Moscow ranks - in the Russian state in the late XV — XVII centuries. the officials - stewards , solicitors , big nobles and residents who did not have the right to participate in the meetings of the Boyar Duma and in the work of the Duma commissions. They existed before the introduction of Peter I Tables of ranks .
The entire population of the state was divided into people; a) service , b) draft and c) non-tax. The first department embraced service people in the homeland and service people in the device. Service people in the homeland were divided, in turn, into ranks of the duma, ranks of the serving Moscow and ranks of the serving city. The second of these categories included: 1) stewards, 2) solicitors, 3) Moscow nobles and 4) tenants.
Content
Stolniki
Initially in Ancient Russia, it was a courtier who served princes and kings at the table during solemn meals , and also accompanied them on trips.
According to the painting of the ranks of the XVII century, the stolniks took fifth place after the boyars , devious , dummy nobles and dumy clerks .
The stewards were made from nobles.
Stolniki at banquets took meals with ministers who were forbidden to enter the king’s rooms. During the feasts, they stood at the tables. Sometimes between stolniki there were local debates about what table to stand at.
Roommen were serving the king when he ate alone. At the reception of foreign ambassadors, one of the stolniks was appointed to sit at the table and treat guests.
Kings often sent food to their homes: guests, ambassadors, or those who, due to illness, were unable to attend the feast. In this case, the steward was traveling with a gift and watching the order.
When the king left, one stolnik was a coachman , other stolniks stood on the potholes of a sled, or behind carriages and carts.
Later, stolniks were appointed to clerical, voivodship , embassy, and other posts. Stolniks were appointed to conquerors, regimental judges, messengers of voivods, yesauls (captain-esaul), heads of hundreds of noblemen, governors of a large banner , heads of a banner, shell, cat, cart.
The city governor of the stolniks could be called the governor. The boyar children obeyed him. Stolniks were also judges in Moscow orders . Stolniks took part in all embassies, sometimes appointed ambassadors .
The last bearer of this title (already after the introduction of the Rank Table by Peter I) is Vasily Fedorovich Saltykov , brother of Tsarina Praskovya Fedorovna. For a long time he preferred this title to the ranks of Peter, but agreed to them upon returning to service under Anna Ivanovna.
In 1616 there were 117 stolniks. By 1687, the number of stolniks increased to 2724 people, of which 480 were room stewards. In addition, there were 133 stolniks in the troops and initial people, and 59 stolniks were granted from the Smolensk gentry.
Under the queens there were their own captains of young people (later pages and cell-pages) who were not exempted from military service. The patriarchs had their stewards. The tsaritsins and patriarchal attendants complained of sovereign attendants or to solicitors.
Solicitors
Solicitors - palace servants; the court rank following the steward below. Solicitor - a tsarist official at the bread, stables, etc. courtyards . The position of solicitor was abolished under Peter I , and then reinstated by judicial reform of 1775 . Also, the rank of the courtier , whose duties included monitoring the king’s dress and serving it with the sovereign’s vestments. The solicitors carried out various orders of the tsar, served as city and regimental commanders , the solicitor served as the palace housekeeper with the key.
The solicitors took a special oath , in which, among other things, they swore to the tsarist cooking (towels, dresses, etc.) "you cannot put any dread and root."
Solicitors of Life
Moscow nobles or tenants were recruited into the solicitors. Solicitors from other cities were called Solicitors from life.
Dressers with dress
Various things of the king were called cooking: armchairs, leggings, pillows, towels, sunstones , etc. During the tsar's exits, the solicitors followed the tsar with cooking. These solicitors were called solicitors with a dress . In 1616 there were 55 solicitors with a dress.
Key
The solicitor with the key is a higher rank than the solicitor with the dress, higher than the room attendant . Equal to the duma nobleman. The solicitor with the key was a bedding companion. The solicitor with the key was inseparable from the king. In 1703, there were two solicitors with a key. After that, their posts were replaced by a chamberlain .
Solicitors
The solicitors of the so-called Moscow list in 1686 numbered 1893 people. The solicitors were in military service. Sometimes they were separate companies. In military campaigns obeyed the steward. The salary of the solicitors was higher than the salary of the Moscow nobles.
