Wedding songs of the Slavs - folk songs performed at different moments of the traditional wedding festival .
The musical and poetic language of the songs of the wedding rite is distinguished by stability, fixed by the tradition of ritual practice that has developed in the peasant community [1] . In ancient times, the main function of wedding folklore was utilitarian and magical: oral works contributed to a happy fate, prosperity. But gradually they began to play a different role: ceremonial and aesthetic.
Wedding songs were also performed at the funeral of young people who had died early, who were dressed in wedding dresses and carried to the cemetery with music and green garlands. There is little evidence of preparation for the funeral of a wedding loaf or other ceremonial bread [2] .
Content
Eastern Slavs
The Russians
Wedding songs are some of the most traditional, folk lyrical songs, and their tunes are often very ancient. The performance of wedding songs remained the prerogative of women until the abolition of serfdom in 1861 , when the traditional patriarchal foundation gradually began to break. The most characteristic system for the songs was a 4-foot chorea with a dactylistic clause. Often the songs were improvised, including dialect words and epic stories [3] .
Types
Musical - song accompaniment was present at every stage of the wedding ceremony. Some of its species are distinguished [3] [4] :
- lyrical are not associated with a rite or action, are composed of the traditional poetic language and often belong to the all-Russian repertoire.
- farewells (lamentations, laments ) formed the completion of premarital life. Such songs recorded by collectors are divided into long (165.1 lines) and short (21.6 lines). IV Zyryanov considers long wedding lamentations to be a combination of several short episodes of the rite.
- great - short, repeating, frivolous songs addressed to guests, were performed by the choir during ritual feasts and served for the community consolidation of the new structure of society.
- corral (teasers) - satirical, grotesque, playful or judgmental songs, as a counterbalance to great songs.
- commenting (ceremonial) - bunch songs commenting on the ritual, explaining the rite or containing a prayer, blessing, request, complaint, question;
- dance performances were sometimes performed during the celebration.
Use
The bride was checked at the bridegroom - whether she was good, healthy, or economic, and when the bride demonstrated her skills, the girls and guests sang a song of praise to the bride and her parents, advised the bridegroom to take a closer look so that she would not regret her choice [4] .
Before the wedding, the girl gathers her friends for a bachelorette party , where the bride sang farewell songs, she herself in “sad” clothes wailed about the end of the “free” girl’s life (“ You, my river, little river ”). The rite of “farewell to beauty” was carried out relatively identically throughout Russia and revolved around objects that were symbols of girlhood (ribbon, tow , bouquet, girl’s clothes and headgear). The bride’s song reflected grief and resentment towards her parents, calls not to give her to the far side. Even if the bride rejoiced in marriage, she was supposed to externally express sadness [4] [5] :
Mom gave birth to me
On a miserable day on Friday
Mom put me
In the cradle yes rocky,
Mommy rocked me
On all four sides
For one on the side -
To a stranger, a stranger
To a stranger to a party
To someone else’s father-father,
To someone else’s mother-in-law -
Yes, how miserable I am!
Wedding lamentations ( waning ) in the northern and central regions of Russia ( wedding-funeral ) were distinguished by a particularly developed deplorable tradition (for example, in the Russian North and among the Finno-Ugric peoples - yoygi ) [6] . A fun wedding in the western and southern regions of European Russia was distinguished by a festive mood with fewer lamentations, accompanied by loaf songs [4] .
In the bridegroom’s house, wedding bread ( loaf , chicken, ryazhen, prayer, etc.) was prepared by godparents and loaves (happy married women), who began with prayers and continued with special songs that commented on the process [4] .
At the wedding, not only sad songs are performed about the separation of the girl from her family, but also a lot of funny, comic songs.
Belarusians
The wedding of Belarusians, like many other nations, consisted of three main stages: pre-wedding, wedding and post-wedding. Each of the stages consisted of a complex of rites of general Slavic or regional significance. Verbal activity is no longer characteristic of the bride, but for the participants in the celebration - relatives, girlfriends, guests. When the groom came to get the bride, the guests at the gates sang: “ But matchmaker, our matchmaker, let him go to the hut, and here we slaughtered, we wanted to eat .” After they paid the ransom in the house, the bride's relatives sang corral songs [7] :
Our Manechka - cheese poured, and your Vanechka - inflated fur.
Our Manechka is pink, and your Vanya is an old grandfather.
Our Manechka is white, and your Vanya is burnt stump.
Our Manechka is like russula, and your Vanya is like a firebrand.
The bridesmaids with the main “under-lady” sang sad songs (“ Ah, you curly white birch ”), she also lamented (“ You didn’t walk at all, give me away ... ”), especially if there was an orphan or fatherless father. Also, girlfriends in front of the crown unclenched the braid of the bride and sang her farewell songs (" How will you go to the party ... "). The wedding was accompanied by the performance of feast songs (in the Krasnoyarsk region they sang “Lyavonikhu”) [7] .
