Chronology of the history of the Tersky city

Terek city on the map of the Caspian Sea, indicated as “Gorod Tereck” and “Ville de Tercki” (fragment of the map of 1730, Paris; compiled from the map of K.P. Verden , 1720, St. Petersburg).

The chronology of the history of the Terek city is a chronological list of the main historical events associated with several Russian fortress settlements (fortresses) sequentially built in the North Caucasus , referred to as the " Terek city " (Old Russian. Terka, Terki, Terek ). It covers the period of about one and a half years of the history of the existence of these fortifications - from the middle of the XVI to the beginning of the XVIII centuries.

Initially, the Terek fortresses were built by the Russian kingdom on the Terek river (Old Russian. Terka ) near the mouth of the Sunzha (old Russian. Sunsha ), and later in the Terek delta on its Tyumenka channel, where the important city of the Astrakhan Territory was actually formed, which was an important military strategic point on southern borders of the Russian Empire / Russian Empire .

On the Terek River at the mouth of Sunzha

According to the pre-revolutionary church historian and archaeographer S. A. Belokurov , with whom the Soviet Caucasus experts (for example, Doctor of Historical Sciences E. N. Kusheva ) agree, the first two fortresses, called “Tersky”, were built on the Terek River at the mouth of the Sunzha and existed sequentially - one, and later, in the same place - the second (conditionally named in this article Terki 1 and Terka 2). After the construction of another fortification, already in another place - in the Terek delta, and also called “Tersky” (conditionally named in this article of Terki 3), all built in subsequent years at the mouth of the Sunzha on the site of Terka 1 and Terka 2 of the fortified settlement call " Sunzhensky fortresses " (Old Russian. Sunsha, Sunshino hillfort, Sunshino hillfort where the city stood on the Terka ) ^[1] ^[2] .