During the existence of judicial fights, lawyers acted as seconds .
Solicitor's Palace
The solicitor Palace ruled the palace villages.
Big Nobles
The earliest list of Moscow nobles is contained in the Boyars list of 1588-1589. In total, according to him, at that time there were 166 Moscow nobles, of which 84 were princes serving on special princely lists, and 82 were other titled and untitled feudal lords. By 1610-1611, their number was 225 people. In the boyar list of 1706, there were 1,182 Moscow nobles, including in the regimental service, "retired" and "in the premises."
They served in this rank all their lives (they did not deprive him even in the event of incapacity to perform service), if they did not pass into the duma ranks , or, as a result of disgrace, in elected nobles.
As a result of the service, the rank of a Moscow nobleman was received by tenants, captains, less often, elected nobles. With the rank of a tenant, a steward, less often a solicitor, the children of Moscow nobles began their service.
In the second half of the 16th century, Moscow nobles received from 500 to 1000 quarters of their land salary and from 20 to 100 rubles in cash.
The big nobles were the most mobile rank of Moscow, they served as governors and heads in regiments and cities, judges , participated in land descriptions, embassies, brought new people to the service and performed various other functions. According to G.K. Kotoshikhin in the middle of the XVII century:
Moscow nobles; and they sent those nobles for all kinds of affairs, and for the voivodships, and for the embassies in the aftermath, and for detective affairs, and in Moscow in Prikazekh for business, and for serving people to the initial people, to the colonels and to the archers.
Tenants
A certain number of children of noblemen, children of boyars , solicitors and stolniks should always live in Moscow and be ready for service and war. They were called tenants. Residents were considered a guard army, but were used for various assignments, for example, to transport sovereign letters.
Residents were the link between the ranks of Moscow and city; an urban serviceman (usually from a choice), who fell into the tenants, opened up, if not for himself, then at least for his offspring the opportunity to make a career enviable for the urban serviceman. In 1663 there were about 2,000 residents; part of this amount was sent from cities (for a period of three years), while the other was recruited from the children of fathers who served on the Moscow list; the children of the latter, with the rank of tenants, were just beginning their service, while city nobles in many cases only ended their career with them.
Those who received another rank were written from life in such a rank . Of the tenants, they were made into solicitors, governors in small towns, installers, heads to hundreds of noblemen, and the flagmen.
Residents received from 350 to 1000 quarters of land on the estate , and a cash salary of 10 to 82 rubles per year. The size of the estate and salary depended on merit.
Residents were located only in Moscow (Zhiletsky lists). In other cities they were not.
Residents begin to be mentioned in sources from the 16th century and cease to exist as a service rank at the beginning of the 18th century , that is, from the time the Russian army was completely transformed according to a foreign model. In 1701, Peter I ordered not to recruit new residents, but to pick up the remaining tenants in the guard and other regiments. In 1713, about 5 thousand residents remained, the last mention dates back to the 1720s.
Notes
- ↑ Fig. 104. A tenant in 1674 // Historical description of clothing and weapons of the Russian troops, with drawings, compiled according to the highest command : in 30 tons, in 60 books. / Ed. A.V. Viskovatova . - T. 1.
- ↑ Fig. 105. Horse tenants in 1678 // Historical description of clothing and weapons of the Russian troops, with drawings, compiled according to the highest command : in 30 tons, in 60 books. / Ed. A.V. Viskovatova . - T. 1.
Literature
- Residents // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- G.P. Uspensky, "The Experience of the Narrative of the Antiquities of Russians." Kharkov, 1818. pp. 162-176.
- I. A. Porai-Koshitsa, “An Essay on the History of the Russian Nobility from the Half of the 11th to the End of the 18th Century”, St. Petersburg, 1847.
- Izyumov A. "Zhiletsky land tenure in 1632", Moscow 1913.
- A. L. Stanislavsky. Proceedings on the history of the sovereign of the court in Russia XVI-XVII centuries. 2004. ISBN 5-7281-0557-2
- G.K. Kotoshikhin. About Russia during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich.