Mickiewicz, Adam

Early years

The son of an impoverished gentry coat of arms Poray Mikolai Mickiewicz ( 1765 - 1812 ), a lawyer in Novogrudok (now Belarus ); the family belonged to the old Belarusian gentry family Mitskevichi-Rymvidov. The mother of the poet came from the noble family of Mayevsky, known in Novogrudok Voivodeship ON since 1650. [1] [2] He was baptized in the church of Novogrudok on February 12, 1799 .

Having been educated in the Dominican school at the Novogrudok Church of the Archangel Michael ( 1807 - 1815 ), he entered Vilnius University ( 1815 ) in the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, but soon transferred to a verbal one. Since 1817, he participated in the creation and activity of patriotic youth circles of philomats and filarets , wrote program poems (“Ode to Youth”, 1820, and others). Upon graduation, he served as a teacher in Kovno ( 1819 - 1823 ).

In October 1823, he was arrested in Vilna over the “Case of the Philomatists” inflated by N. N. Novosiltsev and imprisoned in the building of the former Basilian monastery of the Holy Trinity. In April 1824 he was released from prison on bail. In October 1824 he was exiled into exile from Lithuania.

Until 1829 he stayed in Russia: St. Petersburg , from February to March 1825 - Odessa , with departure to the Crimea , from December 1825 - Moscow (where he unsuccessfully tried to marry Caroline Yanish, the future poetess and translator Caroline Pavlova ), from November 1828 years ^[9] again Petersburg. In 1825−1828 he served in the office of the military governor-general in Moscow. ^[10] In Russia, he became close to the participants in the Decembrist movement ( K. F. Ryleyev , A. A. Bestuzhev ), with prominent Russian writers and poets ( A. S. Pushkin ^[11] , A. A. Delvig , I. V. Kireyevsky , Xenophon Polevoy brothers and Nikolai Polevoi , D. V. Venevitinov , E. A. Baratynsky ), with the bibliographer and famous epigram author S. A. Sobolevsky , was also friends with the poet A. M. Yanushkevich . Mickiewicz was especially closely associated with the poet and journalist Prince Peter Andreevich Vyazemsky , who became the first Russian translator of the Crimean Sonnets ^[12] .

In May 1829 he left St. Petersburg abroad.

Emigration

He lived in Germany , Switzerland , Italy . After an unsuccessful attempt to join the participants in the 1831 uprising, he stopped for several months in Dresden . In 1832 he settled in Paris , collaborated with the leaders of Polish emigration, was engaged in political journalism. In 1839 - 1840 he taught Latin literature in Lausanne . In 1840 he became the first professor of Slavic literature at the Collège de France . In 1841, he fell under the influence of the preacher of Polish messianism, Andrzej Toviansky . In 1845, the French government suspended Mickiewicz for lecturing for propaganda of comradelyism. In 1852 he was dismissed.

In April 1855, Mickiewicz became a widow, and in the autumn of 1855 he left for Constantinople , intending to organize the New Polish, as well as the Jewish legion to help the French and English in the struggle against Russia .

Having become infected with cholera , he died on November 26th . Before his death, he told his friend Serialsky when he asked if he would like to give something to the children: “Let them love each other,” and in a few minutes he added in barely audible whispers: “Always!”.

In 1890, the remains of Mitskevich were transported from Paris ( Cemetery in Montmorency ) to Krakow and placed in a sarcophagus in the Wawel Cathedral .

During his student years, namely during the summer holidays of 1818, in the estate of Vereshchakov in Tuganovichi, Mickiewicz met Marianna Ewa Wereszczakówna , the daughter of a Brest judge. Adam arrived at the estate together with Tomasz Zan at the invitation of his friends, the Marilya brothers. The girl was engaged to Count Vavzhintsy Putkamer, so she could not develop a relationship with Adam.

On July 22, 1834, Adam Mickiewicz married a Francoist family ^[13] , Tselina Szymanowska, the daughter of the famous pianist and composer Maria Shimanovskaya , who bore him 6 children: daughters Maria and Helen, and sons Vladislav (1838-1926) - a prominent figure of the Polish emigration, Jozef (1850-1938), Alexander and Jan.

Tselina Mickiewicz ( ^{July 16,} 1812 - March 5, 1855) was buried first at the Pere Lachaise cemetery in Paris , and later reburied at the Polish cemetery in Montmorency ^[14] . After the death of Celina Mickiewicz left Paris and went to Constantinople, where he soon died.

• Novogrudok 1811-1819, Valevskaya Street (now Lenin Street), 1, 231400.
• Vilna (now Vilnius), Lithuania, 1822 Bernardine (modern lit. Bernardinų g.), 11.
• St. Petersburg, 04.1828 - 05.15.1829 - the house of I.-A. Johima - Bolshaya Meshchanskaya street , 39.
• Odessa, February - March 1825 - 16 Deribasovskaya Street .
• Evpatoria, July 1825, st. Karaimskaya, 53. Mitskevich arrived on the yacht "Karolina" from Odessa in company with Heinrich Rzhevusky (the future brother-in-law of Balzac ). The result of this journey around the Crimea was a wonderful lyrical cycle “Crimean Sonnets”, which he dedicated to “comrades of the Crimean journey”.
• Steblev (Cherkasy region, Ukraine) 1825 - on the way to the Crimea, Mitskevich spent several days visiting the estate of Golovinsky (the former estate of Prince Yablonovsky) in the Kiev gubernia on the Ros River ("the rock of Mickiewicz").
• Kharkov, st. Universitetskaya - November 25, 1825 - the house of prof. Danilovich.
• Moscow, 12.1825 - 03.1826 - Fyodor Lechner Guest House - Malaya Dmitrovka , 3/10.