Graters 1

Terek Valley Dates & Events		Iran - Turkey and Crimea - Russia General political situation
	- Governor and ambassador to Kabarda (Old Russian. Cherkasy land ) Grigory Semenovich Plescheev and streletsky head Grigory Vrassky .
1565	- in September, two military detachments were sent to the aid of the Kabardin prince (Old Russian. Pyatigorsk Cherkasy ) Temryuk Idarovich , Russian Tsar Ivan IV : 1. Children of the boyar Murom and Meshcheryans, as well as “ all Cossacks of Ryazan Ukraine ” (governor Prince Ivan Dmitrievich Dashkov ); 2. Cherkasy Cossacks and archers (governor Matvey Ivanovich Rzhevsky / "Clerk" ) ^[comm. ^1] ^[3] . - in December, the news that was not quite clear to modern researchers came to the Crimean Khanate that “the sovereign ... puts a city on the Terek ” - perhaps this was just a rumor caused by the arrival of a military detachment of Ivan Dashkov in Astrakhan ^[3] .	- Crimean Tatars periodically raided Kabarda; part of the Kabardians in alliance with Kakheti ^[comm. ^2] (Old Russian. Iverskaya land ^{[comm. 3]} ) " beat with a brow " about citizenship to Ivan IV ^[4] . - Kabarda feuds with Gazikumukh shamshalstvo (Old Russian. Shevkaly, Shevkal land ) ^[comm. ^4] , Moscow actively supports the Pyatigorsk Cherkas ( Cheremisinov’s campaign in 1560 ) ^[5] . - Murzy of the Lesser Nogai Horde Kazy Urakov intervened in the inter-princely struggle in Kabarda, supporting the Crimean-Turkish oriented party of Prince Psheapshoka Kaitukin ^[6] . - the government of Ivan IV intervened in the internal affairs of Kabarda, contributing to the party of Temryuk Idarovich, who wanted an alliance with the Russian kingdom (the campaign of Pleshcheyev and Vrassky in 1562-1563 , the campaign of Dashkov and Rzhevsky in 1566, etc.) ^[3] . - Through Kabardian territory, Moscow maintained contacts with its new ally in Transcaucasia - the single-faith Kakheti ^[7] .
1566	- From June to August, the Russian troops, the governor Ivan Dashkov and Matvey Rzhevsky, fought in Kabarda on the side of the party of Temryuk Idarovich, against the Kabardins under the union of Prince Psheapshoka Kaitukin : “ Many Shapshukov’s taverns [villages] fought a lot with their brothers ” ^[comm. ^5] ^[3] . - in December, Temryuk Idarovich, through his son Mazlov / Matlov, who was sent as an envoy to Moscow , asked Ivan IV to put up a fortress “ on the Terka River, the mouth of the Syuyuichi River [at the mouth of the Sunzha]” “ for bregenia from his enemies ” ^[7] .
1567 ^[8] ^[9]	- February 2 ^[comm. ^{6] the} tsar Ivan IV “prince of the Pyatigorsk Cherkas Mazlov Temryukovich“ let go of Moscow, and, at the request of his father, sent a governor with him “ for urban affairs ”: Prince Andrei Semyonovich Babichev and Peter Protasyev , whom he “ ordered Temryuk- on the Terka River to the prince by his petition, to set the city . " The detachment marched along the Volga (and the Caspian?) On ships “ with many people, and even an outfit, guns and squeaked ” ^[7] ^[8] . - on the Terek River, in the area where the Sunzha River flows into it, a Russian detachment built a prison (according to Russian sources, this was the territory of Kabarda). According to Crimean testimonies, people were sent " two thousand three " ^[7] ^[10] .	- The close ties of the Russian kingdom and Kabarda, as well as the construction of a prison in the North Caucasus by the Russians forced Gazikumukh shamkhalstvo to seek an alliance with them, and in 1567 an embassy was sent from shamkhal to Moscow ^[comm. ^7] . The Tyumen prince Tokluy reported to the Crimean Khanate, as if the shamkhal beat Ivan IV with his brow, " that he wants to be in his will " ^[7] .
1571 - 1572 g. ^[comm. ^eight]	- Terek prison was abandoned under pressure from the Ottoman Empire ^[11] . However, the situation did not change because of this - the Cossacks continued to settle on this place. According to the pre-revolutionary historian V. A. Potto , “... the place where she [the Terskaya fortress] stood continued to serve as a constant brothel of vagabonds and daredevils who settled here without the knowledge of the king and engaged in robberies. Subsequently, they asked for forgiveness of Ivan the Terrible and, having joined the Terek Cossack army , pledged to protect our border possessions ” ^[12] .	- by the decision of the boyar’s Duma , a letter was sent from Moscow from Ivan IV to the Turkish Sultan Selim II , in which the Russian Tsar wrote that he showed “ brotherly love’s banner ”, ordered to demolish the city “ from the River Terka from Kabarda’s land ”, to take people out of it Astrakhan and “ unlock the road ” “to every passing people ” (on February 10, 1571 the messenger A. Ishchein-Kuzminsky was sent) ^[13] . - the Crimean Khan Devlet I Gerai carried out his famous campaign , which ended with the burning of Moscow (May 1571 - before the arrival of Ambassador A. Ishchein-Kuzminsky in Constantinople ). Ivan IV formally agreed to surrender of Astrakhan, however, having recovered from defeat, he began to negotiate that the khan “ leave the petition for Kazan and Astrakhan ” ^[14] . - at the Battle of Molodi, the Russians inflict a crushing defeat on the Crimean army (late July – early August 1572). The battle radically changed the political situation in favor of the Russian kingdom ^[15] .
1571 - 1578	- Pyatigorsk Cherkasy now " serve the Crimean king " ^[comm. ^9] ^[16] . - Murza of the Lesser Nogai Horde Kazy Urakov raided Kabarda. It is known that the Crimean Khan Devlet I Gerai condemned his nominal subject Kazy for this raid ^[16] ^[17] . - at some time, the Pyatigorsk Cherkasy refused to pay yasak to the Crimean Khan, referring to the ruin from the murder of Kazyya ^[16] ^[17] . - in the spring of 1577, the Small Feet launched another raid on Kabarda, during which the murder of the horde of Kazy died; Khan Devlet I Gerai of Kyzy, “ good spun ” ^[16] ^[18] ^[19] .	- after the demolition of the Terek prison, communications between the Russian kingdom and the peoples of the North Caucasus were probably interrupted. Information about events in this region is now arriving in Moscow indirectly (for example, through Ambassador Ivan Myasoedov sent to Crimea in 1574 ) ^[16] .

