Going of the Baltic Army to the Baltic States and Belorussia in 1918-1919, Forbidding of the Red Army - the offensive of the Soviet forces in the western strategic direction in order to occupy the territory of the Soviet government in their territory. The official aim of the campaign was to prevent the transfer of power into the hands of the local national intelligentsia, petty-bourgeois parties and the so-called "social aggressors" (Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Bund). It is part of the Civil War in Russia , the War of Independence of Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania . It included the offensive of the 7 Soviet army in Estonia and Latvia and the Western army in Belarus and Lithuania .
Soviet troops were opposed: in Estonia - Estonian troops , White Guards and Finnish volunteers; in Latvia, the Baltic Landeswehr and the German Iron and Guards Division; in Lithuania, the Prussian Hoffmann Volunteer Corps; in Belarus - Polish Self-Defense Detachments [1] and Ukrainian Haidamaks and Petliurists [2] .
Both during the operation, and after it, and in our days, there were many views on the “Hike”: from the “liberation hike” in Soviet historiography [1] [3] [4] to the “occupation” in Western and Baltic historiography. Soviet historiography considers it as follows:
The campaign of the Red Army in the Baltic States and Belarus (1918-1919) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Main conflict: Russian Civil War Estonian War of Independence The struggle for the independence of Latvia Soviet-Lithuanian war Soviet-Polish war Foreign military intervention in Russia | ||||
Red Army offensive | ||||
date | November 17, 1918 [1] - February 19, 1919 [1] | |||
A place | Russia , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Belarus | |||
Total | The Red Army occupies most of the Baltic States and Belarus, the creation of the Soviet republics - ETC , the Latvian SSR , the Lithuanian CP and the SSR of Belarus [1] . The beginning of the Soviet - Polish war . | |||
Opponents | ||||
| ||||
Commanders | ||||
| ||||
Forces of the parties | ||||
| ||||
“… While the price element under the veil of German bayonets was freely organized on its territory, the proletariat of Estonia, Latvia, Finland, Lithuania, Belarus and Poland scattered across the territory of Russia sought, moreover, under the protection of Soviet power.
Soviet Russia, as the first proletarian state in the world, supported the working-class masses of the suburbs who wished to create Soviet republics in their homeland. Soviet power allowed the formation of Soviet national armies in the RSFSR both to seize the territory of these nationalities and to consolidate these territories for themselves ... ”
- N. Kakurin. Civil War. 1918–1921 / N. Ye. Kakurin, I. I. Vatsetis; Ed. A. S. Bubnova et al. - SPb .: OOO Poligon Publishing House, 2002. - 672 p., Ill. - (Great confrontation). Circulation 5100 copies. ISBN 5-89173-150-9 .
Content
Prerequisites
In February-March 1918, Germany and its allies ( Austria-Hungary , Bulgaria , the Ottoman Empire ) launched an offensive on all fronts and captured a significant territory - the territory of Estonia, Eastern Latvia, Central Belarus and most of Ukraine. On March 3, 1918, the Brest Peace Treaty was signed, according to which Soviet Russia refused in favor of Germany and Austria-Hungary from the Baltic States and parts of Belarus west of the Dvinsk-Pruzhany line. Soviet Russia recognized the independence of the UPR .
Germany’s refusal of the conditions of the Brest-Litovsk peace , along with the Peace of Bucharest and Romania , was recorded by the Compiegne Truce (Section B, paragraph XV) between the Entente and Germany on November 11, 1918.
On November 13, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR annulled the Brest Peace Treaty :
The All-Russian CEC sim solemnly declares that the terms of peace with Germany, signed in Brest on March 3, 1918, have lost their strength and significance. The Brest-Litovsk Treaty (as well as the Supplementary Agreement, signed in Berlin on August 27 and ratified by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on September 6, 1918) as a whole and in all clauses is declared destroyed. All obligations included in the Brest-Litovsk Treaty concerning the indemnity or concession of the territory and regions are declared null and void ...
