The conspiracy theory ( from the English conspiracy theory "conspiracy theory"), also known as conspiracy ( literally: " conspiracy teaching (science) about conspiracy" from the English conspiracy conspiracy + ancient-Greek. Λόγος "teaching, science ") - a concept declaring certain socially significant events, certain historical phenomena, or even the course of history as a whole, the result of a conspiracy by a certain group of people ( state in the state , world government ), controlling this process from self-interest , ambitions or other group, clan and other interests.
In public discourse, the term is used in a negative sense, often as a synonym for "a clearly incorrect theory." The declaration of the opponent’s concept by conspiracy theories is often used in polemics as a means of discrediting this concept in the eyes of the audience.
Conspiracy theory can be considered as one of the extreme variants of the theory of elites [1] .
Conspiracyologists often attribute to individuals and small groups supernatural abilities to control and control the most complex social and political processes, representing any particular conflict as part of a general struggle between good and evil [2] .
Adherence to the conspiracy theory can be viewed as “ generalization of particular cases,” that is, one of the types of cognitive distortion .
Background to conspiracy theories
One of the reasons for the emergence of conspiracy theories is the underlying social and psychological needs of man. The perception of the conspiracy theories is closely related to the mechanisms of stereotyping [3] , projections and escapism , as well as the complexity of human understanding of random events, fragmentary perception of the world, the desire for a holistic view of the picture of events (see gestalt psychology ). The reason for the success of conspiracy theories is also called the ideological reaction to social inequality [3] .
The projection mechanism means that a conspiracy theorist, as a rule, transfers some of his positive and negative personality traits to the alleged participants in the conspiracy. At the same time, they become exaggerated. On the one hand, the conspirators are demonized, they are credited with both evil intentions and personal immorality. This allows you to remove any moral restrictions in actions against the alleged conspirators, to avoid moral condemnation or criminal liability. After all, the one who destroys such monsters must be recognized as a hero, not a criminal. On the other hand, conspirators are endowed with special abilities (intelligence, cunning, purposefulness, etc.).
The desire to avoid cognitive dissonance leads to the fact that a person who once perceived a certain conspiracy theory, as a rule, is difficult to convince him to abandon it. All the facts contradicting the theory are either simply ignored or rejected using typical conspiracy theories (they can be denied, calling manifestations of the provocative activities of the conspirators, or interpreted in such a way that they turn from contradictory into confirming). And on the contrary, any, even the most innocuous and not at first glance irrelevant fact, can put some effort into the picture offered by conspiracy theories. In Foucault's “ Pendulum, ” Umberto Eco put it this way:
If we assume the possibility that at least one starting point exists in the Universe, which is not a sign of something else, we immediately go beyond the scope of hermetic thinking.
- Umberto Eco. Foucault's Pendulum
From the point of view of the theory of memes , conspiracy theories are memes that compete with the meme of the generally accepted picture of the world. Their success is based on a lack of confidence in the authority of experts and generally accepted sources of knowledge [3] .
Conspirology
An attempt to research and classify objectively existing or existing conspiracies, closed groups ( elitist or oligarchic ), sects , special services , etc., as well as the discovery of information that for some reason or other people are trying to hide from the general public, led to the emergence of the scientific direction of conspiracy , or mystery studies (In Russian-language works whose authors refer to conspiracy ideas with skepticism, the term conspiracy is used, or, as in the monograph by Daniel Pipes, in the Russian translation of Dométius Zavolsky , conspiracy.)
Political speculations are sometimes carried out under the guise of conspiracy research. So, publicist Lawrence Gardner argues that the genus of Stuarts comes from Jesus Christ through the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasty. By this the author motivated the legitimacy of the occupation of the Scottish throne by “Prince Michael Albany” [4] [5] .
Another example: the book by the well-known Russian social philosopher, political scientist A.I. Fursov De conspiratione (“Capitalism as a conspiracy”), which, based on the example of the huge variety of market economies from the USA to China, concludes that at the political level capitalism is unstable and requires supranational managers of institutions acting in the interests of the owners of transnational corporations that use the leadership of special services, tacit unions and network organizations as an organizational structure.