When the bridegroom brought the young one to the parental home, they were greeted with icons, bread and salt , other songs were performed, which spoke about the upcoming workdays and obedience in the new house. On the second day, they sang feast songs: women - alone (" By the sea, by the sea, by the blue of the sea ..." ), girls - by others (" The duck was swimming at sea ... "). The songs allegorically addressed the groom, calling him an eagle, who smashed the “swan herd” [7] .
At the end of the wedding, the “matchmakers” guests said goodbye to the song widespread in Belarus [7] [8] :
To the house, matchmakers, to the house,
The horses ate straw
And Zhmenka’s straw is a penny,
A piece of hay is a patch.
The traditional folk culture among Catholic Belorussians in Western Belarus gradually disappeared by the 1920-1930s, which makes the folklore component poor: young people instead of Belarusian songs sang at Polish parties learned at school [9] .
Ukrainians
The wedding of Ukrainians is rich in song folklore, which is still preserved in the memory of tradition bearers [10] . Songs and refrains accompany all the most important ritual actions of the Ukrainian wedding. Most of the songs are farewell - “jalib”, “young people”, as well as “orphaned”. They are sung in the bride’s house during the period from the matchmaking to the wedding [11] . In the traditions and wedding songs of the Ukrainians, echoes of the custom of matchmaking of a girl to a guy, also found among the southern Slavs, were preserved [10] . In case of successful matchmaking, they sang [12] :
Oh, there’s a mountain of raspberries standing there, oh.
Oh early i shamefully shout, oh shout.
- Don’t cry, my mother, don’t cry, oh i don’t read,
Take the rushnyks , to the elders, oh, I’m giving away
Oh, there’s a mountain of raspberries standing on the mountain, oh,
Oh early i shamefully shout, oh shout.
On the " wonderful evening " the bride and girls sing songs-extras about the ended girlhood, about life "on someone else's side" [13] . The bride’s lyrical monologues - joyful and sad - do not usually go into the lamentation and lamentations of the North Russian wedding. Ukrainian lamentations ( Ukrainian voice ) are mentioned by the Polish writer Jan Menetsky (1551), the poet Sevastian Klenovich (1602) [14] .
In the Ukrainian language, ritual wedding songs performed in the Carpathian and Carpathian regions are called incense / incense . These songs in the form of a dialogue were performed by matchmakers (married women by the groom) and girlfriends of the bride at the meeting of the bride and groom [15] . Lyric wedding songs “ zhurni ” (the term of Western Podillia ) were performed at the most dramatic moments of the ceremony [16] .
Three days before the wedding, the bride invited her friends and young women to bake a loaf, bumps, lodges and kalachi [13] , which was called "Hadzіts on a wanki" [10] . The cooking process was accompanied by songs. Often in girls' songs the words “valley” and “viburnum” are found, which symbolizes marriage [17] . Then the bride was put on a casing , a braid was untied and a flower wreath was put on his head. When curling a wreath or lozenge (a tree with sweets, nuts and gingerbread) for the bride, they sang [10] :
Hodila Galochka and by sadayku,
Yak bіla lebadenka.
Rezha barvinok individuals on a wreath,
On your head.
Oh, Wenza, Wenza, Zelen Barvintsya,
Narobіv I’m sorry for you.
I pile the mother, I pile the river
I’m navigating.
After seeing the young people off to the house of the groom, the friends and matchmakers clicked the young woman back in the songs, promising to braid the braid again, and also called on the mother-in-law to meet the daughter-in-law. After the rite of meeting the young people in the parental home, the celebration continued in the form of a feast, songs and dances (“chime”) [10] :
God grant me to drink kind mother’s rosum,
Shaby in the matchmaker at the table overnight.
Shaby in the matchmaker at the table overnight,
Schaub on the bench, lie down to sleep, and the bench on the bench stand [12] .
Choral parts performed either solemnly majestic or violently reveling songs [14] . Some of the songs in the process of the wedding ceremony were addressed to all the “boyars” (friends of the groom) and friends (friends of the bride): “ We thought, you are (i) ialy ”, “ You, friends, crayfish ”: others - to individuals (the elder boyar, to the match-box, “scroll”, mother of the bride): “The senior boyar is hunchbacked ”, “to you, my friend from friends ”, etc. [11] .
Southern Slavs
The Bulgarians
Like all Slavic peoples, the Bulgarians also have wedding ceremonial songs [18] , thematically close to South Russian and North Russian [19] . In general, the Bulgarian wedding lasted a week, was full of rituals with deep content, celebrations and fun. Conventionally, wedding rituals, accompanied by songs, are divided into pre-wedding and wedding. Engagement, preparation of festive bread and a wedding banner, braiding and dressing the bride, a bachelorette party and shaving of the newlyweds are related to pre-wedding ceremonies [20] . There were description songs [19] . Curling a wreath for the bride, they sang [21] :
Original in Bulgarian Russian translation Tuka se ve, my friend le, green crown.
Pa doteche, my friend le, clean water,
Pa report, my friend le, dewy color,
Yes, see, my friend le, the crown is green.Here weave a green wreath.
And muddy water will flow
And bear a dewy flower
Let them weave a green wreath [22] .
For a Bulgarian wedding, a wedding banner is necessarily made from a fruit tree branch: a “gilded” apple is pricked at the top and a red-and-white shawl is tied, which symbolizes the male and female principles. The song "Wedding Banner Flutters" ( Bulgarian. Furuglitsa Trepery ) opens the wedding. On this day, the matchmakers send the groom for a godfather. Girls to the sound of a bagpipe ( guide ) and drums sing about the farewell of the bride with carefree and parental home [20] . Farewell of a girl with family and friends was reflected in songs-laments ( lamentations ) [23] :
Original in Bulgarian Russian translation - Bogue, Uruglice,
Did you feel sorry for the moment
For mom, for Lazar?
Discouraging a bride from them:
- Lele, momi, Lele, friends,
And I feel sorry, and not mine;
There is a complaint on T-shirt
Che ma Mlada has married
Went, blackened
- Don’t take the little moms,
Yes, I do not play lazaritsa,
Yes, they will not eat kehiz [24] .- Bride, round face,
What do you spin girl
For girls, for Lazarus?
The bride answers them:
- Hey girls, hey girlfriends
And I feel sorry, and not just me;
My mother is sad a lot
That she married me in her youth
Awakened, blackened [a] .
- Don’t take young girls,
Don’t play with lazarits ,
Do not become beauties.
Before leaving for the groom's house, the young people turn their faces to the sun, the bride bows and gives gifts to her parents and relatives. At this time, the girls are singing a sad song about the young man saying goodbye to his family (“Ask forgiveness, grandmother” - Bulgarian. Take the proshka, younger bulche ) [20] [25] . The main song of the Bulgarian wedding is “Come, the girl says goodbye to her relatives” ( Bulgarian. Ela sevie, lively, mom and farewell [26] ) [25] . In the house of the young bridegroom, parents meet whom they call the song “Come out, mother, look who you brought — white, ruddy-faced, slender, tall with your body ...” ( Bulgarian. I got out, Momkov’s t-shirt, but see how you drive - on my face noisy, scarlet, for snaga - bump, temporal ... ). The celebration continues, a wedding feast, accompanied by music, songs and good wishes [25] .
See also
- Wedding March
- Song songs
- Removal
- Lamentations
Comments
- ↑ Married Bulgarian women, unlike girls, usually wore black skirts
Notes
- ↑ Tatyana Ivanova, State Historical-Architectural and Ethnographic Museum-Reserve "Kizhi." Local traditions in the folk culture of the Russian North: (materials of the International Conference "Ryabinin Readings-2003" on the International Conference) . - The State Historical, Architectural and Ethnographic Museum-Reserve "Kizhi", 2003. - S. 116. - 444 p.
- ↑ Nikita Ilyich Tolstoy, T.A. Agapkina. Slavic antiquities: ethnolinguistic dictionary in five volumes. P (Crossing through water) -C (Sieve) . - International Relations, 2009. - S. 226. - 664 p.
- ↑ 1 2 James Bailey. Three Russian lyrical sizes / translation by E. A. Savina. - M .: Languages of Slavic culture, 2010. - S. 297-304. - 583 p. - ISBN 9785040871537 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Isabella Shangina. Russian wedding. History and tradition. - The Alphabet-Atticus, 2017. - S. 8-16, 174-178. - 480 s. - (New Cultural Code). - ISBN 978-5-389-05157-7 .
- ↑ Zinoviev V.P. Russian Songs of Eastern Siberia / Smirnov Yu. I. - Irkutsk: Committee on Culture of the Irkutsk Region, 2006. - P. 84. - 252 p. - ISBN 5-98839-015-3 .
- ↑ Selected Wailings / Ed. A. Astakhova and V. Bazanov. - Petrozavodsk: State Publishing House of the Karelian-Finnish SSR, 1945.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Alexander Titovets, Elena Fursova, Tatyana Tyapkova. The traditional culture of Belarusians in time and space. - Minsk: Belaruskaya Navuka, 2013. - S. 80-93. - 579 p. - ISBN 9785457650237 .
- ↑ Anthropology of Belarusian folk songs i i prpepeuki. - Minsk: Urajay, 2001. - S. 201-202.
- ↑ Tokt S.M. The dynamics of ethnic identity of the peasant population of Western Belarus in the 1920-1930s / Institute of Slavic Studies. - Belarus and Ukraine: history and culture: yearbook. - M .: Nauka, 2005 .-- S. 285-304.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Olga Izotova, Galina Kasperovich, Alexandra Gurko, Alexander Bondarchik. Who lives in Belarus . - Minsk: Belaruskaya Navuka, 2012 .-- S. 317-322. - 800 s. - ISBN 978-985-08-1263-6 .
- ↑ 1 2 Traditional culture . - Center, 2003 .-- S. 91. - 640 p.
- ↑ 1 2 Ivanitsky A. І. Reader from Ukrainian Musical Folklore .: The first-hand companion for the higher education institution of I – IV R. .. - Nova Kniga, 2008. - P. 192-193, 211. - 522 p. - ISBN 9789663821399 .
- ↑ 1 2 G. Sorokin. Weddings and wedding songs . - Ripol Classic, 2013 .-- 57 p. - ISBN 9785458019835 .
- ↑ 1 2 Ukrainian literature / A.V. Lunacharsky. - Literary Encyclopedia. - Fiction, 1939. - T. 11. - S. [517-518] (stb. 2). - 428 p.
- ↑ I.V. Kazakova, A.V. Butin, I.V. Olyunin. The role of women in the development of modern science and education: Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference Minsk, May 17–18, 2016 - BSU, 2016. - P. 33. - 981 p.
- ↑ Ivanitsky A. І. Ukrainian musical folklore .: Pidruchnik for VNZ. - Nova Kniga, 2004 .-- S. 98. - 322 p. - ISBN 9789669502414 .
- ↑ Woman and the material world of culture among the peoples of Russia and Europe . - Petersburg Oriental Studies, 1999. - S. 199. - 266 p.
- ↑ Nikolaj Kaufman. Get the swatbenny song away . - Zbornik XIL kongresa Jugoslavanskih folkloristov. - 1968.- S. 201. - 1000 s.
- ↑ 1 2 Trudov at Velikotarnovsky University of Cyril and Methods . - Nauchi i Izkustuoi., 1991.- T. 23. - S. 19, 30. - 620 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Translation of Snezhana Nikiforova . Folk song tells - wedding songs (Russian) , Radio Bulgaria (11/30/2011). The appeal date is June 25, 2018.
- ↑ The joy of Ivanov, Todor Yves. Zhivkov. Tuka seve green crown / Edited by Todor Mollov. - Bulgarian folk poetry and prose in the gray volume. - Varna: LiterNet, 2004 .-- T. II. Shred the songs.
- ↑ Chervinsky P.P. Folklore and etymology. Linguoconceptological aspects of ethnosemantics . - Ternopil: Krok, 2010 .-- 420 p. - (Library of the scientific almanac "Studia Methodologica") - ISBN 978-966-2362-31-2 - P. 259
- ↑ Nikolaj Kaufman. There are a few devils between folk songs on the Bulgarite and refine the Slavs . - BAN, 1968 .-- S. 62, 75 .-- 224 p.
- ↑ The joy of Ivanov, Todor Yves. Zhivkov. A complaint for a young bride / Edited by Todor Mollov. - Bulgarian folk poetry and prose in the gray volume. - Varna: LiterNet, 2004 .-- T. II. Shred the songs.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Swatbarski folk songs (Bulgarian) , Radio Bulgaria (11/25/2011). The appeal date is June 25, 2018.
- ↑ NestleBG. Old Bulgarian Wedding Folk Song - Moma se s Roda Proshtava Neopr . YouTube (May 13, 2016). Date of treatment March 4, 2019.
Literature
- Kruglov Yu. G. Russian wedding songs - M .: Higher school, 1978
- Lazutin S. G. Russian folk songs - M .: Enlightenment, 1965
- Ivanitsky A. І. A reader from Ukrainian musical folklore .: Textbook for Universities I-IV A.A. = Reader from Ukrainian Musical Folklore .: The first-hand companion for the higher education institution of I – IV R. .. - Nova Kniga, 2008. - P. 177-224. - 520 s. - ISBN 9663821396 .
Links
- Russian Wedding Folklore: Results and Problems of Studying
- The ritual ritual origins of 'marriage'
- Russian wedding songs
- Translation by Snezhana Nikiforova. Folk song tells - wedding songs . Radio Bulgaria (11/30/2011). - Bulgarian wedding songs. Date of treatment June 25, 2018.