander of the group of troops of the "Acting Army of the UPR" that raided the rear of Denikin, with a proposal to join the "Ukrainian Communist Army" and continue to fight for the creation of an "Independent Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic ”and the regular“ Ukrainian National Army ”, having gone over to the side of the Government of the Ukrainian SSR, however Tyutyunnik, considering this idea practically impracticable, rejected this proposal ^[6] . Disarming a detachment of Petliurists from the Tyutyunnik group of troops in Uman on January 11, 1920, the 5,000th army of Volokh came into contact with the Tarashchanskaya brigade of the 44th rifle division of the Red Army and, in agreement with the command, went over to the Red Army. Soon, the “Ukrainian Communist Army” was disbanded, adding to the units of the 44th rifle division and the 3rd brigade of the 60th rifle division of the Red Army. Volokh was enlisted in the Red Army as a company commander and assigned first to the headquarters of the 12th army , then to the headquarters of the Southwestern Front .

After the Civil War

Since June 1920, Volokh EI was in possessionPeople's Commissariat of the Ukrainian SSR . He worked first as deputy head of the Central Rural House, then as an instructor to the People's Commissariat. As part of the Chairman's campaign train VUZIK traveled to Ukraine, spoke to the public with calls for the cessation of armed resistance and the transition to a peaceful life. In September 1920, he joined the Communist Party of the Bolsheviks of Ukraine .

In the spring of 1921 he was appointed head of the organizational and instructor train VUZIK. The train carried out raids in the most remote areas of Ukraine, often in danger.

In 1921-1925 - The head of the reception office of the Chairman of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee Petrovsky G.I. , a member of the All-Ukrainian Central Committee of the “Unsatisfied Peasants” (Poor Peasants).

From March 1925 - Head of the Department of the Ukrainian Republican Directorate of State Insurance of the USSR . Since 1928 - Head of Department Всеукраинского Коопсоюза . С 1932 года — начальник планового сектора института Гипроград ; студент архитектурного факультета Харьковского инженерно-строительного института . В 1933 году — председатель Всеукраинского комитета профсоюза шоферов. Проживал в Харькове , столице Украинской ССР.

Last years of life

4 мая 1933 года был арестован по делу УВО . Полностью отрицал все предъявленные ему обвинения. 23 сентября 1933 года был осуждён «судебной тройкой» при Коллегии ГПУ УССР на 10 лет лишения свободы.

Отбывал наказание на Соловках , содержался на лагпункте «Кремль» , в одиночной камере специзолятора ^{[7] [8]} . За первые два года направил почти три десятка обращений советским руководителям с требованием пересмотреть приговор, но все они остались без ответа.

9 октября 1937 года «особой тройкой» УНКВД по Ленинградской области был приговорён к высшей мере наказания ^[9] . Расстрелян 3 ноября 1937 года в урочище Сандармох ( Карелия ).

В 1989 году Волох Е. И. был признан правоохранительными органами УССР и РСФСР необоснованно репрессированным и посмертно реабилитирован .

• Георгиевский крест IV степени (1914)
• Орден Святого Станислава III степени с мечами и бантом
• Орден Святой Анны IV степени с надписью «За храбрость»
• Орден святой Анны III степени с мечами и бантом
• Георгиевское оружие (1915) — « за то, что будучи в чине прапорщика, в ночь с 20 на 21 августа 1915 года с 3 взводами разведчиков зашёл во фланг и тыл противнику, занимавшему опушку леса у села Краукле, лихой атакой вынудил немцев к поспешному отступлению, взял в плен 9 человек и захватил 25 ружей. Этим обеспечил фланг и тыл рот, занимавших левый берег р. Экау » (награда утверждена Высочайшим Приказом 12.11.1916)
• Орден Святого Станислава II степени с мечами
• Орден Святого Георгия IV степени (1916) — « за то, что будучи в чине подпоручика, в ночь с 8 на 9 сентября 1916 года у деревень Шумляны и Ставэнтын, командуя ротой, вызвался выбить противника из занимаемых им окопов вблизи нашей позиции и сильно мешавшего нашим работам. С тремя взводами своей роты бросился на неприятельские окопы, занятые двумя ротами противника с пулемётом, и штыками переколол почти половину, а остальных обратил в бегство, взяв при этом с боя действующий пулемёт и 2 пленных » (Приказ по Армии и Флоту от 05.05.1917 года)
• Орден святой Анны II степени с мечами

Был женат на Элеоно́ре Алекса́ндровне Шахно́, вероисповедания католического.

• В 2005 году в Карелии на месте казни Волоха Е. И. и других украинцев в Сандармохе был установлен Казацкий Крест с надписью «УБІЄННИМ СИНАМ УКРАЇНИ» ^[10] .

• В Гайдамацком полку под командованием Волоха служил известный украинский советский поэт Владимир Сосюра ^[11] .

• Андрей Дикий. Неизвращённая история Украины-Руси. Том 2. Директория без столицы (Винницкий период). Восстание Волоха. Издательство «Правда о России», Нью-Йорк, 1961 г.
• Савченко В. А. Авантюристы Гражданской войны: Харьков: Фолио; М.: ACT, 2000.

• РГВИА : Ф. 409. Послужной список 222—257. Л. 346—348, 15.2.1915 г.; Ф. 408. Оп. 1. Д. 13427. Л. 173 об.-174; Ф. 1759. Оп. 4. Д. 507. Л. 848—851. Краткая записка о службе, октябрь 1917 г.
• Гражданская война на Украине 1918—1920. Сборник документов и материалов в трёх томах, четырёх книгах . — К. , 1967.
• В. Антонов-Овсеенко . «Записки о Гражданской войне». Государственное военное издательство . — М. , 1924—1933.
• Глазунов Г. А. Страницы судьбы Емельяна Волоха
• Ярослав Тинченко . Офіцерський корпус армії Української Народної Республіки (1917—1921) . Prince 1. — К. : «Темпора», 2006.