The third example: John Coleman , an American publicist, a former British intelligence official , in his book “ Committee 300. Secrets of the World Government ” states that there is a powerful secret organization in the world that includes the elite of Great Britain, the United States and some other states which is a radical reduction in the population of the planet to one billion people. And on the tables of Georgia it is proposed to leave only half a billion. In the above book, John Coleman points out, for example, that Theodore Adorno, a philosopher and musicologist , is the author of the music and songs of the Beatles [6] [7] .
We also single out Renée Hallo , a French historian and philosopher- sealant , who devoted much time to the history of the Third Reich . In the book "Hitler and the secret societies" [8], Rene Allo describes the history of the creation of the " Tule Society " associated with the eschatological aspects of Nazism. However, there Allo pointed to the symbolism of the Green in the so-called "esoteric Hitlerism ." He associated this symbolism with the color of Islam , and even the green color of Himmler’s favorite ink pen, the head of the “black order” - SS [9], played a certain role in his concepts.
In the modern Russian Federation, one of the researchers in conspirology is A. G. Dugin [9] .
Opponents of this direction accuse conspiracy scholars of not being engaged in collecting facts that refute or confirm the existence of a conspiracy, but interpret any facts in favor of the existence of a conspiracy. All facts that refute any conspiracy theory in conspiracy can always be “challenged” with the help of simple arguments: “You do not have access to these materials” or “THEM and you need to think so.”
Typology of conspiracies
Global Conspiracies
A characteristic feature of most of these conspiracy theories is the statement about the existence of an unknown or unobtrusively secret society created by a certain group of people in order to seize power over the world. The activity of this society explains a number of historical events that are negative for the theory’s target audience. Proponents of such theories also postulate a number of relationships between historical and contemporary events, which are stages of the implementation of the global plan of the conspirators [10] [11] [12] .
As a rule, the peak of popularity of global conspiracy theories coincides with periods of economic and (or) political instability and crisis. In this case, the reluctance of the broad masses of society to make efforts to understand the objective causes of the problem results in the search for "simple solutions", among which is the search for enemies who are personally responsible in a crisis. Thus, global conspiracy theories give way to chaotic destructive social energy, and can be used both in the interests of the ruling elite (the Black Hundreds in Tsarist Russia) and against it (the Nazis in the Weimar Republic ). This makes global conspiracy theories one of the most effective tools for mass manipulation in crisis societies, although in inept hands such a tool can lead to completely unforeseen consequences.
In any society, regardless of its state, there are social groups more susceptible than others to the perception and support of global conspiracy theories. In general, conspiracy theories find support among those who are dissatisfied with the existing state of affairs in society, in particular, those who are dissatisfied with their personal position. Since the crisis periods dramatically increase the number of such subjects, the support for global conspiracy theories is increasing in an appropriate proportion.
The most common global conspiracy theories.
Conspiracy of Manufacturers
There are assumptions about conspiracies of manufacturers: it is assumed that the latter agree to support the production of low-quality, short-lived and expensive goods, while preventing the spread of high-quality, long-lasting and cheap, thus seeking to maximize their own profits . It remains an open question whether such actions should be considered a conspiracy, that is, an activity conducted according to the preliminary agreement of the producers. After all, the same can be done by them independently, due to the coincidence of interests (just as in a card game several players, without saying a word, can play against one, if the current situation makes him losing money for everyone else). However, in the 1990s , a series of lawsuits were held in the United States , during which numerous government officials accused the country's largest tobacco companies in a conspiracy [13] in the middle of the 20th century to limit publicly available information about the real health risks of smoking ( ).
Computer Conspiracy
There is a version that software manufacturers deliberately produce more and more demanding computer resources in order to support the demand for expensive components. The rational explanation of the “inflating software” phenomenon is that, in the conditions of rapidly reducing the cost of hardware computer resources, even poorly written programs find demand, so it’s more profitable for manufacturers not to worry about optimization, but to reduce development time (and, accordingly, costs) by refusing optimization and the use of simpler, but also more resource-intensive algorithms; This approach also allows the use of less qualified programmers. Supporters of another popular “computer plot” claim that antivirus software vendors themselves produce viruses and distribute them online (or at least finance such activity, or contribute to it) to support the demand for their products [14] [15] .
