Zavadsky, Mikhail Romualdovich

In 1871 he graduated from the historical and philological faculty of Novorossiysk University with a gold medal ^{[2] [3]} , in 1873 he defended his master's thesis “The Legend of the History of Philological Sciences”, and in 1880 published a textbook on the Russian language for the 3rd grade of secondary schools institutions ^[4] .

After graduation, he taught from 1871 at the Elizavetgrad Zemsky Real School , from 1876 to 1883 its director ^[3] . Under his leadership, the school gained fame in the south of Russia. Zavadsky created a cultural-educational system on a school-wide county-wide basis: Sunday readings, demonstrations of experiments in physics, exhibitions, concerts, an art cabinet, evening drawing courses for adults and adolescents, a meteorological station that worked in contact with the Main Physical Observatory of the Imperial Academy sciences in St. Petersburg , headed at that time by academician G.I. Wild . He organized mass sports in the gymnasium and in the courtyard of the school. All this is marked by special medals of the World Paris and Chicago Industrial Exhibitions in 1889 and in 1894. for staging vocational education and the development of mass sports. This activity was also financially supported by the county zemstvo and the provincial administration ^[4] .

Mikhail Romualdovich published and edited the journal Pedagogical Bulletin , published every two weeks ^{[3] [5]} . It constantly called for improving the working conditions of primary schools, a lot of attention was paid to educational work, the role of the personality of the teacher and the need to improve the level of education of teachers. The magazine in 1883 was banned by the Ministry of Education for the promotion of progressive views ^[6] .

About three years was the director of the Stavropol girls' gymnasium in the Caucasus district ^{[2] [3]} . On July 22, 1886 he entered the post of district inspector ^[2] , May 24, 1901 - trustee of the Caucasian educational district ^{[1] [3]} , he was contacted for help in case of questions related to the activities of educational institutions, such as high school students of the Vladikavkaz gymnasium On February 4, 1905, a telegram was sent to MR Zavadsky during the riot with a request to come and defend “against the various injustices of the gymnasium authorities” ^[7] .

He worked non-stop to improve the qualifications of teachers: he organized open classes with further discussion, the results of which were brought to the teachers of the district, created the Pedagogical Museum in Tiflis , compiled and sent out a catalog of books for organizing public readings, and central libraries for teachers were opened in many counties ^{[3] [5]} .

Mikhail Zavadsky contributed to the improvement of amateur performances, choirs, orchestras, sports, courses (oil making, beekeeping), etc., seeking funds to support initiative teachers. Under him, several gymnasiums were established in Tiflis, Baku , Grozny , a number of schools (technical and vocational), 24 city and zemstvo elementary and six-year schools ^{[3] [5]} .

Mikhail Romualdovich made a great contribution to the creation of the alphabet and grammar for the peoples of the Caucasus who did not have their own written language . On his initiative and under his editorship, 6 volumes of the Russian Caucasus scholar , linguist and ethnographer , corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, major general of the Russian army P. K. Uslar “Ethnography of the Caucasus. Linguistics ”(Tiflis, 1887-1896), consisting of grammatical essays, texts and dictionaries in Abkhaz , Ubykh , Svaneti ( Svan ), Chechen , Avar , Lak , Kazikum, Tabasaran , Lezgi , Khurkilin ( Dargin ), and Kurin. The publication contained 3332 pages, printed in the Printing House of the Tiflis District, which took a whole decade. On its basis, Mikhail Romualdovich compiled a short dictionary of the Abkhaz language, the Megrelian primer, a grammar sketch of the Chechen and Kyurin languages ​​in the form of a reference publication for teachers ^{[1] [3] [5]} .

In his pedagogical activity, K.D. Ushinsky shared the point of view that each nation creates its own school in accordance with history and traditions, and also held the opinion that the center of the educational process is a teacher and the school’s activity mainly depends on the selection of teachers ^[6] .