Graters 2

Terek Valley Dates & Events		Iran - Turkey and Crimea - Russia General political situation
1577 g. - 1578 ^[comm. ^ten]	- In the spring of 1578, a large embassy headed by Prince Val Kambulat Idarovich Cherkassky arrived in Moscow from Kabarda ^[comm. ^11] he beat with a brow from all Kabardians and asked to put the city " on the Terka River, on the mouth of the Sunza River [at the mouth of the Sunji]", for defense " from the Crimean king and from their other enemies ." After the ambassadors raided , Kambulat Idarovich was given a deed of honor ^[20] . - was sent to the Terek by the governor ^[comm. ^12] Luka Zakharievich Novosiltsev “ with many people and with an armed battle ”, as well as with carpenters. At the mouth of Sunzha, the Russians re-built the prison, the garrison was composed of archers and city Cossacks ^[20] ^[21] . - seniority of the Terek Cossack army ^[comm. ^13] . - In the autumn of 1578, through the Terek passed to Shirvan (to the aid of the Turkish troops) with the 15,000 horse army the Crimean Kalga Adil Gerai , who was forced to ask the Terek voivode Luka Novosiltsev for transit through the Russian-controlled region: so that the “ Seunchu River [Sunzha] it’s great to transfer from Terek Cossacks ” ^[20] . - in the Iranian possessions, the Crimean army was defeated, and Adil-Gerai was killed; when the Crimeans returned home, Luka Novosiltsev attacked the remnants of their troops, beat “ on the head ” and captured the horses ^[22] .	- in 1577 (or 1578) a clash took place between the Great Nogai Horde and the troops of the Gazikumukh Shamkhalstvo in alliance with the Tyumen possession ^[16] ^[23] . - in 1578, taking advantage of the feudal feuds in Safavid Iran (the Shahins of Mohammad I Hudabend ), Ottoman Turkey opposed him ( Sultan Murad III )] ^[comm. ^14] , laying the foundation of the Iran-Turkish War of 1578-1590. In the spring, the 100,000th army of Mustafa Pasha moved to Eastern Georgia and Eastern Armenia , and then to Northern Azerbaijan , where she occupied Shirvan with the cities of Shemakha and Derbent ( Osman Pasha was appointed ruler of the region) ^[24] ^[25] .
1579 g.	- the prison was again abandoned.	- The Turkish army, together with the army of the Crimean Khan, captured all of Azerbaijan with the city of Tabriz , as well as Western Iran ^[24] .

In the Terek Delta in Tyumen

Graters 3

The first fortress settlement in the Terek delta, conditionally named in this article of Terki 3, except as the "Terek city", was also called the Tyumen new city and the Tyumen prison on the Terka . Probably, this name came from the Tyumen river, and / or from the name of the city of Tyumen that previously existed here ^[1] ^[2] .

Terek Valley Dates & Events		Iran - Turkey and Crimea - Russia General political situation
until 1586	- The government of Fyodor I Ioannovich decided to renew the fortress on the Terek , which was facilitated by a number of reasons: 1. The desire to close the passage to Transcaucasia to allied Turkey troops and embassies; 2. Prevention of the construction by the Sultan of his fortresses here; 3. Creating difficulties for the possibility of a new Crimean- Turkish campaign in Astrakhan ^[26] .	- in 1586, relations between the Russian state and Kakheti resumed; in 1587, the Kakhetian Tsar Alexander II accepted Russian citizenship ^[comm. ^15] ^[27] .
1586	- in September, after a break, an embassy from Kakheti arrived in Astrakhan ^[comm. ^16] . His goal, as well as the several Kakhetian embassies that followed, was the question of building a Russian fortress on the Terek in order to keep “many people” there and block the road to Georgian land from the Beserman [that is, Gentiles] ^[28] ^[29] .
1588 g. - 1589 ^[comm. ^17]	- in the Terek delta on its channel - the Tyumen river, governors M. Burtsev and I. P. Protasiev (nicknamed “Kelar”) ^[comm. ^{18] the} prison was founded. Oy was wooden, equipped with an “outfit [cannons]”, the main force of the garrison were archers with “fire fighting [probably peepers ]” ^[30] ^[31] . - the first governor of Terki in 1589 was appointed Prince A. I. Hvorostinin (nicknamed "Stark") ^[26] .	- during the reign of Tsar Fedor I Ioannovich
		- in the 1590s. an addition was added to the title of the Russian Tsar: “Sovereign Iberian lands of the Kartalin and Georgian kings and Kabardian lands of the Cherkasy and mountain princes ... sovereign ...” ^[32] .
1634	- princes came to Terki with an expression of loyal feelings: Temirgoyev Bezruk Kanmurzin and Abaza Murza Otlepshukin Levov / Loov ^[33] .	- the period of the reign of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich

Graters 4

Terek Valley Dates & Events		Iran - Turkey and Crimea - Russia General political situation

Tersky city		North Caucasus	Russian state
1669	- due to the “flooding of the city with sea water”, the Terki were transferred to another part of the Terek delta, not far from the old location ^[34] .
1708 g ^[comm. ^nineteen]	- The graters were looted and burned as a result of the unexpected raid of the Kuban Tatars ^[comm. ^20] . During this attack, the city suffered tremendous damage, after which it could no longer recover. As the Terek priest F. Yakovlev reported: “An hour and a half before the light, the enemy people and the city of Terek came to the city of Terek - they burnt out all the houses and churches and ruined all church utensils, vestments and books, they took everything without a trace ... Moscow archers, wives and children enemy people took many prisoners, and the rest went to the Kremlin , and those Streltsy wives and children died many from hunger ... and the rest went to Astrakhan. ”(From petition F. Yakovlev to the Metropolitan with a request to transfer him to another place ) ^[34] .

Graters 5

Terek Valley Dates & Events		Iran - Turkey and Crimea - Russia General political situation

Notes

Comments

↑ The union of Prince Ivan Dmitrievich Dashkov “ went through the field ” from Shatsk to Astrakhan , where they borrowed. The union of Matvey Ivanovich Rzhevsky went on ships along the Volga, was wintered under the Maiden Mountains ( Kusheva E.N. The peoples of the North Caucasus and their ties with Russia. -M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1963. - S. 238).
↑ During these years, the territory of Kakheti was subordinated to Safavid Iran , according to the peace treaty in Amasya concluded between Iran and the Ottoman Empire on May 29, 1955 (Iran-Turkey Wars of the 16-18 centuries // Soviet Military Encyclopedia / Chairman of the editorial committee N V. Ogarkov . - M .: " Military Publishing ", 1977. - T. 3. - C. 589).
↑ In some sources, “Iverskaya Zemlya” meant not only its eastern part - Kakheti, but all of Georgia ( Kusheva E.N. Decree. Op. Cit. - P. 233).
↑ During the Iran-Turkish War of 1514-1555. Gazikumukh shamkhalstvo adhered to the Crimean-Turkish orientation, after which Turkey and Crimea tried through shamkhal to strengthen their influence in the Western Caspian region ( E. Kusheva, Decree. Op. Cit. - P. 238).
↑ As the Soviet researcher E.N. Kusheva suggests, the ruler of the Gazikumukh shamshalstvo - Budai / Bugday I - could have participated in hostilities on the side of Psheapshoki Kaitukin . The basis for this hypothesis was an inscription carved on one of the monuments at the Shamkhal cemetery in Kumukh . According to the inscription, the shamkhal and his two brothers died in Kabarda as stepids from July 1566 to July 1567 ( Kusheva E.N. Decree. Cit. - P. 238-239; Lavrov L.I. Dagestan expedition // Collection of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. - L., 1957. - T. XVII. - S. 379-380).
↑ Date February 2, 7075 ( Byzantine calendar ) is given according to the “Supplement to the Nikon Annals”; in the work of E. N. Kusheva, it is indicated that the detachment set off in the spring ( PSRL // Supplement to the Nikon Chronicle. - SPb. , 1906. - T. XIII, Part 2. - S. 407; Kusheva E.N. Decree. Op. - S. 239.)
↑ The name of the ambassador of shamkhal was Sekit-haddesh; according to other sources, he sent his grandson. The embassy came “ with great commemoration [gifts]”, among which there was a living elephant ( Kusheva E.N. Decree. Op. Cit. - S. 239).
↑ The prison was demolished around 1571 ( E. Kusheva, Decree. Op. - P. 366); between 1571 and 1572 ( E. Kusheva. Decree. Op. - S. 256).
↑ Russian sources have always used the term “Crimean tsar” rather than “Crimean khan” ( A. Novoselsky. The struggle of the Moscow state with the Tatars in the first half of the 17th century - M. - L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1948. - S. 16).
↑ Graters 2 were founded in 1578 ( E. Kusheva, Decree. Op. - P. 366). Однако в «Хрониках гвардейских казачьих частей помещённых в книге Императорской гвардии» 1912 года сообщается другая дата основания острога — 1577 г. , согласно «Хроникам …» к этой дата даже приурочено старшинство Терского казачьего войска (Казачьи войска (Хроники гвардейских казачьих частей помещённые в книге Императорской гвардии) / Под редакций В. К. Шенка. — Справочная книжка Императорской Главной квартиры , 1912, репринтное издание АО «Дорваль», 1992. — С. 6, 171).
↑ Также в посольстве прибыли князья Созоруко Тапсоруков из Таусултановых (старорусск. Сюзрюк Тапросуков ) и Казый Пшеапшоков из Кайтукиных ( Кушева Е. Н. Указ. соч. — С. 258).
↑ Согласно «Хроникам гвардейских казачьих частей помещённых в книге Императорской гвардии» 1912 года, Лука Захарьевич Новосильцев был астраханским воеводой (Казачьи войска… . — Справочная книжка Императорской Главной квартиры, 1912. — С. 6, 171).
↑ В «Хрониках гвардейских казачьих частей помещённых в книге Императорской гвардии» 1912 года дата старшинства Терского казачьего войска — 1577 г. , однако, в этом источнике дата привязана к основанию Терки 2, которые, согласно современным исследованиям, были построены только в 1578 г. (Казачьи войска (Хроники гвардейских казачьих частей помещённые в книге Императорской гвардии) / Под редакций В. К. Шенка. — Справочная книжка Императорской Главной квартиры , 1912, репринтное издание АО «Дорваль», 1992. — С. 6, 171; Кушева Е. Н. Указ. соч. — С. 366).
↑ Предварительно Турция заключила мир со Священной Римской империей и Речью Посполитой , затем с Речью Посполитой заключило мир Крымское ханство, также участвовавшее в войне с Ираном ( Кушева Е. Н. Указ. соч. — С. 258).
↑ Фактически Александр II пытался установить двойное подданство — Русскому государству и Персии . Союз с русскими был нужен ему, в основном, для помощи в противостоянии с Турцией и Шамхалатом ( Кушева Е. Н. Указ. соч. — С. 268-269).
↑ В 1586 г. из Астрахани выехал в Кахетию русский толмач Русин Данилов, обратно он вернулся с кахетинским посольством ( Кушева Е. Н. Указ. соч. — С. 268).
↑ В труде Е. Н. Кушевой «Народы Северного Кавказа …» встречаются следующие даты основания Терки в дельте: 1588 г. — стр. 242, 366, 367; 1589 г. — стр. 106; 1588-1589 гг. — стр. 269 ( Кушева Е. Н. Указ. соч.).
↑ М. Бурцев и И. П. Протасьев (прозв. "Келарь) ставили Тюменский острог после того, как они привезли/сопроводили в Астрахань из Москвы опального крымского царевича Мурад Герая ( Кушева Е. Н. Указ. соч. — С. 269).
↑ Историк Н. Б. Голикова сообщает о рукописи неизвестного автора ( ЦГАДА , ф. 199, д. 357/30), в которой этот набег отнесён к февралю 1707 г., но исследовательница считает эту дату ошибочной, так как в других источниках, современных этому событию, всегда указывается 1708 г. У самой Н. Б. Голиковой в работе «Очерки по истории городов России…» также имеется некоторое расхождение в датировании нападения на Терки: сначала это весна 1708 г. , но ниже, в приведённой ею челобитной священника Ф. Яковлева, называется дата 12 февраля 1708 г. ( Голикова Н. Б. Очерки по истории городов России конца XVII — начала XVIII в. — М.: Издательство МГУ, 1982. — С. 31).
↑ В одном из документов той эпохи (дело о разводе терского стрельца К. Агрыжана — Архив Астраханской области, ф. 599, оп. 1, д. 2, л. 1, д. 3, л. 4) разорителями Терков называются «воровские черкасы ».

