Nasonia (Latin) is a genus of parasitic hymenoptera of the pteromalidae ( Pteromalidae ). 4 species, one of which is found in the world . It infects mainly flies of various families. Used in molecular genetic experiments [2] .
Nasonia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nasonia vitripennis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Scientific classification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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International Scientific Name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nasonia Ashmead , 1904 [1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mormoniella Ashmead, 1904 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Content
Description
Small insects (1–3 mm long, females larger than males). Black with a bronze sheen, mustache and legs yellowish. Antennae consist of scapus , pedicel, and 12-segmented flagellum [3] . Lay their eggs on the preimaginal stages (pupae), mainly flies. The list of primary hosts includes dipterans, beetles, cockroaches, butterflies, and hymenoptera. Of the flies, it infects representatives of various families, including Sarcophagidae , Muscidae ( Musca domestica ) and Calliphoridae . The two American sibling species described in 1990 ( Nasonia giraulti and Nasonia longicornis ) parasitize on carrion flies of the genus Protocalliphora (Calliphoridae) and Sarcophaga (Sarcophagidae). Due to the rapid development (1st generation in 15 days at 25 °), they are easily cultivated under laboratory conditions and are used in molecular genetic experiments. Associated with endosymbionts by the bacteria Wolbachia sp. ( Wolbachiaceae ) and Arsenophonus nasoniae ( Enterobacteriaceae ) [2] [4] .
During the life cycle, various types of pheromones and other chemicals are used: (1) male sex pheromone of the abdominal cavity, which attracts females, (2) contact sex pheromone of females, causing male grooming behavior, (3) oral aphrodisiac of males, causing signal transmission females susceptibility and change in their olfactory preferences, (4) chemicals derived from the host environment and from the puparia of the host, used in the olfactory detection of the host by female parasitoids, and (5) chemical in the substances used by females to assess the quality of potential hosts [5] .
Representatives of the genus have long been used as model species in studying the behavior of parasitoids [6] and in molecular genetic experiments [7] [8] . A study of three newly discovered species showed that their speciation, along with geographical isolation, could be affected by bacterial endosymbionts living in the intestines of insects. Two close species (siblings) of Nasonia giraulti and N. longicornis can produce fertile hybrids, and the third species, N. vitripennis (separated from them more than a million years ago) does not show such hybrid success. However, insects devoid of microflora produce more prolific offspring when crossed, even with distant relatives [9] [10] .
Diploid set of chromosomes 2n = 10 or 12 (haploid n = 5 or 6). Triploid and tetraploid females were found [11] [12] [13] . The total genome size is ~ 335 Mb [2] .
Systematics
4 species. For more than 150 years only one cosmopolitan species has been known ( Nasonia vitripennis (Walker, 1836) ), but in 1990 [14] and 2010 three close sibling species from North America were described. Comparison of the DNA nucleotide sequence showed that Nasonia giraulti and Nasonia longicornis were separated relatively recently from the general phylogenetic stem of the genus, and the species Nasonia vitripennis separated about 1 million years ago [4] [15] .
- Nasonia giraulti Darling & Werren, 1990 - North America ( Canada and USA) [14]
- Nasonia longicornis Darling & Werren, 1990 - North America
- Nasonia oneida Raychouhury & Desjardins, 2010 - North America ( USA ) [4]
- Nasonia vitripennis (Walker, 1836) - Worldwide
- = Pteromalus vitripennis Walker, 1836 [16]
- = Semiotellus insuetus (Walker, 1872)
- = Stictonotus insuetus (Walker, 1872)
- = Nasonia brevicornis Ashmead, 1904
Notes
- ↑ Ashmead, WH 1904: Classification of the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 1 (4): 225-555.
