Chora - (from the Greek. Χώρα - a place, region, land) - the territory used by the citizens of the ancient polis to engage in agriculture. It was a structural part of most of the ancient policies .
Content
General characteristics
The choir of the ancient polis was a terrain near the ancient settlement, evenly distributed on the plots - “clamers” with a size of, as a rule, within 4-5 hectares [1] . The choir's area depended on the size of the policy, but for many policies its radius did not exceed 5-6 kilometers.
Archaeologically, the choir can be traced thanks to the survey , apparently to the present day on the surface due to the remains of stone walls enclosing the sites. Sometimes the choir was part of the defensive system of the policy, as in Chersonese Tauride [2] .
Landowners
The owners of land plots on the choir of the ancient polis were usually small middle-income families, as evidenced by numerous archaeological remains. On many of the clerians, the ruins of the estates remained, the owners of which were actively involved in winemaking , growing olive trees and grain crops [3] . The manor of a citizen in the polis choir was called “Oikos” and was a complex of residential and farm buildings, often including a specially equipped winery. Scientists do not deny the possibility of using slave labor in the choir settlements, as well as attracting the barbarian population to cultivate the land.
Most of the citizens resided within the city walls, daily going to choir processing, therefore, within its limits, as a rule, there were no permanent settlements, and the erected estates were temporary. Only at a distance of 2-3 km from the policy could occur coma - ancient villages.
Land distribution within a civilian community
The Isseans' decree (a Greek colony on the territory of modern Croatia ) on the division of land among the first settlers said the following: share. Record where in the choir and in the city each received by lot. Always be with them and with descendants each with one and a half plethra (earth). Those who join (immigrants) get one oykopedon in the city and from the undivided (land) - four and a half plethra . ” Thus, the first settlers in Issa had as an advantage over other plots with an area of 0.57 hectares, while the rest - 0.43 hectares each. It should be said that the whole land of the policy was divided according to the Isseic decree into three categories:
- The land inside the city walls is τᾱς πόλιος τετειχισμένας;
- Land in the vicinity of the city - τᾱς ἐὺγγς πόλιος;
- Actually choir, (ἁ χώρα) which was divided into:
- Land for the main plots;
- The rest of the land is τά ἄλλα;
- Indivisible land - τά ἀδιαίρετα. [4] .
The problem of alienability of land plots
The question of who the citizens of the policy were in relation to the land they cultivated remains open. However, the most convincing is the point of view, according to which the presence of private property in the ancient polis is not denied, but its dependent position is assumed with respect to the communal property of a civilian collective [5] . The supreme owner in the ancient polis remained the community , since it was the security of citizens with land that was the key to the stability of the existence of the polis. The land was not a commodity in the ancient polis, because it was redistributed only within the community under its full control. To this it is worth adding only the fact that to the greatest extent control was exercised over the so-called main plots, which always had to be owned by their original owners. The redistribution of land within the policy was an unacceptable phenomenon, and its initiators could be subjected to the most severe punishments.
See also
- Policy
Notes
- B Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek
- ↑ Nikolaenko G.M. Chersonese of Tauris and his choir // VDI. - 1999. - № 1. - p. 97-120.
- ↑ Strezhetsky S. F. Claire of Tauric Chersonesos // VDI. - 1951. -№ 3. - p. 85-90.
- ↑ Yaylenko, V.P., On the Interpretation of the Isaan Decree on the Division of Land by the Colonists, VDI, Vol. - 1971. -№ 2. - C.14.
- ↑ Koshelenko G. A. Polis and the city: to the statement of the problem // VDI. - 1980. - № 1. - p. 5.
Literature
- Yaylenko, V.P., On the Interpretation of the Isaan Decree on the Division of Land by the Colonists, // Herald of Ancient History . - 1971. - № 2. - p. 14.
- Koshelenko G. A. Polis and the city: to the formulation of the problem // Herald of ancient history . - 1980. - № 1. - p. 3-28.
- Maslennikov A. A. Ellinsky choir on the edge of Oikumen: Rural territory of European Bosporus in ancient times / Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences . - M .: Indrik , 1998. - 304, [24] p. - ISBN 5-85759-084-1 .
- Nikolayenko G.M. Chersonesus okrugs in the 1st c. BC er - IV c. n er (based on the materials of the Heraclean Peninsula) // Antiquities of the Northern Black Sea Coast . - Kiev: Naukova Dumka , 1988. - p. 203-211. - 216 s.
- Nikolayenko G. M. Chora of Tauric Chersonesos: Land Cadastre of the 4th-3rd Centuries BC er / Nat. reserve "Chersonese". - Sevastopol: Publishing House Nat. Reserve "Chersonese", 1999-2001. Part 1. 1999. 83 pp .; Part 2. 2001. 164 p.
- Strzheletsky S. F. Claire of Tauric Chersonesos // Bulletin of ancient history . - 1951. - № 3. - p. 85-90.
- Strzheletsky, S.F., Klera, Tauric Chersonesos: On the History of Ancient Agriculture in the Crimea / Ed. Dr. East Sciences prof. A. S. Bashkirov; State ist.-archeol. Chersonesus Museum . - Simferopol: Krymizdat , 1961. - 248 p. - ( Chersonesus ; Vol. 6).
- Pavlovskaya A.I. The Egyptian choir in in the IV. / Ed. ed. E.M. Shtaerman ; Institute of General History, USSR Academy of Sciences . - M .: Science , 1979. - 256 p. - 2000 copies
- John Bintliff. Consumerism of the Greek Homeland. - bss 4.
- Chora und Polis. Unter Mitarbeit von E. Müller-Luckner. (Schriften des Historischen Kollegs: Kolloquien 54.) Pp. xviii + 382, maps, ills. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2004.
Links
- pontos.dk
- Reconstruction of the ancient system of surveying the choirs of Tauric Chersonesos using remote sensing methods // Herald of Ancient History 2 (78)