- Documents of the USSR foreign policy. VOLUME I, p. 565
In November, the Soviet government issued an order on the nomination of Soviet troops on the territory of Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic states following the retreating German troops in order to establish Soviet power there [5] .
Forces of the parties
The Red Army (the 7th and Western Armies) had a total of more than 15.1 thousand bayonets, more than 600 sabers, about 76 guns and 489 machine guns [1] ; according to other sources - 17,313 bayonets, 661 saber, about 66 guns, 285 machine guns [2] .
The Estonian army as of January 1919 had a total of 13,000 men, 5,700 men at the front [6] , according to other data 4,450 men [7] .
The Latvian army was small: on December 20, a Student Company was created in Riga (216 people), and on January 3, 1919, the Latvian troops — 4 companies totaled 436 people. On January 5, a separate battalion of Latvian was established in Jelgava [8] .
The Lithuanian army as of December 1918 was a little over 230 people [9] , and after the mobilization of officers, about 400 people announced on January 25 [10] .
The Polish Self-Defense detachments totaled more than 3,000 people [11] .
Composition of the parties
Soviet Russia and its allies
Soviet Russia created new Soviet republics in the occupied territories and transferred part of its troops to them [1] . Thus, all these states ( ETC , LSSR , LSR and SSRB ) automatically became allies of Soviet Russia.
National States
National “bourgeois” republics opposed Soviet Russia: Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland [1] , as well as the UPR [2] . They were supported by the British fleet and the White Guard North Corps [1] .
Germany
Germany took a special position in the conflict. The ruling circles of Germany were hostile to Soviet Russia. On November 5, 1918, the Soviet Embassy was expelled from Berlin . Relationships did not change even after the November revolution in Germany. On November 11, 1918, the commander-in-chief of the Eastern Front, von Kirchbach, ordered the partial evacuation of the German troops [1] , and only on November 28 the Military Ministry of the Eastern Front issued an order to evacuate the German troops from the territories of Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Belarus , Ukraine , Crimea , Georgia [2 ] . However, Germany did not refuse intervention. The order of the German High Command of November 16 stated [4] :
"... the rapid abandonment of all the eastern regions ... contradicts the national and economic interests of Germany ..."
- World history, M., 1961. T. 4, S. 127
Instead of neutrality, Germany in every way impeded the advancement of the Red Army:
- First, in Belarus, German troops and the administration in every way robbed the population, took out property, destroyed bridges [4]
- secondly, the German command in various ways delayed the evacuation of its troops [1]
- thirdly, the German troops, carrying out the withdrawal, continued to assist the White Guards and nationalists in the formation of the detachments, and the Polish troops were given the opportunity to take Brest-Litovsk [1] .
German troops did not finally retreat beyond the borders of 1914. German troops remained in Western Belarus and the Baltic States (in Kovno - Grodno and Liepaja regions, in North-Western Latvia). Their stay in the Baltic states was envisaged: first by the Compiègne Truce (this provided for Article 12 of the document [8] ), and secondly by the Versailles Peace Treaty , while the Entente considers it necessary [1] . In the area of Grodno and Kaunas, the German troops lingered to prevent the Soviet troops from East Prussia, Grodno and Kaunas became fortresses in which German garrisons were located for a long time.
Preparation of the operation
Defeated in the First World War, the German Empire was to withdraw its troops from the occupied territories of Belarus and the Baltic states to the borders of 1914 [1] . However, not all of the population of the former western outskirts of the Russian Empire was pleased with the return of Soviet power:
“... The revolutions in Germany and Austria, the revolutionary agitation of the Bolsheviks in the front line - all this led to the fact that the Austro-German troops began to hastily retreat from the Soviet areas they occupied. The frightened bourgeoisie of Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Poland, Ukraine appealed for help and assistance against the Bolsheviks to the Entente. The bourgeoisie of these countries understood perfectly well that without the support of the large imperialist states, it would not keep itself in power. This was vividly testified by the experience of the Russian bourgeoisie. Like the Russian bourgeoisie, the bourgeoisie of the outlying states begins to trade in their "homeland" ...