The first poem "City Winter" ( "Zima miejska" ) was published in 1818 in the Vilnius newspaper "Tygodnik Wileński" . The first poetic compilation Poetry ( Poezje , vol. 1, Vilna , 1822 ) published by Józef Zavadsky included Ballads and Romance ( Ballady i Romanse ) and the preface On Romantic Poetry ( O Poezji romantycznej ), becoming a manifesto of the romantic trend in Polish literature.

One of his first works was Zhivilya, in which the heroine, the Lithuanian girl Zivilya, kills her lover for letting Russians into his hometown. It was one of his first works, translated into another ( Lithuanian ) language by Simon Daukantos in 1819.

The second volume of Poetry (1823) includes the romantic lyroepic poem Grazyna ( Grażyna ) and parts 2 and 4 of the dramatic poem Dzyady . The book Sonnets (1826) was published in Russia, which included the cycle “ Crimean Sonnets ” ( Sonety krymskie ) with the image of a pilgrim hero yearning for his abandoned homeland and new oriental motifs for Polish poetry.

In St. Petersburg in 1828, the poem " Konrad Wallenrod " ( Konrad Wallenrod ) was published , with a dedication to Emperor Nicholas I. It narrates the struggle of the Lithuanian population with the Crusaders. The main character is a tragic hero, a lonely fighter in the camp of the enemy, sacrificing personal happiness for the salvation of his people. A Lithuanian by birth, who allegedly renounced his homeland and became the head of the Teutonic Order, with his perfidy leads the Order to a catastrophe. The poem was read by contemporaries as an allusion to the struggle of the Poles against the oppressors and the resolution of the problem of reconciliation of morality with politics: outwardly put up with an enemy who turned out to be stronger and go to work for him, while acting secretly against him (“ vallenrodism ”). The collection "Poetry" (v. 1-2, 1829) includes lyric poems, the poem "Faris" and ballads .

The third part of the poem "Dzyady" (1832) with a fragmentary construction and two action plans, fantastic and real, depicts, in particular, the investigation of the case of the filarets, the doctrine of "Polish messianism", according to which Poland’s sufferings are associated with a special historical vocation People-martyr - "Christ of the Nations."

"Fragment" is adjacent to "Dzadyam" - a cycle of poems with pictures of Russia. It includes such poems as “Monument to Peter the Great”, “The Road to Russia”, “Oleshkevich”, “Petersburg”, “To My Moskal Friends” (in the Russian translation - “Russian Friends”). With his poem “To my Moskal friends” (1830), Mitskevich wanted to say that he calls for a struggle not with the Russian people, but with imperial oppression, from which both Poles and Russians suffer. Addressing Russian poets, he asked if they remained true to their freedom-loving ideals: “Maybe one of you sold your soul to the king, and today on his doorstep beats him with his tongue he glorifies his triumph and rejoices at the torment of his friends ... ” ^[15]

The ideas of Polish messianism are developed in the artistic and journalistic composition “Books of the Polish People and Polish Pilgrimage” ( “Księgi narodu polskiego i pielgrzymstwa polskiego” , 1832). Polish dispersion is called upon to participate in a general war for the freedom of nations, whose resurrection should lead to the resurrection of Poland . The same ideas were promoted in Mickiewicz's articles in the newspaper “Polish Pilgrim” ( “Pielgrzym Polski” , 1832—1833).

Mitskevich's greatest work is the epic poem “ Pan Tadeusz ” ( “Pan Tadeusz czyli Ostatni zajazd na Litwie“ ), written in 1832–1834 and published in Paris in 1834 . The poem created a complete nostalgia and humor image of colorful, but historically doomed gentry manners ^[16] . It is considered the Polish national epic and a masterpiece of verbal painting. “ Pan Tadeusz ” was screened by Polish director Andrzej Wajda (1999).

Mitskevich, concentrating in himself the spirit of his people, first gave Polish poetry the right to have its voice among the intellectual deputies of Europe and at the same time gave it the opportunity to act on our poetry. ^[17]

The language of Adam Mickiewicz is to a large extent the language of the Polish-speaking gentry ^[18] in Belarus and Lithuania , to which the poet himself belonged and which in terms of grammatical system and lexical resources has many Belarusian elements that go back to local Belarusian dialects ^[19] . In his work provincialism poet introduced purposefully, thereby emphasizing its local feature. Doctor of Philology and BSU Professor Nikolai Khaustovich notes that Mickiewicz called the language of his works Polish, and occasionally “ Litvinsky ” ^[20] .