Sources

↑ ¹ ² Белокуров, 1889 , с. XCVII.
↑ ¹ ² Кушева, 1963 , с. 365—366.
↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 238.
↑ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 232-233.
↑ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 237.
↑ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 236.
↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 239.
↑ ¹ ² ПСРЛ — Т. XIII, Ч. 2. — С. 407.
↑ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 239, 366.
↑ Крымские дела. — кн. 13, лл. 161 об.-163.
↑ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 254-256, 366.
↑ Потто В. А. Кавказская война . — Ставрополь: «Кавказский край», 1994. — Т. 1: От древнейших времён до Ермолова. — С. 14.
↑ Турецкие дела, кн. 2, лл. 144 об.-151.
↑ Крымские дела. — лл. 36 об.-38, 60 об. и сл.
↑ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 254-255.
↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 257.
↑ ¹ ² Крымские дела. — кн. 14, лл. 258-258 об.
↑ Крымские дела. — кн. 15, лл. 34 об.-40 об.
↑ Новосельский А. А. Указ. Op. - S. 16.
↑ ¹ ² ³ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 258-259.
↑ Казачьи войска (Хроники гвардейских казачьих частей помещённые в книге Императорской гвардии) / Под редакций В. К. Шенка. — Справочная книжка Императорской Главной квартиры , 1912, репринтное издание АО «Дорваль», 1992. — С. 6, 171.
↑ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 259.
↑ Ногайские дела. — кн. 8, лл. 252-252 об.
↑ ¹ ² Ирано-турецкие войны 16-18 вв. // СВЭ. - М. : « Воениздат », 1977. — Т. 3. — C. 589.
↑ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 258.
↑ ¹ ² Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 269.
↑ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 268.
↑ Белокуров С. А. Указ. Op. — C. 15, 36, 37 и др.
↑ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 268-269.
↑ Белокуров С. А. Указ. Op. — C. 51, 63, 73 и сл.
↑ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 106, 242, 269.
↑ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 276.
↑ Трёхбратов Б. А. История Кубани с древнейших времён до начала XX века. — Краснодар: Кубанское книжное издательство, 2003. — С. 108.
↑ ¹ ² Голикова Н. Б. Указ. Op. — С. 31.

Literature

Белокуров С. А. Сношения России с Кавказом (материалы, извлеченные из Московского главного архива Министерства иностранных дел) : [ Russian doref. ] = Сношенія Россіи съ Кавказомъ (матеріалы, извлеченные изъ Московскаго главнаго архива Министерства иностранныхъ дѣлъ ) : ист. essay and Sat doc - M .: Univ. printing house , 1889. - Issue. I (1578-1613). - I — CXXIX, 1-584 s.
Kusheva E. N. The peoples of the North Caucasus and their ties with Russia (second half of the XVI - 30s of the XVII century) : monograph . / Ed. Publishing House I.U. Budovnits. - Approved by the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences . - M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1963 .-- 372 p. - 1,500 copies

[3] The union of Prince Ivan Dmitrievich Dashkov “ went through the field ” from Shatsk to Astrakhan , where they borrowed. The union of Matvey Ivanovich Rzhevsky went on ships along the Volga, was wintered under the Maiden Mountains ( Kusheva E.N. The peoples of the North Caucasus and their ties with Russia. -M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR , 1963. - S. 238).

[5] During these years, the territory of Kakheti was subordinated to Safavid Iran , according to the peace treaty in Amasya concluded between Iran and the Ottoman Empire on May 29, 1955 (Iran-Turkey Wars of the 16-18 centuries // Soviet Military Encyclopedia / Chairman of the editorial committee N V. Ogarkov . - M .: " Military Publishing ", 1977. - T. 3. - C. 589).

[6] In some sources, “Iverskaya Zemlya” meant not only its eastern part - Kakheti, but all of Georgia ( Kusheva E.N. Decree. Op. Cit. - P. 233).

