Sports aerobics

The word "aerobics" in relation to various types of physical activity, having a health-improving orientation, came into use in the 60s of the XX century with the light hand of an American doctor Kenneth Cooper. In his book "Aerobics", published in 1963, the results of studies of the effect of aerobic loads on the human body were presented. So, the world has learned about the benefits of such types of physical activity that stimulate the work of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, such as walking, running, swimming, ice skating and skiing. Cooper noted the great contribution of the American dancer Jackie Sorrensen in the development of the dance direction of aerobics.

American actress Jane Fonda creatively approached the list of aerobic workouts and significantly enriched dance aerobics by combining a set of dance exercises performed to music in a lesson format. In 1979, Fonda opened its first Beverly Hills aerobics studio. Later, in 1981, she published the illustrated edition of The Jane Foundations Development Book, which by 1986 had sold out in the amount of two million copies. In the 1980s, aerobics classes gained extraordinary popularity among slimness fighters around the world.

From the mid-1980s, competitions and aerobics festivals began to be held in the United States, and then in the countries of Europe, Asia and Latin America, which later turned into competitions. According to A. A. Somkin (2001), the emerged international federations ANAC ( Association of National Aerobic Championship ), FISAF ( Federation International of Sports Aerobics and Fitness ), SUZUKI ( The Suzuki ) contributed to the development of this sport. World Cup ), IAF ( IAF - International Aerobic Federation ). Sports aerobics - as one of the types of gymnastics, developing under the direction of the International Gymnastics Federation ( FIG ), exists since 1995.

The scope of FIG includes the development of competition rules and regulations, the organization of major international tournaments and patronage of major regional and continental competitions, the training of judges, coaches and specialists, the popularization and promotion of gymnastics using modern media. Today in FIG, sports aerobics, by the number of participating countries, takes the second place (after gymnastics) and totals 87 countries. Attempts by the FIG leaders (J. Atkinson, B. Grandi, 1998) to unite the aerobics developing federations in the world into a single federation have so far failed. In this regard, sports aerobics does not yet have sufficient grounds for inclusion in the program of the Olympic Games.

In Russia, the Federation of Sports Aerobics was created in 1992. Subsequently, she was re-registered in the All-Russian Federation of Sports and Health Aerobics. The Federation, as the only sports public association on the territory and borders of the Russian Federation, has the authority to develop this sport at the federal level and represents the interests of sports aerobics in international organizations. Today, more than 50 constituent entities of the Russian Federation are members of the Federation of Sports and Health Aerobics.

In 2003, for the first time in the history of Russian sports, in St. Petersburg, the 2nd final of the World Cup in Sports Aerobics (FIG) was held, which received wide resonance in the sports world and was highly appreciated by official international representatives, including the representative of the Olympic Committee.

Every year, Russian athletes take part in various kinds of international competitions in sports aerobics, invariably demonstrating a high level of training. Since 1995, the national teams of Russia won 8 gold, 10 silver and 9 bronze medals at the World Championships, stages and finals of World Cups and World Games (aerobics is one of the disciplines), held under the direction and patronage of FIG.

The most active sports aerobics are developing in such cities and regions of Russia as Moscow and the Moscow Region, St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Chelyabinsk, Ivanovo, Tyumen, Omsk, Pskov, Magnitogorsk, Kazan, Bashkortostan, Surgut, etc. .

The number of appearances of athletes in different forms at international aerobics competitions for the period from 1995 to 2002

Sports aerobics is a complex and emotional sport in which athletes perform a set of exercises with high intensity and complexly coordinated elements to the music, the exercise lasts 1 min. 30 sec at a site of 7 × 7 or 10 × 10 m with any smooth surface. In sports aerobics, elements from sports and rhythmic gymnastics and acrobatics are used. Much attention is paid to choreography, and in programs of mixed pairs, triples and groups, the interaction between partners. Competitions are held in several categories: individual (separately for men and women), mixed couples, trios and groups. When evaluating the program, judges take into account the art of movements, in which not only strength, endurance, flexibility, but also the artistry of execution and the complexity of the program are manifested. The acquaintance of Russia with sports aerobics took place in 1989, when the founders of this sport - American athletes - the spouses Schwartz demonstrated their program to specialists at the Moscow State Institute of Physical Culture and Sports and Leningrad State University. The program aroused great interest, and already in 1990 the first USSR championship was held in St. Petersburg. Then, in 1990, the first unofficial World Championship was held in the USA in San Diego, in which athletes from 16 countries took part.

The World Cups are held annually, the European Championships every two years (since 1999), and the World Games, which are an alternative to the Olympic Games for non-Olympic sports - every four years.

The main international aerobics competitions held under the leadership and patronage of the FIG are world championships, stages (series) and world cup finals, world games (aerobics as one of the disciplines), continental championships (the European championship is important for us).

World Championships (from 1st - 1995 - to 6th - 2000 - were held annually), Europe, and international tournaments were personal. In 2002, at the 7th World Championship, in addition to the personal one, the team championship was first played. Each national federation pre-determined athletes to participate in the team championship. According to the additions to the FIG Technical Rules (2002), the winner in the team championship was the national federation, whose athletes received a lower amount in the occupied places (rating) in the qualification competitions. The results of the performances of mixed pairs, triples, groups and one of the soloists (the best place for a man or woman) were taken into account. Aerobics in world games and the World Cup is a “rating” competition. To participate in them (MI, KM), athletes undergo a special selection, participating in world championships (for the KM finals in continental and national championships), preceding the main competitions. Personal championship in all competitions was determined by the results of the finals. The winner is the athlete with the best score.

Traditionally, the most stubborn struggle at international competitions takes place between representatives of countries such as Russia, Romania, Spain, Bulgaria, Japan, Korea, Chile, Italy, France, China, Brazil, New Zealand, etc.

Athletes perform in the categories: individual men, individual women, mixed couples, triples and groups (5 athletes) ^[1] , as well as dance gymnastics (Aerodance) and gymnastic platform (Aerostep).

Athletes are divided into age groups: 6-8, 9-11, 12-14, 15-17 and 18+, and compete only in their category and in their age group.

The gymnast’s competitive program is a composition of movements and elements of varying complexity and content, performed with high intensity to the music. When performing the program, the athlete must fulfill the elements of strength, flexibility, agility and endurance from structural groups (A, B, C, D).

At various stages of preparation, this sport helps to improve the health and harmonious development of the body functions of children and adolescents, the formation of proper posture, the development of general physical fitness, and contributes to the development of choreographic, musical, acrobatic skills, as well as moral and volitional qualities.

Continuous improvement of the rules of aerobics competitions also contributes to the development of this sports discipline. It seems interesting to us to analyze the direction of this development. Table 2 presents the changes in the requirements for the main sections of the rules (for different versions of the FIG rules, 1994, 1997, 2001). The materials under consideration show that the main sections are preserved in all versions of the rules of the competition, but the changes introduced in different years in one way or another correct both the content of the athletes' exercises and the requirements for judging them. The age of the participants in the competitions remained unchanged (at least 18 years for the year of the competition). In the second version of the rules - 1997-2000, the duration of the exercise was reduced from 1 min 55 s ± 10 s to 1 min 45 s ± 5 s.

Exercise is evaluated according to 3 criteria: performance, artistry and complexity.

Performance and artistry are evaluated by 4 judges, difficulty is assessed by 2 judges, there is also a judge on the line (monitors spacing for the site).

Maximum performance and artistry can be obtained 10 points, the complexity depends on the complexity of the elements performed. For various violations points (deductions) can be deducted.

An important part of any competition program has been and remains artistry. The requirements for artistry have changed slightly during the evolution of the rules. After 1997, such sections of the choreography as the Mirror Eight and the Choreographic Track were abolished. The additional score gradually decreased from a maximum of 2.0 points to 1.0 points (a “bonus” for special finds in choreography, the manifestation of individuality and high acting abilities during the exercise), then it was completely abolished. The requirements for the performing skills of athletes were adjusted. Coordination, intensity, endurance, previously assessed by performance judges, since 2001 are assigned to the section of artistry. Determination of deviations in the performance from the model characteristics of the exercises, the posture and synchronized movements of the partners allow the performance judge to make deductions for the technique (from 0.1 to 0.5 points), summarize from and then determine the athlete's score.