Oilmen Conspiracy
According to this conspiracy concept, the owners of the largest oil companies are keeping the development of alternative energy , not allowing the energy revolution. In 2008, the European Commission exposed the so-called paraffin plot, which accused the companies Exxon Mobil , Total , Sasol Limited and several other leading oil companies, which secretly agreed to set high prices for paraffin used in the manufacture of candles, paper plates and cups [ 16] .
Mondialist Conspiracy
The mondialist conspiracy is the newest form of conspiracy, exposing the plans of the "secret World Government" in recent decades. The peculiarity of this variant of conspiracy is that the United States of America becomes the main object of research as a special geopolitical center with its specific and controversial in some aspects cultural and futurological concept.
The unofficial international organization " Bilderberg Club " is considered by some conspiracy therapists as a secret world government [6] [17] .
According to conspiracy theorists, the true goal of the Tripartite Commission (a private organization that encourages cooperation between North America, Europe and the Pacific region of Asia, founded by banker David Rockefeller ) is also the creation of a world government under its control [18] . The Bohemian club , which unites influential members of American society, is considered by some conspiracyologists to be the place where decisions are formed on the most important issues of intra-American and international politics [19] .
English plot
The English plot is a conspiracy concept, according to which all countries of the world are "cryptocolonies" of Great Britain . It is a kind of geopolitical concretization of the concept of the Masonic conspiracy, based on the position that all world freemasonry is subject to English Freemasonry, represented by its head, the English monarch. Thus, the theory of "cryptocolonies" is developed in the works of the Russian philosopher and publicist D. Galkovsky . The Russian public figure G. Sterligov speaks out in his speeches about the global significance of the British Empire and the allegedly financially dominant Rothschild dynasty in it. England’s peculiar "evil genius of the world" in the works of the American non-conformist Lyndon LaRouche [20] .
The plot of the Macedonians
The Zydomazon conspiracy is a conspiracy concept that combines the concepts of the Masonic and Jewish conspiracies.
Arab Conspiracy
The Arab plot is a global Islamist plot against Western civilization. Presumably covers the government of Arab and a number of European countries (" Eurabia "). The purpose of the conspiracy conspiracy is the transformation of the states of Western Europe into Islamist theocracies , as well as the destruction of the United States and Israel . As allies, fascism or communism is attributed to conspiracy, depending on the political views of the target audience (referring to the mufti’s work of Jerusalem Amin al-Husseini in the 1940s [21] and the Soviet assistance to Arab countries during the Cold War, respectively) [22] .
Small conspiracies
Theories of small conspiracies give a different, different from the generally accepted, interpretation of individual historical episodes, drawing to the explanation of such events a variety of secret intentions and powers:
- the Apollo flights with the American astronauts to the moon is just a dramatization (“moon plot”) ; or, on the contrary, talk about the staging is needed to conceal the alien presence on the Moon;
- Dogagarin "Lost Cosmonauts" of the USSR [23] and later suspected unsuccessful manned flights (including a small "Soviet lunar conspiracy" - lunar-flying flight, allegedly during which Gagarin died [24] );
- the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 — planned by the US special services ;
- John Kennedy's assassination - planned by the CIA ;
- apartment bombings in Russia in September 1999 - organized by the FSB ;
- the death of the nuclear submarine "Kursk" - occurred as a result of the attack of the American submarine, hidden at the highest political level in order to avoid a conflict between the Russian Federation and the United States;
- the legend of the death of Paul McCartney - The Beatles member Paul McCartney died in 1966 and was replaced by a double with a similar appearance and voice;
- secret replacements of deceased, killed, suspended or voluntarily renounced power by heads of state, political or state figures by doubles - similar versions were put forward regarding Yeltsin, Peter I , Stalin , Napoleon Bonaparte , Hitler , Rudolf Hess and Kim Jong Un.
Criticism
According to George Entin , professor of emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania , it is usually not so much about really scientific theories as about myths, conjectures, rumors [25] .