... The Entente, who feared the proletarian revolution even more than the bourgeoisie of the suburbs, willingly granted her request to take the outlying states under her protection. Defeated Germany was demanded not to withdraw its troops from the Baltic states, Poland and Ukraine until they were replaced by the Entente troops ... ”- Rabinovich, S.Istoriya Civil War
The Soviet command decided to move immediately after the withdrawing German troops and to occupy the areas they were clearing [1] .
These tasks went to the 7th Army (2nd Novgorod Infantry Division, 6th and 10th Infantry Divisions; in total over 7,500 bayonets, about 400 sabers, 58 guns and 285 machine guns) and the Western Army (17, Pskov and Western rifle divisions, more than 7,600 bayonets, more than 200 sabers, 204 machine guns, 18 guns, according to other sources 17 and the Pskov division, total 9713 bayonets, 261 saber, 8 guns). A part of the Baltic Fleet , reinforced by the Yuryev regiment, the 1st and 6th rifle regiments, several cavalry squadrons and the battalion of the Latvian rifle division, was transferred to the operational subordination of the 7th Army [1] .
The course of the fighting
Stage 1 (November-December 1918)
On the night of November 17, 1918 , the troops of the Western Army and the 2nd Frontier Division crossed the demarcation line and began to advance following the evacuated German troops [1] .
In areas liberated from the German occupation forces, Soviet power was restored. In a telegram dated November 29, 1918, V. I. Lenin instructed commander-in-chief I. Vatsetis [12] :
“... With the advancement of our troops to the west and to Ukraine, regional temporary Soviet governments are being created, calling for the strengthening of local councils. This circumstance has a good side, which makes it impossible for the chauvinists of Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estland to view the movement of our units as an occupation and creates a conducive atmosphere for the advancement of our troops. Without this circumstance, our troops would be placed in the occupied areas in an impossible position, and the population would not meet us as liberators.
In view of this, we ask the commanders of the respective military units to instruct our troops to support the Soviet governments in every way ... ”
- Lenin U. І. Tvory. T. 28. P. 207
Liberation of Pskov
The troops of the left combat sector (2nd Novgorod Infantry Division and part of the 6th Infantry Division) of the 7th Army, with the support of the rebel workers who defeated the headquarters of the White Guard Northern Corps, released Pskov on November 25 [1] .
During the liberation of the city, the troops under the command of Commissioner Jan Fabricius were particularly distinguished.
Offensive in Estonia
The occupation of Estonia was entrusted to the red Estonian troops and the main blow was delivered in the direction of Narva. The forces of the 7th Red Army and the Red Fleet [13] [3] should help the red Estonian units.
The attack of the Red Army, which began at the end of 1918, found Estonia in very difficult conditions: the state apparatus and the army of the Republic of Estonia were only in the initial stage of formation, and the army lacked weapons and ammunition. It was a difficult food situation. Most of the inhabitants did not support the Bolsheviks, but the belief in the preservation of sovereignty was weak. The population did not believe that Estonia would be able to resist the advances of the Red Army [4] .
In the area of Narva concentrated up to 4 thousand people, 24 guns, 12 mortars, 68 machine guns and 1 armored train. They, together with a detachment of Estonians, numbering up to 1 thousand people, occupied an engineering-equipped defensive line. On November 28, the troops of the right combat sector (the 6th SDL and the 2nd Fellinsky Communist Estonian Rifle Regiment) of the 7th Army launched an offensive, and attacking from different sides, with the support of the Baltic Fleet, drove the enemy out of the city. The next day, the Estland Labor Commune was created [1] .
The Estonian government, with the help of the remnants of the German army, the Russian and Finnish White Guards from Finland, quickly created a large force that could not be broken. Estonians successfully operated on internal operational lines, relying on two cross-cutting railway lines from Revel, and widely used armored trains [13] .
