Hearing, Gigimont Adam

The representative of the Lithuanian noble family Slushkov emblem " Ostoy ". The son of the voivode of Minsk, Novogrudok and Trok Alexander Nikolayevich Slushka (c. 1620 - 1658 ) and Sophia Konstantiya Zenovich .

Born in the gentry family Slushkov, his ancestors at the beginning of the XV century. converted from Orthodoxy to Catholicism . He received his primary education at home, in 1639 he was sent to teach in Vilna . In 1645 - 1646 he was educated at the University of Cracow .

In 1648, at the beginning of the Cossack-peasant war, led by Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 20-year-old Zhigimont Adam Slushka was organizing the defense of Belarus from the invasions of the rebellious Ukrainian Cossacks. However, the Cossack detachments that entered Ukraine from Belarus did not meet organized resistance from the Lithuanian magnates and gentry. Hetman, the great Lithuanian Janusz Kishka, was seriously ill and was unable to quickly respond to the Cossack attacks in Belarus. For their own money, the Lithuanian magnates gathered their outlying detachments and tried to suppress the Cossack-peasant demonstrations. For the defense of the Dnieper, the great Lithuanian coronet Jan Patz collected two banners. A significant detachment to fight the Cossack-peasant uprising with his own money was also assembled by Zhigimont Adam Slushka.

Unable to protect Gomel from the Cossacks, the owner of the city, Zhigimont Slushka, in order to save Gomel from extermination, in fact gave the rebels Jews who were seeking salvation outside the fortress walls.

In December 1648, Zhigimont Slushka defended the important Dnieper city Old Bykhov from the Cossack corps under the leadership of Colonel Filon Garkusha . For his active participation in the fight against the Cossacks in March 1649, Zhigimont Slushka received the post of Lithuanian corral. At the same time, at the beginning of the Cossack-peasant war, relations between the Lithuanian hetman Janusz Radziwill , who represented the interests of the Protestant gentry, and Zhigimont Slushka, who supported the Polish king and the Catholic party, intensified. In addition, there was a personal hostility between the full hetman and the outdoor cornet. This hostility had related reasons. Janusz Radziwill clashed with the closest comrade-in-arms of Vladislav IV Vazy, marshal of the court crowned Adam Casanovsky , who was married to Elzbiet, the sister of Zhigimont Slushka.

In the summer of 1649, J. Slushka received money for a set of Cossack banners with a number of 100-150 horses for the Lithuanian army. However, despite the orders of Janusz Radziwill , he never brought his banner to the Lithuanian camp near Rechitsa . For disobedience to the commander, the case of Zhigimont Slushka was considered at a meeting of the ON Tribunal and, under pressure from J. Radziwill, the corral court was convicted. At the Tribunal's order of June 3-6, 1650, J. Slushka was supposed to return to the treasury of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania money that he received for recruiting soldiers, at his own expense to collect the Cossack banner and command it for three months free of charge.

Zhigimont Slushka did not dispute the court ruling and continued military service. In the autumn and winter of 1650, the Slushka banner operated in the region of Propoisk and Bykhov , protecting this region from Cossack raids from the Starodushchyna and suppressing a peasant uprising here. In the spring of 1651, the J. Slushki banner moved to the Rechitsa district, in the Gomel region.

In May 1651, Chernihiv Colonel Martyn Nebaba sent a large Cossack corps (7-8 thousand people) under the command of Colonels Zabela, Popovich and Litvinenko to Gomel and further to Bykhov , leaving 3 thousand Cossacks to defend Loev . Gomel’s defense was led by the Lithuanian coronet court Zhigimont Adam Slushka, who had under his command a small garrison. A small Gomel garrison courageously repelled Cossack attacks. To help Gomel , Prince Gregory Podberezsky arrived from Rechitsa with his division and forced the Cossacks to lift the siege and stupid.

After the enemy retreated, Zhigimont Slushka with his banner would be sent to the Mstislavsk region to fight the Cossack detachments under the leadership of Colonels Shokhov and Tarasenko, who were passed by the Moscow government through the Bryansk district . On June 6, 1651, the advanced detachment of I. Shokhov, under the command of Tarasenko, without resistance took Roslavl . From July 4 to July 19, 1651, there were three battles between the gentry militia and the Cossacks, as a result of which the Lithuanian gentry gonfalons suffered heavy losses near Krichev , but were able to restrain the advance of the Cossacks in the Dnieper, thereby providing the main forces of the Lithuanian army Janusz Radziwill near Loyev .

In September 1651, Zhigimont Slushka was in the ranks of the Lithuanian army under the command of Janusz Radziwill when he joined the coronary army near Vasilkov in the Kiev region. For active participation in the fight against the Cossacks in March 1652 he received the post of stolnik the great Lithuanian.

Despite the end of the Cossack-peasant uprising on the territory of Belarus , Zhigimont Slushka continued his military service. In August 1653, his Cossack banner (100 horses) was mentioned in the Lithuanian army.

In 1654, Zhigimont Adam Slushka took an active part in the Russian-Polish war (1654-1667) . In the summer of 1654, he, led by an equestrian regiment, arrived in the camp of the Lithuanian army under the command of the great Lithuanian hetman Janusz Radziwill. In August 1654, he participated in battles with the Russian army near Shklov and Shepelevich . In early September, J. Slushka with his regiment (1470 people) was sent to the Rechitsa district to help Gomel . However, Zhigimont Slushka could not stop the superior forces of the punished Cossack hetman Ivan Zolotarenko (about 30 thousand people) and was forced to retreat. At the end of 1654, the very thinning regiment of J. Slushka was again listed in the main forces of the Lithuanian army. At the beginning of 1655, Zhigimont Slushka participated in the unsuccessful winter campaign of Janusz Radziwill in Belarus. J. Slushka personally wrote letters to the residents of Mogilev , urging them to return to the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania .

In the spring and summer of 1655, the regiment of Zhigimont Slushki took an active part in military operations in the Dnieper and Central Belarus, which led to a significant reduction in its strength. At the end of July 1655, Janusz Radziwill notified the king of heavy losses to the regiment of the outward cornet, however he continued the struggle. In August 1655, Zhigimont Service supported the idea of ​​the need to begin negotiations with the Russian command about a ceasefire, but this idea was not implemented. On August 8, 1655, in the battle of Vilna, Russian troops defeated a small Lithuanian army, and then captured the Lithuanian capital. The gonfalons of Zhigimont Slushki retreated to the border with Prussia , and the out-of-house corral, along with two Lithuanian hetmans - Janusz Radziwill and Vincent Gonsevsky, retreated to Zemaitija .

In mid-August 1655, Zhigimont Adam Slushka signed an act prepared by Janusz Radziwill on the withdrawal of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the Commonwealth and the transition to a union with Sweden. In the second half of August 1655, under the pressure of the Hetman of the full Lithuanian Vincent of Gonsevsky, Zhigimont Sluchka changed his position.

On September 8, 1655 , taking advantage of favorable circumstances, Zhigimont Slushka fled from the camp of J. Radziwill near the Caydans along with Polish soldiers (about 1 thousand people) who served in the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Declaring himself the regimentary of this detachment of the Polish army, J. Slushka went to Podlasie to join the army of Bohuslav Radziwill . However, it soon turned out that B. Radziwill supported the pro-Swedish policy of his cousin J. Radziwill . Zhigimont Slushka stopped in Podlasie , from where he sent an ambassador to King Jan Casimir asking what he should do next. Awaiting a royal response, he began negotiations with the Grodno and Lida gentry, which united under the command of Yakub Kuntsevich to fight the Russian troops. The negotiations ended successfully, in October 1655, the combined forces of the court gates of the court servants, Polish soldiers, Grodno and Lida gentry tried unsuccessfully to recapture Grodno .

On November 19, 1655, the troops of Zhigimont Slushka and Yakub Kuntsevich suffered a heavy defeat in the battle of Sands, after which they were forced to retreat to Brest , where they joined the army of the great Lithuanian hetman Pavel Jan Sapieha . On November 23, the combined forces of P. Ya. Sapiegi and J. A. Slushki defeated the Russian army under the command of Prince Semyon Urusov at Brest , but four days later they themselves were defeated in the battle of Verkhovichi and were forced to retreat west.

In the spring of 1656, Zhigimont Slushka took an active part in the struggle of the Lithuanian army Pavel Jan Sapieha against the Swedes. The Slushka regiment successfully operated between the Vistula and San Rivers, and participated on April 12 in the liberation of Lublin . In the summer of 1656, along with Pavel Sapieha, the Slushki banners took part in the siege of the Swedish garrison in the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After the liberation of Warsaw, Zhigimont Slushka participated in the battle with the Swedish-Brandenburg army on the right bank of the Vistula, which occurred on July 28-30, 1656 . In the summer of 1656 in the Lithuanian army, a conflict began between the great hetman Pavel Jan Sapieha and the full hetman Vincent Gonsevsky . The apparent favor of King Jan Casimir to Vincent Gonsevsky and his weak submission to the great hetman caused Pavel Sapieha's discontent. In the fall of 1656, the situation in the regiment of J. A. Slushka, as in the entire Lithuanian army, worsened. Soldiers who had not received a salary for a long time threatened to create a confederation, and it was very difficult to keep them in obedience. After the Slushki regiment took Tykocin Castle on January 27, 1657 , the soldiers rebelled and refused to fight until they received a salary. The confederation was actually organized by Pavel Jan Sapieha , who sought to pursue an independent policy from the royal authority, in connection with which Zhigimont Slushka left the troops. In the fall of 1657, Pavel Jan Sapieha, at a meeting in Brest , to which Rechitsa Ambassador Zhigimont Slushka arrived, won the support of the Lithuanian magnates and the gentry in the fight against the king’s aspirations to weaken the position of the great hetman. In 1658, Pavel Jan Sapieha began to actually conduct an independent policy from the king, focusing on the Habsburgs and promising his support to their candidate for the throne of the Commonwealth. Under these conditions, Zhigimont Adam Slushka began to draw closer to the supporters of the Polish king. In the summer of 1657, J. Slushka took part in the campaign of the ON division under the command of the clerk of the full Lithuanian prince Alexander Gilyar Polubinsky against the Transylvanian prince Gyorgy II Rakotsi . In the winter of 1658, together with Alexander Polubinsky, Zhigimont Slushka secretly met with Polish King Jan II Casimir Waza , where it was possible to discuss a plan to weaken the position of the great Lithuanian hetman by separating a special detachment under his command from Alexander Polubinsky from his division. This meeting with the king seriously complicated the relations of J. Slushka with the great hetman, which was manifested in the placement of the soldiers of his regiment for the winter not in the wealthy Podlasie , but in the devastated Volhynia. In response, Zhigimont Adam Slushka openly called on the king to separate his regiment from the division of the right wing of Pavel Sapieha and reassign him to A. Polubinsky . In the spring of 1658 he was elected ambassador from the Rechitsa district to the Sejm.

In the second half of 1659 and the beginning of 1660, two Cossack banners of Zhigimont Slushka participated in military operations against the Swedes in Zemaitiya and Kurland , but the out-of-house cornet himself, probably, did not participate in military operations, but was in Doylides in Podlasie .

At the beginning of 1660 , accusing the great Lithuanian hetman Pavel Jan Sapieha of unsuccessful battles with the Russians at the end of 1659 , the Polish king Jan II Casimir removed him from command of the Lithuanian forces, appointing Prince Alexander Polubinsky to this post. In response to this, the Lithuanian jollers organized a confederation led by Colonel Samuel Kmitich , demanding the return of the former commander in chief. In May 1660, Zhigimont Slushka unexpectedly switched over to the side of the Sapier’s men.

In the summer of 1660, the great Lithuanian coronet Zhigimont Adam Slushka took part in the offensive of the Polish-Lithuanian troops in Lithuania and Belarus, participated in successful battles on the Polonka River ( June 28 ) and in the Basse River in September-October 1660 . In early 1661, due to a sharp deterioration in vision, J. Slushka left the Lithuanian army, but continued to actively participate in the political life of the country. In 1662 he was elected ambassador from the Rechitsa district to the Sejm. Moreover, in December 1663 - March 1664 , despite poor eyesight, the great Lithuanian coronet, at the head of two Cossack banners, participated in the campaign of the Lithuanian army under the command of the head of the Zhemaiti Yuri Glebovich in the Dnieper.

In 1664, Zhigimont Adam Slushka completely lost his sight, but at the beginning of 1665 , when he began to see a little, he returned to social activity. In 1666, he was again elected ambassador from the Rechitsa district to the Sejm. In September 1667 he participated in the work of the military-treasury commission in Vilna , and in October of the same year he took part in the solemn procession of transporting the remains of Iosafat Kuntsevich from Vilna to Polotsk . Despite progressive eye disease and increasing blindness, Zhigimont Slushka tried not to leave the political arena. In 1674 , as an ambassador from the Rechitsa Povet , he participated in the election of Jan III Sobieski to the Polish throne.

On December 2, 1674, 46-year-old Zhigimont Adam Slushka died without leaving any posterity.

• Charopka. S. Rechitsky pasol in the Rechas Sejm Diet Zygmunt Adam Hearing: life for Aichyna / S. Charopka // Syomya Mіzhdnarodny Donўnar-Zapolsky chytannі: mater. mizhnar. Navuk. Chancellor - Gomel, 2010 .-- S. 302-309.
• Racuba, A. Słuszka Zygmunt Adam / A. Rachuba // Polski słownik biograficzny. - Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków: Wyd-wo PAN, 1999 .-- T. XXXIX / 1. - Zeszyt 160.- S. 153-156.