Conspiracy theories are often used to simply explain complex social phenomena (often appealing to pseudological evidence of Argumentum ad ignorantiam ). But any process in politics, economics and many other areas is the result of coordinated actions between two or more people. These actions can always be interpreted as collusion or conspiracy. However, Adam Smith showed that the main motive for action in the economy is the mutual benefit of each of the subjects, and Karl Marx showed that politics is ultimately dependent on the economy - limited by its capabilities and directed by its interests. Conspiracy theory is not used to expose conspirators, but to disguise the true causes of a phenomenon by mystical, in fact, explanations (since postulating the existence of an unprovable conspiracy is no different from explaining the event, for example, witchcraft or "the will of the gods" - neither one nor the other, nor the third one can neither be proved, disproved, nor prevented).
The main “core” of conspiracy theories is unofficial and quite impersonal (otherwise it will go to court and most likely will be lost) indicating the subject of public life ( company , corporation , nationality , country ), allegedly responsible for some events or the existing state of affairs, study their motivation . In addition, the idea of secret, uninstitutionalized power (“curator”) plays an important role in conspiracy.
... Real political actions often require secrecy not only at the planning stage, but also at the implementation. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between ordinary politics and conspiracy. Usually, for the conspiracy theorist, the forthcoming change is of global importance, the destinies of nations and the whole world are at stake. Scientific interpretations and conspiracy theories are characterized by two different approaches [25] .
As a rule, double standards can be found in the evidence system of conspiracy theories: any contradictory facts are rejected as weak or fake, and the assumption of conspiracy is accepted unconditionally as having no alternative and not requiring evidence. In such cases, the law of sufficient reason works only in assessing the generally accepted theory, but is ignored when justifying the conspiracy theory.
... Conspiracy is devoid of common sense , does not rely on evidence or does not assess the reliability of sources, does not have criteria for choosing one interpretation over another, knows little about actual conspiracies and how often they fail, power is viewed as the only goal [25] .
Any attempt to disprove conspiracy theory can be interpreted by its supporters as part of the conspiracy itself. For example, it can be argued that this article was written by members of a worldwide conspiracy to conceal the truth.
... Conspiracy is reminiscent of paranoid thinking , which seems to conspire against him. Conspiracy theories believe that everything is directed against the groups to which they belong or with whom they identify themselves [25] .
The weakest point of conspiracy theory (especially “global”) is the addition to the interpretation of a historical episode of a large number of complications. One of the principles that is violated on a mandatory basis is the Hanlon Razor : although it is known that, in reality, the causes of an event can be quite ordinary (an accident, the actions of a lone maniac, an epidemic, or a catastrophe), they are replaced by numerous, flawless conspiratorial, omnipotent organization, all participants of which strive for a common goal and do not make mistakes. Such an assumption is extremely doubtful. Весьма маловероятно, чтобы события, в которых задействовано достаточно большое количество людей, долго оставались неразглашёнными: история показывает, что рано или поздно реально существующие заговоры становятся достоянием гласности (например, « Уотергейт ») [26] .
Доктор Оксфордского университета Дэвид Граймс, основываясь на данных о раскрытых заговорах, создал математический аппарат, позволяющий оценить максимальное время раскрытия заговора, основываясь на количестве его участников и ещё некоторых параметрах. По его оценке, большинство самых популярных заговоров должны быть раскрыты менее, чем за четыре года. Эта работа показывает, что масштабные заговоры склонны быстро разоблачаться. Огромное количество людей, необходимое для поддержки глобального мошенничества, само по себе является причиной, по которой крупные заговоры не могут существовать [27] .
Ответ на критику
Бен Стюарт в своём документальном фильме «The Esoteric Agenda» отмечает: « Один из величайших примеров группового мышления — это клеймение того, что называется теорией заговора. Сам термин „Теория заговора“ производит яркое впечатление на обычного человека. Убийство Кеннеди , Зона 51 , Розуэлл , правительственные сокрытия и странные исчезновения . Эти темы возможно звучат слишком фантастическими для обычных людей, так и малопонятными. Так было сделано специально. Со временем из-за неправильных интерпретаций и приукрашивания этих историй, факты в них либо добавлялись, либо изымались. Факты могут быть правдой или ложью, но в одном можно быть уверенным — если глобальную тайну нужно скрыть, но она начинает распространяться среди населения, лучшим прикрытием будет приукрасить или изменить историю, пока она не зазвучит нелепо <…> СМИ любыми способами заставляют людей чувствовать себя глупыми, даже если они внимательно прислушиваются к теориям ».