[8] During the Iran-Turkish War of 1514-1555. Gazikumukh shamkhalstvo adhered to the Crimean-Turkish orientation, after which Turkey and Crimea tried through shamkhal to strengthen their influence in the Western Caspian region ( E. Kusheva, Decree. Op. Cit. - P. 238).

[12] As the Soviet researcher E.N. Kusheva suggests, the ruler of the Gazikumukh shamshalstvo - Budai / Bugday I - could have participated in hostilities on the side of Psheapshoki Kaitukin . The basis for this hypothesis was an inscription carved on one of the monuments at the Shamkhal cemetery in Kumukh . According to the inscription, the shamkhal and his two brothers died in Kabarda as stepids from July 1566 to July 1567 ( Kusheva E.N. Decree. Cit. - P. 238-239; Lavrov L.I. Dagestan expedition // Collection of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. - L., 1957. - T. XVII. - S. 379-380).

[15] Date February 2, 7075 ( Byzantine calendar ) is given according to the “Supplement to the Nikon Annals”; in the work of E. N. Kusheva, it is indicated that the detachment set off in the spring ( PSRL // Supplement to the Nikon Chronicle. - SPb. , 1906. - T. XIII, Part 2. - S. 407; Kusheva E.N. Decree. Op. - S. 239.)

[17] The name of the ambassador of shamkhal was Sekit-haddesh; according to other sources, he sent his grandson. The embassy came “ with great commemoration [gifts]”, among which there was a living elephant ( Kusheva E.N. Decree. Op. Cit. - S. 239).

[18] The prison was demolished around 1571 ( E. Kusheva, Decree. Op. - P. 366); between 1571 and 1572 ( E. Kusheva. Decree. Op. - S. 256).

[24] Russian sources have always used the term “Crimean tsar” rather than “Crimean khan” ( A. Novoselsky. The struggle of the Moscow state with the Tatars in the first half of the 17th century - M. - L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1948. - S. 16).

[29] Graters 2 were founded in 1578 ( E. Kusheva, Decree. Op. - P. 366). Однако в «Хрониках гвардейских казачьих частей помещённых в книге Императорской гвардии» 1912 года сообщается другая дата основания острога — 1577 г. , согласно «Хроникам …» к этой дата даже приурочено старшинство Терского казачьего войска (Казачьи войска (Хроники гвардейских казачьих частей помещённые в книге Императорской гвардии) / Под редакций В. К. Шенка. — Справочная книжка Императорской Главной квартиры , 1912, репринтное издание АО «Дорваль», 1992. — С. 6, 171).

[30] Также в посольстве прибыли князья Созоруко Тапсоруков из Таусултановых (старорусск. Сюзрюк Тапросуков ) и Казый Пшеапшоков из Кайтукиных ( Кушева Е. Н. Указ. соч. — С. 258).

[32] Согласно «Хроникам гвардейских казачьих частей помещённых в книге Императорской гвардии» 1912 года, Лука Захарьевич Новосильцев был астраханским воеводой (Казачьи войска… . — Справочная книжка Императорской Главной квартиры, 1912. — С. 6, 171).

[34] В «Хрониках гвардейских казачьих частей помещённых в книге Императорской гвардии» 1912 года дата старшинства Терского казачьего войска — 1577 г. , однако, в этом источнике дата привязана к основанию Терки 2, которые, согласно современным исследованиям, были построены только в 1578 г. (Казачьи войска (Хроники гвардейских казачьих частей помещённые в книге Императорской гвардии) / Под редакций В. К. Шенка. — Справочная книжка Императорской Главной квартиры , 1912, репринтное издание АО «Дорваль», 1992. — С. 6, 171; Кушева Е. Н. Указ. соч. — С. 366).

[37] Предварительно Турция заключила мир со Священной Римской империей и Речью Посполитой , затем с Речью Посполитой заключило мир Крымское ханство, также участвовавшее в войне с Ираном ( Кушева Е. Н. Указ. соч. — С. 258).

[41] Фактически Александр II пытался установить двойное подданство — Русскому государству и Персии . Союз с русскими был нужен ему, в основном, для помощи в противостоянии с Турцией и Шамхалатом ( Кушева Е. Н. Указ. соч. — С. 268-269).