- 2 1 2 3 Leo Beukeboom and Claude Desplan. Quick guide: Nasonia . nyu.edu
- ↑ Key to insects in the European part of the USSR. T. III. Hymenoptera. The second part // Suborder Apocrita - Stem-like giblets (V. Alekseev et al.) / Under total. ed. G.S. Medvedev . - L .: Science, 1978. - p. 155. - 757 p. - (Determinants on the fauna of the USSR, published by the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR ; vol. 120). - 3150 copies
- ↑ 1 2 3 Raychoudhury, R. et al. (2010). Behavioral and genetic characteristics of a new species of Nasonia . Heredity 104 (3): 278-288. DOI: 10.1038 / hdy.2009.147
- ↑ Magdalena M. Mair and Joachim Ruther. (2019). Chemical Ecology of the Parasitoid Wasp Genus Nasonia (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, ISSN: 2296-701X, 24 May 2019 https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00184 link .
- ↑ Whiting, AR (1967). The biology of the parasitic wasp Mormoniella vitripennis (= Nasonia vitripennis ) (Walker). Q. Rev. Biol. 42, 333–406. https://doi.org/10.1086/405402
- Gadau, J., Niehuis, O., Peire, A., Werren, JH, Baudry, E., and Beukeboom, LW (2008). “The jewel wasp-Nasonia,” in Genome Mapping and Genomics in Arthropods. Genome Mapping and Genomics in Animals, Vol. 1, eds. H. Wayne and C. Kole (Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer), 27–41. doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-540-73833-6_3
- ↑ Werren, JH, Richards, S., Desjardins, CA, Niehuis, O., Gadau, J., Colbourne, JK, et al. (2010). Functional and evolutionary insights from the genomes of three parasitoid Nasonia species. Science 327, 343–348. doi: 10.1126 / science.1178028
- ↑ The formation of new species was blamed on symbiotic bacteria . Lenta.ru . July 19, 2013
- ↑ Gut Microbes Can Split a Species Archived July 23, 2013. . Sciencemag.org
- ↑ Vladimir E. Gokhman. Karyotypes of Parasitic Hymenoptera. - Springer. 2009. 183pp. ISBN 978-1-4020-9806-2
- ↑ Gokhman VE, Westendorff M. (2000). The chromosomes of the three species of the Nasonia complex (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae). Beitr Entomol 50: 193-198
- ↑ Beukeboom LW, Kamping A., Louter M. et al. (2007). Haploid females in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis . Science 315: 206
- ↑ 1 2 Darling DC, Werren JH (1990). Biosystematics of Nasonia (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae): two new species reared from birds nests in North-America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 83 (3): 352–370. doi: 10.1093 / aesa / 83.3.352
- ↑ Campbell BC, Steffen-Campbell JD, Werren JH, 1993. Phylogeny of the Nasonia species complex (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) inferred from an internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) and 28S rDNA sequences. Insect Mol. Biol. 2: 225–237.
- ↑ Walker, F. 1836, Monographia Chalciditum. (Continued.) Entomological Magazine 3 (5): 492
Literature
- Gadau, J., Page RE, Werren JH (2002). There is a major quantitative trait loci and epistasis in Nonsia (Hymenoptera; Pteromalidae). Genetics 161: 673-684.
- Werren JH, Richards S., Desjardins CA, Niehuis O., Gadau J., Colbourne JK et al. (2010). Functional and evolutionary insights from the genomes of three parasitoid Nasonia species. Science 327: 343.
- Weston RF, Qureshi I., Werren JH (1999). Genetics of a wing size. J Evol Biol 12: 586-595.
- Whiting Anna R. (1967). The biology of the parasitic wasp Mormoniella vitripennis . [ Nasonia brevicornis (Walker).] The Quarterly Review of Biology 42 (3): 333–406. https://doi.org/10.1086/405402
Links
- Universal Chalcidoidea Database: Nasonia . Nhm.ac.uk (The Natural History Museum, UK, London)
- Nasonia web: fire.biol.wwu.edu
- Nasonia: rochester.edu
- Dr. Bethia H. King. Nasonia vitripennis , the jewel wasp. Illustrating science and biology concepts with an insect . Northern Illinois University. (2007). The appeal date was July 19, 2013. Archived on September 5, 2013.