In June 1906, Mikhail Romualdovich was appointed to the Senate , and therefore moved to St. Petersburg, where he served until December 1917. As a senator, he paid great attention to education in Russia, independently and in collaboration with deputies of relevant committees, participated in the development of laws on public education, drafted explanatory notes to them for committees and rapporteurs in the State Duma or the State Council ^{[3] [8]} .

In January 1918, Mikhail Romualdovich Zavadsky was invited to work at the People's Commissariat of Education , and was soon appointed assistant to M. A. Reisner in the People’s Commissariat of Justice , but he remained in Petrograd as secretary of the cultural and educational commission of the Petrograd side. He helped organize two-year evening courses in the building of the former Alexander Lyceum on Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt for workers, originally called the Proletarian Polytechnic , after a series of reorganizations, the college was founded in 1924 on Razezhee Street . Mikhail Romualdovich worked in it for free as a teacher (XIV category) and the head of the junior department. In connection with his work in the Senate, he was not allowed to teach humanities, which is why Zavadsky learned mathematics to teach it ^[9] .

In 1918, M.R. Zavadsky worked in the budget part of the People's Commissariat of Finance , considering the estimates of educational institutions. Since 1919, he became a senior inspector, and then - deputy head of the second techno-pedagogical department in the Regional Department of vocational schools, where he developed the foundations of secondary specialized education in the USSR ^[4] .

The last two years he worked as the managing director of faculty and subject commissions, as well as a librarian at the Leningrad Agricultural Institute , in the building of the former Imperial Institute of Law on Fontanka ^[9] .

Mikhail Romualdovich Zavadsky was married to Sofia Alexandrovna Lampsey, who came from a noble family and “completely lived in the interests of her husband”: she helped in the publication of the magazine, in the unification of teachers, in the delivery of popular science lectures for the peasants of the Kherson province . In marriage, two sons and a daughter were born ^[10] .

His father Romuald (Romulus) Ignatievich Zavadsky (born 1802) is the overseer of the Odessa brigade of the Border Guard , his mother is Maria Yakovlevna Nitsenko, the daughter of the Zakatalsky commandant ^[11] . Brothers: Vladislav Romulovich (09.14.1840 - 12.31.1910), a well-known judicial figure in post-reform Russia, Vladimir Romulovich (1846-1913) - a judicial investigator in the city of Laishev , in 1899 the prosecutor of the Kazan Court of Justice, and in 1901 he was the senior chairman of the Tiflis judicial court chambers, then senator ^[12] .

The son of Mikhail Romualdovich is Mikhail Mikhailovich Zavadsky (June 21, 1875 - February 2, 1942), a lawyer who served in government offices, and after that he served in the Leningrad enterprise ^[13] .

Grandson of M. R. Zavadsky (son of M. M. Zavadsky) - Kirill Mikhailovich Zavadsky (January 5, 1910 - February 2, 1977) is a Soviet scientist, honored worker of science of the RSFSR, professor, doctor of biological sciences, Soviet evolutionist and historian of science ^[12] .

The youngest son of M. R. Zavadsky is Alexander Mikhailovich (January 14, 1879 - 1950) - professor, candidate of biological sciences ^[12] .

• Academy of Sciences in the History of Russian Culture of the 18th-20th Centuries / Ed. ed. J.I. Alferov. - St. Petersburg: Nauka , 2010 .-- ISBN 978-5-02025-334-6 .
• Ibragimova Z. Kh. Peace of the Chechens. XIX century . - Litres, 2016 .-- ISBN 9785457958340 .
• Kolchinsky E.I. Family. Grandfather Mikhail Romulovich Zavadsky // Kirill Mikhailovich Zavadsky. 1910-1977 / hole ed. K.V. Manoilenko. - St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, 2013. - (Series "Scientific and Biographical Literature" of the Russian Academy of Sciences). - ISBN 978-5-44690-096-1 .
• Governing Senate . - St. Petersburg, 1912. - S. 35-36.

• Zavadsky, Mikhail Romualdovich // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Zavadsky Mikhailo Romualdovich (Ukrainian) . on the wiki portal of OUNB them. D.I. Chizhevsky.