[43] В 1586 г. из Астрахани выехал в Кахетию русский толмач Русин Данилов, обратно он вернулся с кахетинским посольством ( Кушева Е. Н. Указ. соч. — С. 268).

[46] В труде Е. Н. Кушевой «Народы Северного Кавказа …» встречаются следующие даты основания Терки в дельте: 1588 г. — стр. 242, 366, 367; 1589 г. — стр. 106; 1588-1589 гг. — стр. 269 ( Кушева Е. Н. Указ. соч.).

[47] М. Бурцев и И. П. Протасьев (прозв. "Келарь) ставили Тюменский острог после того, как они привезли/сопроводили в Астрахань из Москвы опального крымского царевича Мурад Герая ( Кушева Е. Н. Указ. соч. — С. 269).

[53] Историк Н. Б. Голикова сообщает о рукописи неизвестного автора ( ЦГАДА , ф. 199, д. 357/30), в которой этот набег отнесён к февралю 1707 г., но исследовательница считает эту дату ошибочной, так как в других источниках, современных этому событию, всегда указывается 1708 г. У самой Н. Б. Голиковой в работе «Очерки по истории городов России…» также имеется некоторое расхождение в датировании нападения на Терки: сначала это весна 1708 г. , но ниже, в приведённой ею челобитной священника Ф. Яковлева, называется дата 12 февраля 1708 г. ( Голикова Н. Б. Очерки по истории городов России конца XVII — начала XVIII в. — М.: Издательство МГУ, 1982. — С. 31).

[54] В одном из документов той эпохи (дело о разводе терского стрельца К. Агрыжана — Архив Астраханской области, ф. 599, оп. 1, д. 2, л. 1, д. 3, л. 4) разорителями Терков называются «воровские черкасы ».

[_da0635fa24e0fb80-1] ¹ ² Белокуров, 1889 , с. XCVII.

[_d603f0f4cdf29125-2] ¹ ² Кушева, 1963 , с. 365—366.

[K.238-4] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 238.

[7] Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 232-233.

[9] Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 237.

[10] Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 236.

[K.239-11] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 239.

[PSRL107-13] ¹ ² ПСРЛ — Т. XIII, Ч. 2. — С. 407.

[14] Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 239, 366.

[16] Крымские дела. — кн. 13, лл. 161 об.-163.

[19] Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 254-256, 366.

[20] Потто В. А. Кавказская война . — Ставрополь: «Кавказский край», 1994. — Т. 1: От древнейших времён до Ермолова. — С. 14.

[21] Турецкие дела, кн. 2, лл. 144 об.-151.

[22] Крымские дела. — лл. 36 об.-38, 60 об. и сл.

[23] Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 254-255.

[K257-25] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 257.

[KD14-26] ¹ ² Крымские дела. — кн. 14, лл. 258-258 об.

[27] Крымские дела. — кн. 15, лл. 34 об.-40 об.

[28] Новосельский А. А. Указ. Op. - S. 16.

[258,259-31] ¹ ² ³ Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 258-259.

[K-33] Казачьи войска (Хроники гвардейских казачьих частей помещённые в книге Императорской гвардии) / Под редакций В. К. Шенка. — Справочная книжка Императорской Главной квартиры , 1912, репринтное издание АО «Дорваль», 1992. — С. 6, 171.

[35] Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 259.

[36] Ногайские дела. — кн. 8, лл. 252-252 об.

[SVE589-38] ¹ ² Ирано-турецкие войны 16-18 вв. // СВЭ. - М. : « Воениздат », 1977. — Т. 3. — C. 589.

[39] Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 258.

[autogenerated1-40] ¹ ² Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 269.

[42] Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 268.

[44] Белокуров С. А. Указ. Op. — C. 15, 36, 37 и др.

[45] Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 268-269.

[48] Белокуров С. А. Указ. Op. — C. 51, 63, 73 и сл.

[49] Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 106, 242, 269.

[50] Кушева Е. Н. Указ. Op. — С. 276.

[51] Трёхбратов Б. А. История Кубани с древнейших времён до начала XX века. — Краснодар: Кубанское книжное издательство, 2003. — С. 108.

[G.31-52] ¹ ² Голикова Н. Б. Указ. Op. — С. 31.