The Moscow state is the name used to designate the territory of the Grand Duchy of Moscow inside the Russian Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. At the same time, there was a process of synonymization of this name with Russia as a whole, which lasted until the capital was transferred to St. Petersburg and the proclamation of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 18th century . In the historiography of the XIX - XXI centuries - one of the names of the Russian centralized state of the late XV - early XVIII centuries [1] .
Content
As one of the states of the Russian kingdom
Under Ivan the Terrible and his successors, the concept of “Moscow state” was used in the narrow sense and was identical to the ancient Moscow principality . The full title of tsars included the names of previously independent Russian principalities and republics, to which the term “states” began to be applied over time [2] . The entire territory, which was ruled by the tsar and called the Russian kingdom , was understood by contemporaries as a conglomerate of these states-principalities, that is, as a multitude of thrones occupied by a single monarch [3] . The phrase “Moscow state of the Russian kingdom” found in various documents and works denoted only the central region of the Russian kingdom, including the location of the royal throne. In the same vein, one should understand the name of the famous literary monument of the French traveler Jacques Margeret - “The State of the Russian State and the Grand Duchy of Moscow” , written in 1608 . In a conciliar oath of 1613 it says: “[..] that being in Vladimir and Moscow and in all the States of the Russian Kingdom is Sovereign Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia the Autocrat - You, Great Sovereign Mikhail Feodorovich ” [4] .
As a synonym for all of Russia
The monarchs of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland recognized Ivan III and his descendants as sovereigns, but they stubbornly resisted both the claim prefix of “ All Russia ” and the claims of the Moscow princes for continuity from Kievan Rus , implying only South-West Russia proper, already divided into Rus this time between Lithuania and Poland.
The first to use the phrase “Moscow State” in the broad sense in the 1480s was the Polish historian and diplomat Jan Dlugosh [3] , after which Russia and Poland persistently continued to call Russia the same name- exonym (as well as the Latin analogue of Muscovy ) for several centuries [5] .
According to A. L. Khoroshkevich, the intra-Russian synonymization of the concepts of “Russian Empire” and “Moscow State” begins to be traced back to the Time of Troubles , when the Polish protege False Dmitry I preferred to use the latter, as well as when Russia temporarily lost Novgorod land as a result of the Swedish occupation [3 ] . In turn, the famous Russian historian S. O. Schmidt noted that "the phrase" Moscow state "is widely spread in the language of the XVI-XVII centuries. It was the self-name of both the entire state and part of the Russian state, and even had a meaning - the governance of Moscow. And that was a feature of the times. This name of the state determined the role of Moscow in the creation of the state, and in modern life. ” Unlike Khoroshkevich, he pointed out: “The term“ Moscow state ”is more widely used with the approval of the authority of Boris Godunov, that is, during the reign of Fedor Ivanovich. But it also occurs earlier, in any case during the time of Ivan the Terrible ” [6] . In the Council Code of 1649, the concept of “Moscow state” is found both independently and in such turns as “Moscow state and all cities of the Russian kingdom,” since the tradition of the multiple names of the state was preserved throughout the 17th century [3] . Up until the time of Peter I, Russian sources sometimes called the Russian state “Moscow”. An example is the name of the first Russian newspaper, which has been published since 1702, - “Vedomosti on military and other matters worthy of knowledge and memory that happened in the Moscow state and in other neighboring countries” [7] . However, as S. O. Schmidt pointed out, the different ways of naming the Russian state were not identical in everything: “Thus, the content of the term“ Moscow state ”does not absorb the content of the term“ Russian state ”(especially Russian states). By “Moscow state” (especially by the term “all Moscow state”) is meant all the possessions of the tsar, that is, the term means “all-Russian” meaning. But sometimes the territorial limitations of the term “Russian state” (only “Moscow land”) are found. And the term “kingdom” - especially with a formal-ceremonial connotation - is broader than the term “state” ” [6] . Such a discrepancy was objective, since in the view of both Russians and foreigners in the 16th – 17th centuries Russia and Moscow, Russian statehood and power in Moscow seemed inseparable from each other. Moscow seemed to be the personification of Russia. This was reflected in the language of that time, and in terms denoting the name of the state [6] .
As a historiographic term of the 19th — 21st centuries
The habit of calling pre-Petrine Russia “Moscow State” was renewed by historians of the 19th century , guided in the periodization of Russian history by contrasting the capitals [3] - Moscow and St. Petersburg . Soviet historians continued to use this terminology, despite the fact that the capital was again moved to Moscow.
See also
- Names of the Russian state
- Muscovy
Notes
- ↑ As S. O. Schmidt notes, “For more than a century and a half, the expressions“ Muscovy state ”and“ Muscovy kingdom ”have been recognized as generally accepted. They are usually used as identical to the terms “Russian state” and “Russian state” ”. “The phrases“ Moscow state ”and“ Moscow sovereign ”,“ Moscow kingdom “and“ Moscow tsar ”,“ Moscow land ”were adopted in Russia in the 16th and especially in the 17th century, as evidenced by various written sources.” Schmidt S. O “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state ...”: What is the proper name for a Russian power in the 16th century // Homeland No. 12/2004
- ↑ Platonov C.F. A full course of lectures on Russian History . Publishing House: AST, 2004. ISBN 5-17-024461-4
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Khoroshkevich A. L. Russia or Muscovy? // Homeland. No. 11, 2005.
- ↑ Approved Certificate of the Great Local Church and Zemsky Sobor of 1613 on calling to the kingdom of the Romanov Law House
- ↑ Khoroshkevich A. L. Symbols of Russian statehood. Publishing House of Moscow University, 1993.S. 86-89.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Schmidt S. O. In a certain kingdom, in a certain state .... How to properly call the Russian power in the XVI century. // Homeland. 2004. No. 12. S. 35-40.
- ↑ Lisovsky N.M. Saint-Petersburg Vedomosti // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.