По мнению С. Г. Кара-Мурзы , «Термин „теория заговора“ становится оценочным и во многих аудиториях он используется как безотказный способ заткнуть рот оппоненту» [28] .
Политические заговоры
Канадские религиоведы и индолог и Пол Натансон пишут: «реальные тайные заговоры характеризуются по крайней мере четырьмя особенностями: это группы, а не индивидуалы; незаконные, зловещие цели, отсутствие задачи заботиться об обществе в целом; серия спланированных действий, а не спонтанных; и, разумеется, секретное обсуждение и планирование заговора, а не открытая дискуссия на страницах печати» [29] . Этим, видимо, и вызывается такое пристальное внимание к уже раскрытым и доказанным местам , где собираются вместе влиятельные лица. Некоторые заговоры позднее становятся просто историей, которую хотели скрыть от общества: Уотергейтский скандал , сделка по тайной поставке оружия Ирану [30] [31] .
Профессор американистики Манчестерского университета Питер Найт отмечает, что «некоторые историки обращают внимание, что именно США стали главным оплотом конспирологии, поскольку именно здесь были предприняты и раскрыты многие выдающиеся заговоры, особенно после 1960-х годов» [32] . Присутствие реальных заговоров питает уверенность конспирологов в реальности ещё не раскрытых конспирологических теорий [33] [34] [35] .
See also
- Бритва Хэнлона
- Разоблачения массовой слежки в 2013 году
- Денвер (аэропорт)
- Протоколы сионских мудрецов
- Список политических заговоров
- Тайное общество
- Фолк-хистори
Notes
- ↑ Цыганков А. П. Современные политические режимы: структура, типология, динамика. — М.: Интерпракс, 1995. ISBN 5-85235-212-8 Тираж 3000 экз
- ↑ Conspiracism - (англ.) . PublicEye.org . Political Research Associates. Дата обращения 13 сентября 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Jamie Bartlett and Carl Miller. A Bestiary of the 9/11 Truth Movement: Notes from the Front Line (англ.) // Skeptical Inquirer . - 2011. - Vol. 35.4 .
- ↑ The man who would be king The Guardian , March 24, 1999 (англ.)
- ↑ Две рецензии на «Родословную св. Грааля» (англ.)
- ↑ 1 2 Коулман Д. Комитет 300. Тайны мирового правительства — М.: ИД «Витязь», 2005. — 320 с. ISBN 5-86523-080-8
- ↑ Битлз — Тавистокский рок-эксперимент
- ↑ Hitler et les sociétés secrètes, enquête sur les sources occultes du nazisme , Paris, Cercle du nouveau livre d'histoire, 1969, 367 p.
- ↑ 1 2 Дугин А. Г. «Конспирология»
- ↑ (англ.) Thomas Jones: «Short Cuts»
- ↑ (англ.) Political Research Associates: «Conspiracism»
- ↑ Лакер У. Черная сотня: происхождение русского фашизма. — М. : Текст, 1999. — С. 72. — 432 с. — ISBN 5-7516-0001-0 .
- ↑ Власти США обвиняют табачные компании в преступном сговоре и требуют 280 миллиардов . Лента.ру
- ↑ Why there is no global antivirus software conspiracy
- ↑ 10 Biggest Computer Security Myths Busted «Myth #9. Security software companies write most viruses»
- ↑ Еврокомиссия оштрафовала «парафиновую мафию» на миллиард долларов // Лента.ру , 01.10.2008
- ↑ Даниэль Эстулин. «Кто правит миром? Или Вся правда о Бильдербергском клубе». — Мн.: Попурри, 2009. — 288 с. ISBN 978-985-15-0466-0
- ↑ Михаил Казиник Пятиминутный путеводитель по теориям заговоров // Esquire , 15.12.2011
- ↑ (англ.) «Masters of the Universe Go to Camp: Inside the Bohemian Grove» by Philip Weiss, Spy Magazine, November 1989, pages 59-76.
- ↑ Андрей Фурсов. Тайная история (рус.) // газета "Завтра". — 2012. — № 19 .
- ↑ Arab-fascist axis (англ.) . Conspiracy Encyclopedia. (Проверено 24 июля 2011)
- ↑ Бат Йеор . Из истории проекта Еврабия (перевод с англ. Элеоноры Шифрин). Проект Еврабия (перевод с англ. Л. Гулько). (Проверено 24 июля 2011)
- ↑ Андрей МОИСЕЕНКО. Гагарин был двенадцатым? // Комсомольская правда , 11.07.2005
- ↑ Александр Железняков, Леон Розенблюм. Был и остается первым! // Новости недели (Израиль), 15-24.04.2003
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Джордж Энтин. Теория заговоров и конспиративистский менталитет // Новая и новейшая история . 2000. № 1.
- ↑ Пайпс Д. Заговор: объяснение успехов и происхождения «параноидального стиля» // Новое литературное обозрение . — 2000.
- ↑ David Robert Grimes: On the Viability of Conspiratorial Beliefs. PLOS ONE
- ↑ Кара-Мурза С. Г. Россия при смерти? Прямые и явные угрозы . Яуза-Пресс (2010).
- ↑ Katherine K. Young & Paul Nathanson (2010), Sanctifying Misandry: Goddess Ideology and the Fall of Man , McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, с. 275–, ISBN 978-0-7735-3615-9 , < https://books.google.com/books?id=-kqiqToVngAC&pg=PA275 >
- ↑ Shenon, Philip . North, Poindexter and 2 Others Indicted on Iran-Contra Fraud and Theft Charges , New York Times (17 марта 1988). Дата обращения 7 июня 2008.
- ↑ The Iran-Contra Defendants (17 September 1991), С. A6. Дата обращения 14 января 2011.
- ↑ Knight P. Making Sense of Conspiracy Theories // Conspiracy theories in American history: an encyclopedia. Vol. 1. AL. / Ed. Peter Knight. — Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO , 2003. — P. 18. ISBN 978-1-57607-812-9
- ↑ Robert Jewett, John Shelton Lawrence (2004) Captain America and the crusade against evil: the dilemma of zealous nationalism. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing p. 206.
- ↑ Kathryn S. Olmsted (2011) Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11. Oxford University Press p. eight.
- ↑ Stephen J. Whitfield (2004) A companion to 20th-century America. Wiley-Blackwell ISBN 978-0-631-21100-6 p. 136.
Literature
Научные и публицистические работы
- Багдасарян В. Э. «Теория заговора» в отечественной историографии второй половины XIX—XX вв.: критика мифологизации истории: автореферат дисс. … докт. ist наук.: специальность 07.00.09. — М.: МГУС , 2000. — 44 с.
- Бразертон Р. Недоверчивые умы: Чем нас привлекают теории заговоров = Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories. — М. : Альпина нон-фикшн , 2017. — 352 p. — ISBN 978-5-91671-682-5 .
- Дугин А. Г. «Конспирология» . М., 1993 ( ISBN 5-85928-010-6 ), 2005 ( ISBN 5-902322-03-0 )
- Немировский В. Г. Тайные общества и заговорщики. - SPb. : Питер , 2007. — 240 с. - 4000 copies — ISBN 978-5-91180-549-4 .
- Найт П. Культура заговора: От убийства Кеннеди до «секретных материалов». — М.: Ультра.Культура 2.0 , 2010. — 381 с.
- Пайпс Д. Заговор. Мания преследования в умах политиков = Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From / (пер. Д.Завольского). — Новый хронограф , 2008. — 336 с. - 2000 copies — ISBN 978-5-94881-055-3 .
- Хлебников М. В. Теория заговора. Опыт социокультурного исследования. — М.: Кучково поле, 2012. — 464 с.
- Хлебников М. В. Теория заговора. Историко-философский очерк. — Новосибирск: Альфа-Порте, 2014. — 460 с.
- Энтин Д. « Теория заговоров и конспиративистский менталитет » // Новая и новейшая история . 2000. № 1).
- Эпперсон Р. Невидимая рука. Введение во взгляд на историю как на заговор . М.: Образование-Культура, 1996. — 256 с. ISBN 5-88857-013-3
- The social consequences of conspiracism: Exposure to conspiracy theories decreases intentions to engage in politics and to reduce one's carbon footprint
Конспирологические работы
- А. А. Авторханов «Загадка смерти Сталина (заговор Берии)»
- Джон Колеман . «Комитет трехсот. Тайны мирового правительства»
- С. Нилус . «Протоколы Сионских мудрецов»
- К. П. Петров «Тайны управления человечеством» ISBN 978-5-91047-002-0
- Дуглас Рид . «Спор о Сионе. 2500 лет еврейского заговора.»
- Ральф Эпперсон . «Невидимая рука. Введение во Взгляд на Историю как на Заговор» ISBN 5-88857-013-3
- Джон Толанд : «Подлость: Перл-Харбор и его последствия».
Movies
- Дух времени , Дух времени: Приложение и Дух времени: Следующий шаг — документальные фильмы Питера Джозефа о «религиозном заговоре», о теории заговора 11 сентября и о теории финансового заговора ФРС США .
- Империя добра — документальный фильм о политике США. Был показан по каналу Россия.
- The Secret — американский документальный фильм 2006 года. В начале показаны несколько кадров с людьми (предположительно высокого ранга чиновниками), которые с чем-то соглашаются. Из контекста видно, что речь идёт о теории заговора («Тайну тщательно скрывали»).
- Loose change (фильм) — ещё один фильм о теории заговора 11 сентября.
- Dark Skies (Тёмные небеса/Зловещие небеса) — минисериал о заговоре с целью скрытия правды об НЛО и пришельцах.
- Теория заговора (фильм) — художественный фильм, поставленный Ричардом Доннером. Главный герой одержим параноидальной идеей, что вокруг замышляются заговоры.
- Утопия (мини-сериал) — сериал про теорию заговора против населения планеты.
- Три дня Кондора (фильм) — фильм по книге Джеймса Грейди «Шесть дней Кондора».
Беллетристика
- Сергей Сергеевич Тармашев . Романы «Наследие», «Наследие-2», повествующие, в том числе, о заговоре владельцев крупнейших компаний и корпораций, которые хотят захватить продовольственный рынок с помощью производства генетически модифицированных организмов .
- Джеймс Грейди . «Шесть дней Кондора» («Six Days of the Condor»), роман
- Дэн Браун . « Код да Винчи », « Ангелы и Демоны »
- Умберто Эко . « Маятник Фуко »
- Анатолий Гладилин . «Тень всадника»
- Лоуренс Норфолк . «Словарь Ламприера»
- Томас Пинчон . «Выкрикивается лот 49»
- Нил Стивенсон . « Криптономикон »
- Алекс Тарн . «Протоколы сионских мудрецов»
- Роберт Уилсон, Роберт Ши . Трилогия «Иллюминатус!» («The Illuminatus! Trilogy») — в этом романе собраны едва ли не все популярные конспирологические теории мирового заговора, которые по сюжету оказываются следствием тысячелетнего противостояния двух древних кланов беженцев из утонувшей Атлантиды.
Links
- Дугин А. Г. «Конспирология стала пошлой» .
- Конспиромания. Питер Найт картографировал необозримые просторы американской паранойи
- Би-би-си : «Теоретик заговора живёт в каждом из нас?»
- Большой город. Статья «А власти скрывают»
- A. A. Wasserman Aza and axioms of historical conspiracy
- Dugin A. G. «Conspirology» . M., 1993, 2005;
- Computerra : No. 14 (538) April 13, 2004 Theme of the issue: “In search of a conspiracy”
- Alexander Panchenko . Conspiracy Theory and Modern Religious Culture (video)