The most significant rule changes have occurred in the complexity section. First of all, this refers to clarifying the number and classification of structural groups of elements (from 6 main groups to 4), increasing the value groups of elements (from 0.1 to 1.0 points). The English abbreviation - A, B, C. D, E, F, G, used to indicate the value of elements in the table, and the use of the same letters to indicate the structural groups of elements led to confusion when recording exercises. Since 2002, letter symbols have been abolished to indicate the value of elements in the table of Appendix III, the rules of the competition.

The number and content of elements allowed for execution in the competition program has changed significantly. Initially, the “complexity formula” was 16/15, that is, no more than 16 elements were included in the exercise, and the value of only the 15 most complex and completed with the minimum complexity requirements was taken into account and summed up. Then the “20/16” formula was introduced, but the final score for complexity was reduced by the coefficients (for MI, IL, SP, the total score was divided by a factor of 2, depending on the ratio of men and women in the three, the coefficients were 2; 1.7; or 1.8). Permission to perform in the competitive program up to 20 elements, which coincided with a decrease in the duration of the exercise, led to a significant reduction in the section of choreography and impoverished competitive programs. In this regard, since 1998, the formula has been changed to "16/12" and, finally, since 2001, it has been converted to "12/6/2". The last option is deciphered as follows - you can use a maximum of 12 elements in a competitive exercise, of which only 6 can be performed “on the floor” (emphasis, twine, etc.) and only 2 of these 6 can contain a fall in an upright position. If these requirements are met and the elements are implemented in accordance with the minimum requirements of judges of complexity to their quality, then the value of all 12 elements is summarized. Unfortunately, the coefficient-lowering exercises are preserved. After the latest version of the competition rules was published, a few months before the start of the 2002 World Cup, the FIG technical committee introduced another requirement for the content of the exercises regarding the restriction of elements of the same type (more than one structural group is not allowed). It is still difficult to judge how this will affect the variety of elements used in competitive programs.

Since 2002, deductions have decreased: for violations of the duration of the competitive program (0.5 or 1.0 points); violations of the size of the site (going beyond the marking line - 0.1 points); violations in the suit and appearance of the athlete (0.5 or 2.0 points, depending on the nature of the violations). More attention was paid to the themes of the program and music (for the use of prohibited topics a 2.0 point penalty), as well as the quality of the soundtrack (a penalty of 0.5 points).

Very important changes have affected the system of determining grades in competitions. The latest version of the rules in this section is the most advanced. Criteria of minimal discrepancies between judges 'marks and 4 judges' marks (artistry and performance) are introduced, they are analyzed from these positions. There is a different system for determining the final score depending on the size of the discrepancy between the judges' marks. The scale of permissible differences is presented in the competition rules. If the difference between their two average ratings is acceptable, the arithmetic average is displayed, and if there is a significant difference, the final estimate is the arithmetic average of 4 ratings. The complexity of the exercise is judged by two judges, if their scores are agreed, then the arithmetic mean is deduced from two identical ones and then it is divided by the corresponding decreasing coefficient. If the opinions of these judges do not coincide, then each person gives his own assessment, and then the procedure for determining the final assessment is repeated.

In accordance with the traditions of gymnastics in sports aerobics, the maximum (comprehensive) score summarizes the results of all sections of the refereeing, deductions for violations are made, and the final winner determines the competition. If the final mark matches, several athletes have a system for determining the winner taking into account its components (the advantage is given to the assessment of artistry).

• Sports aerobics at school: [Pract. hands. during the competition and org. classes in general education. Moscow institutions]. - M. SportAcademPress, 2002 .-- 82 p. The book "Aerobics", published in 1963 by the American physician Kenneth Cooper.

• The rules of the sport sport aerobics are approved by order of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism of Russia dated May 21, 2010 No. 511.
• All-Russian Federation of Sports Aerobics