The Soviet offensive unfolded in 3 directions:
1) to Narva - Wesenberg - Revel
2) from Pskov to Verro- Yuriev
3) from Verro to Valk - Pernov [13] [5] .
On the Tallinn direction, the Red Army on December 16 occupied Kund , Rakvere , and 26 - Tapa [1] . On December 24, 49 a red Latvian rifle regiment took Tartu [14] . In the rear of the German and Estonian troops guerrilla groups were active. By the beginning of January 1919, units of the 7th Army were located 30-35 kilometers from Tallinn [1] .
Part 7 of the Army, advancing south of Tallinn, approached Pärnu and Viljandi [1] .
Offensive in Latvia
Parts of the left sector of the 7th Army, after the liberation of Pskov, developed an offensive on the Valks direction [1] . On December 9, the Red Army occupied Daugavpils , the 10th Aluksne and Gulbene [8] .
Parts of the Latvian Red Riflemen attacked in 3 directions:
1) Pskov - Valka - Riga
2) Rezhitsa - Krustpils - Mitava
3) Driss - Ponevezh - Shavli [13] [6]
On December 18, Valka was busy and progress towards Riga began: 22 was occupied by Valmiera , 23 by Cēsis [1] .
Soviet historiography asserts that "the workers and peasants of the region met red shooters as their deliverers from age-old oppression." [13] [7]
Latvia’s situation was deteriorating. On December 29, a riot broke out between two mouths of the militia formed by the Ulmanis government. They refused to fight with their compatriots (red Latvian arrows), advancing on Riga. The revolt was crushed the next day thanks to the Landeswehr [8] . In connection with this, Sigulda was taken on December 30 [15] . On December 31, units of the Latvian Rifle Division clashed with units of the Latvian-German-Russian Landeswehr , on the outskirts of Riga [1] , namely Inchukalns, there were also units of the Iron Brigade [8] [15] . January 3 in Riga, an uprising of workers broke out. By the end of the day, the city was taken [1] . There entered the 1st, 4th and 6th regiments infantry regiments [15] . A few days later, Mitava was taken. In mid-January 1919, the movement to Kurland began on the wide Windau - Libau front [13] [8] .
By December 10, 1918, Soviet troops reached the Krustpils - Daugavpils line in Latvia [1] .
The German barony in alliance with the Latvian bourgeoisie offered strong resistance. Fortified castles were turned into the citadels of feudalism. Along with local formations, mercenary-volunteer detachments from the remnants of the 8th German army were involved in the fight against the Soviet troops. Soviet historiography asserts that the German East-Baronial resisted in alliance with the Latvian bourgeoisie, that "Fortified castles were turned into feudal citadels" that 8 units of the German army fought against the Soviet troops [13] [9] .
By decree of December 22, SNK RSFSR recognized the independence of Soviet Latvia [1] .
Launch of offensive in Belarus
The offensive in the direction of Privislyansky began immediately after the retreat of the German troops. The task was set:
1) occupation of Belarus
2) moving towards Warsaw to the Western Bug River
The advance of the Red Army to the designated frontiers developed quite successfully [16] [10] .
The offensive in Belarus was led by the Western Army (17th and Pskov divisions [2] ). Its advancement met almost no obstacles [2] . November 21, 1918 parts of the Pskov division was occupied Polotsk , 22 - Drissa . 22 units of the 17th division were occupied by Rogachev , 24 - Zhlobin , 28 - Bobruisk .
At the beginning of December 1918, the High Command reinforced the Western Army by the Western division, which strengthened the possibilities of its actions. On December 3, units of the Western division were occupied by Borisov , 8 by Slutsk , 9 by Igumen [17] . The BNR Council did not create detachments to protect Minsk, and the Poles, despite the creation of the Minsk Land Self-Defense, also did not have the forces to defend it [18] [19]. Therefore, units of the Red Army (Western division of the Western Army) entered Minsk on December 10 [4 ] .