Many scholars, both literary historians and linguists, agree that it is difficult to speak of the language of the poet as an artistic tool until the volume and character of his provincialism has been studied ^[18] . Professor of the University named after Adam Mickiewicz Stanislav Dobzhitsky in his work “Several observations of the Mickiewicz language” registered numerous linguistic facts found in Mickiewicz’s works that go beyond the boundaries of the literary Polish language ^[21] .

In 1936, the literary critic and PhD Polish and Slavic literature Vilnius University Stanislav Stankevich, in his work "The Belarusian elements in the Polish romantic poetry" ( Pol. Pierwiastki białoruskie of w Polskiej poezji romantycznej) software for summing up the distinctive features in the field of phonetics , morphology , syntax and features of grammar the categories of the genus and number of the language of Adam Mickiewicz in his poetic works and the filomat correspondence of the poet.

Knowing the Lithuanian language, Mickiewicz came up with several names, using various Lithuanian words, including the name Gražina, which is popular in Lithuania and Poland; lit. Gražina , Polish Grażyna , built from the Lithuanian word graži (“beautiful”) ^[22] and the popular name in Lithuania, Zivile; lit. Živilė from the Lithuanian words žygiuoti (“move”) and viltis (“hope”). The only fragments of the Lithuanian language in Zhemayt were recorded by Mickiewicz in Paris (on Batignol rue de la Sante in 1851 or 1852), when a meeting broke out with a friend Lyudmilyov Korylsky when playing chess and singing Polish and Lithuanian songs. Korylsky began to sing Lithuanian songs in the Samgeti dialect. Mickiewicz, alarmed that the songs were being sung incorrectly, took a piece of paper and recorded from memory these three Lithuanian songs. The songs were published in 1908 by the son of Mitskevich Vladislav ^[23] .

Mitskevich's works were translated into Russian by poets and translators of various scales of talent. A.S. Pushkin translated the ballad “Three Budrys” (translated as “Budrys and his sons”, 1833 ; published in the Library for Reading in 1834 ) - an extremely accurate translation, considered an unsurpassed masterpiece of translation art ^[24] , as well as a ballad "Voivode" and the introduction to the "Conrad Wallenroda." The first translation of the part of the dramatic poem "Dzyady" belongs to V. A. von Rotkirch . Among the translators of Mitskevich is I. I. Kozlov , who in 1827, using the prosaic subscript of P. A. Vyazemsky, was fully translated “Crimean Sonnets”, N. V. Berg , who translated poems and the epic poem “Pan Tadeusz”, V. G. Benediktov ( Grazhina, Konrad Wallenrod, lyrics), G. P. Danilevsky , S. F. Durov , A. N. Maikov (in particular, Crimean Sonnets), L. A. Mei , P. I. Weinberg , A.P. Koltonovsky (in the late 1890s - early 1900s), later - K. D. Balmont , V. Ya. Bryusov , Igor Severyanin , acmeist M. A. Zenkevich , E. G. Polonskaya , N N. Aseev (“Song of the Filarets”), O. B. Rumer (“The Swimmer”, “Joachim Lelevel” and other poems), S.I. Kirsanov (in particular, “Initiation to the album”, widely known by David Tukhmanov ’s album “ The Wave of My Memory ”, “The Death of Colonel”, “Redut of Ordon ”), Mikhail Svetlov (“ The Bell and the Bells ”,“ The Stubborn Wife ”and other poems), M. S. Zhivov , L. N. Martynov (“ Dzyady ”, poems), David Samoilov (selected poems), Arseny Tarkovsky ( Grazhina, poems Shanfari, Almotenabbi), A. M. Geleskul , novelist and translator Asar Eppel and many other poets and translators. The sonnets of Mitskevich, in addition to M. Yu. Lermontov , A. N. Maikov, I. A. Bunin , V. F. Khodasevich and other poets, translated by V. Levik .

Among the translators into the Belarusian language are V.I. Dunin-Martsinkevich , Alexander Yelsky , Yanka Kupala , B.A. Tarashkevich , Pyotr Bitel, Yazep Semezhon , Maxim Luzhanin , Ryhor Borodulin , Serge Minskevich, Konstantin Tsvirka, Mikhas Skobla, Irina Bogdanovich, Anatole Brusevich . There are three complete translations of “Pan Tadeusz” into the Belarusian language.

E. Dauksha , V. Kudirka , Maironis , M. Gustaitis (“The Crimean Sonnets” and “Dzyady”), K. Jurgelionis (poems), L. Gira , K. Sakyanis (translated in 1924 “Pan Tadeusz”) translated into Lithuanian Mitskevich. "), V. Mykolaitis-Putinas , J. Marcinkevičius and other poets.

P. A. Kulish , P. P. Gulak-Artemovsky , Elena Pchilka , M. F. Rylsky were engaged in translation into Ukrainian .

In Czech, Mickiewicz was published in translations of Yaroslav Vrhlitsky , E. Krasnogorskaya .

A. Grabovsky and I. Leizerovich were translated into Esperanto Mitskevich.