Shaitan ( Arabic. شيطان šayṭān - “delusion”, “estrangement”, plural شياطين šayāṭīn “shayatin” from the north-west-Semitic root * śṭn “satan” letters. “To be hostile”, “accusation” "; Compare Hebrew שָׂטָן śāṭān, Aram. סטנא soṭono, geez śayṭān -" Satan (a) " [1] ) - in Islamic theology a representative of the category of evil spirits hostile to Allah and people. Able to take the shape of a person [2] . After the Day of Judgment ( kiyamat ), the shaitans, along with their master - Iblis - are doomed to hellish torment. With the help of his servants, Iblis seduces people, distracts them from pious deeds and incites them to commit sins . Shaitans are made of fire or smoke and can take various external forms. They can be generated by Iblis and live in groups in different countries.
Shaitans can have different names and, like Iblis, wear the epithet Rajim ("beaten") [3] . “The word shaitan is synonymous with the biblical term Satan ” [2] .
According to Islamic tradition, the shaitans encouraged the sins and mistakes of pious people and prophets , for example, the prophet Yusuf . Some of the shaitans once obeyed the prophet Suleiman , but then returned to their affairs. To this day, they prevent people from praying and teach people witchcraft and magic . They force a person to forget Allah and incite to commit sinful acts under the guise of pious ones. It is generally accepted that each person has his own shaitan, as well as his own angel , who are fighting for the human heart. Shaitans try to lead a person astray, using his carnal desires and desires for pleasure ( nafs ), as well as qualities such as anger, anger, envy, etc. [4] .
In order to drive away the shaitan, it is enough to call on the help of Allah [4] . Muslims often pronounce the formula : “A'uzu bi-allahi mina sh-shaitani r-rajim”, or the verses of the Koran [5] . Some Muslim theologians consider the Shaitans to be the most obstinate and unbelieving part of the jinn . Others consider them a special category of creatures, which, unlike genies, are initially doomed to disbelief and punishment in hell . In the Qur'an and in theological writings, Iblis and shaitans are often interchanged, as shaitans obey the will and orders of Iblis. In pre-Islamic Arabia, the shaitans were considered mediators in communication with the other world of soothsayers ( kahin ) and poets ( sha'ir ) [4] .
Notes
- ↑ śṭn / Semitic roots (English) ( śṭn Northwest Semitic, to be (come) hostile, accuse. from Arabic šayṭān , Satan, from Ethiopic śayṭān , from Aramaic sāṭānā , from Hebrew śāṭān (see above).). The Free Dictionary by Farlex . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company (January 17, 2004).
- ↑ 1 2 Gogiberidze, 2009 , p. 249.
- ↑ Al-Hijr 15:17
- ↑ 1 2 3 Islam: ES, 1991 .
- ↑ al-Bakar 2: 268
Literature
- in Russian
- Ali-zade A.A. Shaitan // Islamic Encyclopedic Dictionary . - M .: Ansar , 2007 .-- 400 p. - (The Golden Fund of Islamic Thought). - ISBN 5-98443-025-8 .
- Shaitan / Bobrovnikov V.O. // Hvoika - Shervinsky. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2017. - P. 675. - ( Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 34). - ISBN 978-5-85270-372-9 .
- Gogiberidze G. M. Islamic explanatory dictionary. - Rostov n / a : Phoenix, 2009 .-- 266 p. - (Dictionaries). - 3000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-222-15934-7 .
- Piotrovsky M. B. Shayatin // Islam: Encyclopedic Dictionary / Otv. ed. S. M. Prozorov . - M .: Science ,GDVL , 1991 . - S. 289. - ISBN 5-02-016941-2 .
- Shaitan / Piotrovsky, M. B. // Myths of the world : Encycl. in 2 t / hl ed. S. A. Tokarev . - 2nd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1988. - T. 2: K — Ya. - S. 636.
- in other languages
- S̲h̲ayṭān / Fahd T., Rippin A. // Encyclopaedia of Islam . 2 ed . - Leiden: EJ Brill , 1960-2005. (paid)