By December 10, 1918, Soviet troops reached the Dvinsk - Minsk - Slutsk - Shatsilka - Rudenets line, freeing up almost half of the territory of Belarus [1] , namely: the Pskov division reached the Ekabmets - Dvinsk region , the 17th division - the Vileyka and Minsk regions [18 ] . On December 14, units of the Western division liberated Vileyka, 18 - Molodechno , 27 - Novogrudok [20] .
Commencement of the offensive in Lithuania
By December 12, units of the Red Army numbering 18 [21] -20 thousand people approached the borders of Lithuania [22] . The units of the Pskov Division and the 5th Vilna Infantry Regiment, formed from the Russians, begin an offensive in Lithuania [23] in the Vilnius and Panevėžys areas [1] .
Soviet historiography asserts that the struggle for the occupation of Lithuania proceeded in even worse conditions. The LSR Soviet government, due to the lack of sufficient personnel, could not create its own armed forces, while the petty-bourgeois masses (“owners”) were strongly influenced by the Catholic clergy, and the process of emancipation of the latter from the remnants of antiquities went very slowly to the new era [13] [11] .
On December 22 Sventiany were occupied, 23 - Utena , 27 - Rokiskis [22] .
Stage 2 (January – February 1919)
Soviet troops began to meet with ever-increasing resistance. British troops landed in Revel, Ust-Dvinsk and Libau. At the same time, the general position of the Soviet troops in the Baltic States worsened - in Latvia the advance was deep, while the front was extended, but the Red Army began to suffer defeats on the flanks - in Estonia and Lithuania [13] [12] .
Counterattack by Estonian and White Guard troops
The Estonian government decided to resist the aggression of the Bolsheviks, but in many respects hoped for the help of Western states (that is , Russia's allies in the First World War ) and Finland . These hopes were justified: in December 1918 - the navy of Great Britain arrived at the aid of Estonia; Finland sent weapons, and in January 1919 about 4,000 volunteers arrived from there. However, without the decisive steps of Estonia from external assistance would not be good. The Estonian government was active: mobilization and formation of new units was carried out, and on December 23, 1918, an active colonel Johan Laidoner was appointed commander of the army, he decided to liberate Estonia from the Bolsheviks and go on the offensive [13] .
Soviet historiography asserts that the Estonian troops increased significantly "especially due to the formation of Russian White Guard elements organized by the émigré bourgeoisie", and the German bourgeoisie and the land aristocracy who escaped here after its expulsion from Latvia helped the Estonian government [13] [14 ] ] . In early January 1919, Estonian troops, with the support of the Entente, Finnish and Swedish volunteers and Russian White Guards, suppressed the partisan movement in their rear, and already on January 7, with more than 5,000 bayonets and sabers, they launched an offensive on the front from the Gulf of Finland to Paid . On January 14, the Estonian-White Guard troops occupied Tartu [1] . The Finnish volunteer brigade of marines landed in the rear of the 6th Soviet division and the 1st Estonian division took Narva on January 18 [14] , according to other sources on January 19 [1] .
As a result of the counterattack, the entire territory of Estonia was under the control of Estonian troops [1] . The front stabilized along the River Narva [14] .
These events forced the commander of the Latvian army, Slaven, to set up 3 Latvian rifle regiments against Estonian troops [16] [15] . On February 16, the 7th army launched a new offensive in Estonia. The Estonian Red Army took Setomaa [14] .
Fighting in Latvia
The troops of the Army of Soviet Latvia , created on January 4, 1919, developing the offensive by January 30, occupied almost the entire territory of Latvia, except for the Liepaja area [1] and Aizpute [8] . Soviet power was restored in Latvia [1] .
But the situation at the front has changed, even on January 29 the Latvian separate battalion launched an offensive against the Reds and occupied Skrunda [8] . And in February, German volunteer, Latvian and White Guard units ( Landeswehr , German Iron and Guards Reserve Divisions) under the command of Rüdiger von der Goltz launched an offensive and occupied Ventspils and Kuldiga [1] . Also on February 9, a ship carrying weapons for the Ulmanis government forces arrived in Liepaja [8] .
Continuing the offensive in Lithuania and Belarus
After the occupation of Sventyan and Novo-Aleksandrovsk, the Red Army launched an attack on Vilna on January 2. The fighting for the city began on January 4, 1919, when units of the Pskov Division and the 5th Vilna Regiment met with Polish Self-Defense detachments under the command of General Vladislav Veitka. After two days of fighting, the Red Army took Vilna on January 6 [24] .
In Western Belarus, on January 6, the Red Army occupied Baranavichy , 10 - Lida [1] . In the Belarusian Polesie after the battles with the Petliurist detachments and haidamaks [2] Luninets was taken January 9, on January 12 the German command transferred the Red Army Rechitsa , and 14 - Gomel [4] . Also after the battle with the Ukrainian troops on January 25 Pinsk was taken [2] [12] .
In Lithuania, the Red Army occupied Vilkomir on January 9 [25] , January 15 - Siauliai , 25 - Telšiai . The offensive in Lithuania stopped only when Latvian and German troops attacked the Red Army on the Venta River [22] . By the end of 1918, the Red Army occupied a significant part of Lithuania, the power of the soviets was established there [2] .
End of the Offensive
Soviet historiography asserts that "... on the Western Front we have made the greatest achievements in Latvia and in the direction of Privislyansky ...". [13] [16]
By March, the front passed along the line of Verro - Valk - Geynash - Dvinsk - Vindava - r. Venta - Telshi - Shavli [13] [17] , and then Ponevezh - Slonim - Kartuzskaya Birch - yellow. dear Ivanovo station (west of Pinsk) - Sarny - Ovruch . [2]
On this the advance of the Red Army ended [1] . Soviet historiography asserts that "... the High Command was constrained in devoting further forces and means to strengthening the Western Front ..." because of "... the extreme tension of all its living and material forces devoted to it for the two main theaters - the Eastern and Southern ...". Also, the Red Army executed the directive of January 12, 1919 No. 649 / a [13] [18] :
“... It must be borne in mind that March was for the RSFSR the beginning of the extreme tension of all its living and material forces, which it had given to the two main theaters, East and South. Both on that and on the other, decisive battles began, why the High Command was constrained in devoting further forces and means to strengthening the Western Front. Still, it should be noted that, in spite of such a difficult combat situation, on the front of the Soviet Lithuania, the military successes of the insignificant units operating there were quite significant: the Red forces had already occupied Vilna and the right bank of the Neman. In the future, they prepared to continue actions to implement the main part of the main directive dated January 12, 1919 No. 649 / a, namely, to the occupation of the middle Neman (Kovna-Grodn inclusive.) ... "
- N. Kakurin. Civil War. 1918-1921 / N. Ye. Kakurin, I. I. Vatsetis; Ed. A. S. Bubnova et al. - SPb .: OOO Poligon Publishing House, 2002. - 672 p., Ill. - (Great Oppositions). Circulation: 5100 copies. ISBN 5-89173-150-9 .
.
Soviet historiography asserts that “... Against the red Western Front, the forces of the white commanders continued to concentrate in four main areas:
- in Estonia
- in the western part of Courland, having Libava as its center
- in Lithuania
- on the banks of the middle Vistula ... " [13] [19] .
An attempt to take Kovno and Grodno in early February failed [1] . In Grodno, by that time there was 1 Belarusian Infantry Regiment, subordinated to Rade BNR [19] [26] , and Kovno according to Soviet historiography “... was occupied by one Polish division of Haller with cavalry and tanks; four forts are on alert ... " [13] [20]
On February 19, 1919, the directive of the commander-in-chief of February 12 formed the Western Front [1] .
Results of the operation
As a result of the offensive of the Soviet troops, almost the entire territory of Belarus and a large part of the Baltic States were occupied [1] .
Soviet power was restored there and new Soviet states were created [1] :
- Estland Labor Commune - November 29, 1918
- Lithuanian Soviet Republic - December 16, 1918
- Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic - December 17, 1918
- Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus - January 1, 1919
February 9-14, 1919 German troops missed the Polish units on the line r. Neman (before Skidel) - p. Zelvianka - p. Rouzhanka - Pruzhany - Kobrin. Soon parts of the Western Front of the Red Army approached from the other side. Thus, the Polish-Soviet front was formed in Lithuania and Belarus. The Soviet-Polish war began .
See also
- Estonian war of liberation
- The struggle for the independence of Latvia
- Soviet-Lithuanian war
- The offensive of the Ukrainian front
- Soviet-Polish war
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 33 35 35 37 38 39 40 41 Civil war and military intervention in the USSR. Encyclopedia / S. S. Khromov (Ed.). - 1st. - Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1983. - 704 p. - 100 000 copies
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 N. Kakurin, V. Melikov. War with the White Poles. 1920 M.
- ↑ Rabinovich S. History of the Civil War
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Foreign military intervention in Belarus 1917-1920 / Ignatenko I. M. et al., Ed. And I. Mintz - Mn. : "Science and technology", 1990.
- ↑ Civil war of 1917-1922, military intervention of the Entente countries (Inaccessible link) . The history of the Russian fleet . Regional branch of the all-Russian movement of support for the fleet of the Republic of Mordovia. The date of circulation is February 16, 2011. Archived March 5, 2016.
- ↑ Traksmaa, August: Lühike vabadussõja ajalugu, page 10. Olion, 1992, ISBN 5-450-01325-6
- ↑ Jaan Maide (1933). "IV". Ülevaade Eesti Vabadussõjast (1918-1920). Tartu: Kaitseliidu kirjastus.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Smirin G., Basic Facts on the History of Latvia - Riga: SI, 1999
- ↑ Oleg Latyszonek Bialoruskie formacje wojskowe 1917—1923
- ↑ Blaževičius, Kazys (November 24, 2004), “Lietuvos laisvės kovos 1919–1923 metais”, XXI amžius 88 (1291) (Lithuanian)
- ↑ T. 6. Kn. 1: Puzyny - Usaya / Belarus. Enzykl .; Redkal .: GP P. Pashko (halos red.) І інш .; Master E. E. Zhakevich. - Minsk: BelEn, 2001. - 591 pp .: il. ISBN 985-11-0214-8 ., P.216
- ↑ 1 2 Narys gіstoryі Belarus: At 2 pm Part 2 / M.P. Katsyuk, I. M. Іgnatsenka, U. І. Vyshynsky і інш .; Institut cities of the ANB. —Mn .: Belarus, 1995. — 560 pp .: іl. ISBN 5-338-01061-5 (Part 2).
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Kakurin N. Ye. Civil war. 1918-1921 / N. Ye. Kakurin, I. I. Vatsetis; Ed. A. S. Bubnova et al. - SPb .: OOO Poligon Publishing House, 2002. - 672 p., Ill. - (Great Oppositions). Circulation: 5100 copies. ISBN 5-89173-150-9 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Estonian War of Independence 1918–1920. Jyri Kork (Ed.). Esto, Baltimore, 1988 (Reprint from Estonian War of Independence 1918–20. Historical Committee for the War of Independence, Tallinn, 1938)
- ↑ 1 2 3 Latvijas Padomju Enciklopēdija. - Riga: Galvenā enciklopēdiju redakcija, 1984. - V. 52. - p. 198.
- ↑ 1 2 N. Kakurin. Civil War. 1918-1921 / N. Ye. Kakurin, I. I. Vatsetis; Ed. A. S. Bubnova et al. - SPb .: LLC “Polygon Publishing House”, 2002. - 672 p., Ill. - (Great confrontation). Circulation 5100 copies. ISBN 5-89173-150-9 .
- Foreign military intervention in Belorussia 1917-1920 / Ignatenko I. M. et al., Ed. And I. Mintz - Mn. : "Science and technology", 1990.
- ↑ 1 2 Bolesław Waligóra: Walka o Wilno. Okupacja Litwy i Białorusi w 1918-1919 r. przez Rosja Sowiecka / Bolesław Waligóra. - Wilno .; WYDAWNICTWO ZARZADU MIEJSKEGO w WILNE, 1938.
- ↑ 1 2 Oleg Łatyszonek Białoruskie formacje wojskowe 1917–1923
- ↑ Atlas: Belarus 1917-1945 / Minsk, “Belkartagrafiya”, - 2009. - 20 p. ISBN 978-985-508-160-0 .
- ↑ Kamuntavičius, Rūstis (2001), "Lietuvos istorija 11-12 klasėms", Vilnius: Vaga, ISBN 5-415-01502-7
- ↑ 1 2 3 Ališauskas, Kazys (1953–1966), “Lietuvos kariuomenė (1918–1944)”, Lietuvių enciklopedija XV, Boston, Massachusetts: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla, LCC 55020366 (Lithuanian)
- ↑ Boleslaw Waligora Walka o Wilno
- ↑ Wstępna faza walk. W: Wojna ... s. 50-53.
- ↑ N. Kakurin, V. A. Melikov. War with the White Poles. 1920 year. M.
- ↑ Gritskevich A. P .: Western Front of the RSFSR 1918-1920. The struggle between Russia and Poland for Belarus. / Scientific editing A. E. Taras . - Minsk: Harvest , 2010. - 496 seconds - (“Unknown Wars” series)
Literature
- Civil war and military intervention in the USSR. Encyclopedia / S. S. Khromov (Ed.). - 1st. - Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1983. - 704 p. - 100 000 copies
- Kakurin N.Ye. Civil War. 1918-1921 / N. Ye. Kakurin, I. I. Vatsetis; Ed. A. S. Bubnova et al. - SPb .: OOO Poligon Publishing House, 2002. - 672 p., Ill. - (Great Oppositions). Circulation: 5100 copies. ISBN 5-89173-150-9 .
- Rabinovich S. The History of the Civil War
Links
- https://web.archive.org/web/20160305173113/http://dpfmordoviya.ru/istoria-rossiyskogo-flota/2012-09-21/glava-7-deystviya-rossiyskogo-sovetskogo-flota-s-1917g- po-1940-gg-uchastie-moryakov-i -korabley-flota-v-grazhdanskoy-voyne-sozdanie-krasnogo-flota-vooruzhennyy-konflikt-na-ozere-khasan-vooruzhennyy-konflikt-na-kvzhd-sovetsko-finlyandskaya- voyna
- http://www.hrono.ru/sobyt/1900war/1918est.php
- http://militera.lib.ru/h/kakurin_vatsetis/index.html
- http://www.estonica.org/ru/History/1914-1920_yy_First_World_War_Warm_and_Working_Estonia_Independence/Estonian_Freedom_Warning_
- http://www.lvportals.lv/print.php?id=175383
- https://www.webcitation.org/6GXcRApwR?url=http://www.historia.lv/alfabets/A/AR/arpolitika/raksti/lerhis001.htm
- http://www.xxiamzius.lt/numeriai/2004/11/24/isving_01.html
- http://www.bernardinai.lt/straipsnis/2007-01-29-laisves-kryzkeles-1918-1920-m-laisves-kovos/4781
- http://pawet.net/library/history/city_district/data_people/military/kandratovich/08/General_Kіprіyan_Kandratov_ch_na_sluzhbe_BNR.html
- http://www.belarus.by/ru/about-belarus/history