Egyptian military coup (2013)

The population of Egypt as an electorate in the elections is very heterogeneous . On the one hand, the inhabitants of the village, the most numerous and poorest and least educated group, whose education is often limited by knowledge of the Koran. These are the most consistent supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood party, which ultimately determined its victory in the elections. On the other hand, residents of cities, resorts, whose activities depend on exports and tourism, and the military. The highest officers since the time of British rule have traditionally studied abroad, in the UK, France and the USSR. European people are close and understandable to these people, this is part of their life. President Mursi’s attempt to amend the constitution under Sharia law is a populist move, according to the opposition, that has jeopardized the situation of the military and the country's economy.

On June 14, 2012, the Constitutional Council decided to dissolve the just-elected parliament. The reason was that 2/3 of the seats went to candidates who did not meet the new, imperceptibly introduced constitutional provisions. ^[13] Mursi, ignoring the recommendations of the military council and the constitutional court, allows the dissolved parliament to meet again ^[14] , on the grounds that the majority of the representatives were Islamists ^[15] . Mursi later agreed to dissolve the parliament. ^[16] These frictions between Mursi and the military only fomented passions in the streets.

July 5, 2013 in Cairo, the military opened fire on demonstrators who opposed the military dictatorship in defense of the ousted president ^{[17] [18]} . According to the Al-Arabiya channel, 3 people died as a result of the shooting ^[19] . Tens of thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of Alexandria and Asyut , demanding the reinstatement of Mursi as president and the abolition of the interim government ^[20] . The authorities introduced martial law in the resort area on the Red Sea ^[21] .

In a violent confrontation between supporters and opponents of Mursi, at least 46 people were killed across the country. In the published frames, the video shows how young people are thrown from the roof of a building in the Sidi Jaber area in Alexandria ^[22] . According to Al Arabiya, one of them died. Egyptian activists claim that young people celebrated the expulsion of Mursi, which angered supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood ^[23] .

At the same time, representatives of the Muslim Brotherhood organization said they did not intend to provide armed resistance to the military junta ^[24]

On July 5, 2013, interim president Adli Mansour announced the dissolution of the Egyptian parliament ^[25] and closed the border with the Gaza Strip ^[26] . Mansour appointed several advisers and instructed General Muhammad Ahmad Farid to head the intelligence agency. These measures were taken as part of the roadmap for resolving the political crisis developed by the Egyptian military ^[27] .

On July 8, police dispersed a rally of supporters of the ousted president. At the same time, tens of thousands of Mursi’s opponents gathered in Tahrir Square to prove that the army that carried out the coup in the country relies on widespread popular support. Islamists tried to break through to the headquarters of the Republican Guard, where Muhammad Mursi is being held. In this clash, one guardsman died, about 40 were injured. ^[28] .

On July 9, Hazem Al-Beblawi , a liberal economist who formerly served as finance minister, was appointed Egyptian interim prime minister. Mohammed al-Baradei , leader of the liberal opposition and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, has been appointed vice president of international relations ^[29] .

On July 26, Mursi was officially detained as part of an investigation by the prosecution. He was accused of setting fire to the prison and destroying prison reports (we are talking about Mursi’s escape from prison after being arrested for participating in actions against Hosni Mubarak in 2011), “collaborating with the Palestinian Hamas movement to take aggressive action in the country” to attack to police stations and the military, "the killing of some prisoners, policemen and soldiers deliberately and with a preliminary intention", as well as "the abduction of some policemen and soldiers." The Egyptian army gave Muslim Brotherhood supporters 48 hours to join the political settlement in the country. The Roadmap provides for the organization of early presidential and parliamentary elections in six months. ^[5]

Presidential Election

In late May 2014, presidential elections were held in Egypt. The winner was Abdul Fattah Al-Sisi . The inauguration ceremony was held on June 8, 2014 in Cairo ^[30] .

At approximately 7:00 a.m. on August 14, 2013, Egyptian security forces began moving towards two protest camps in Cairo . According to the Egyptian Interior Ministry, the initial plan was to gradually suspend the protests by cutting off the supply lines and providing a safe exit for those who decided to leave. However, by 8:00 in the morning the situation worsened. Security forces began to use armored vehicles, bulldozers, live ammunition and tear gas against the crowd. Many protesters were shot and at least one was burned alive. Snipers shot at those who tried to escape from the camp. Numerous photographs distributed via the Internet and news channels showed weapons, including automatic rifles and thousands of cartridges for them, found in the tents of protesters after the defeat of the camps.

After reports of events in Cairo, many people took to the streets. A wave of violence swept across the country. In Giza, an angry mob attacked a police station. In total, 21 sections were attacked, according to information from the Egyptian Ministry of Internal Affairs. In southern Egypt, two to seven Coptic churches were burned to the ground. As a result, Christian activists accused Mursi's supporters of introducing a “retaliation war against the Copts in Egypt.” According to the government, Muslim Brotherhood supporters attacked government headquarters in several provinces. The interim government introduced a one-month state of emergency. At the same time, the putschists' actions led to a noticeable increase in the popularity of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Egyptian lower classes ^[31] .

October 4, 2013 in Cairo, there was a shootout between supporters of the ousted president and the military ^[32]

Economic Situation

In an interview with Reuters on July 11, Basem Uda, the country's former harvesting minister, said Egypt’s wheat reserves would last for a maximum of two months. Only 500 thousand tons remained in the warehouses, which should provide 84 million of the country's population. ^{[33] The} situation, however, was helped to stabilize by the powerful financial assistance of Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Kuwait. ^[34]

Victims

The death toll in clashes between the army and the demonstrators supporting the Muslim Brotherhood as of August 16, 2013 was 638, and the number of wounded was 2,000 (according to the Egyptian Ministry of Health). "Muslim Brotherhood" "claims that there are significantly more victims: about 3,000 killed and more than 10 thousand wounded ^[1] .

Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia supported the coup in Egypt. King Abdullah congratulated Adli Mansour on his appointment. ^[35]

Syria
Syrian President Bashar al-Assad called the removal of Egyptian President Mohammed Mursi from Egypt "a collapse of the idea of ​​political Islam." “In Egypt, the collapse of what is called“ political Islam “occurred. Those who use religion for political purposes or in the interests of a particular group will be overthrown anywhere ” ^[36] .

Turkey
Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan criticized the European Union ^[37] for the fact that his authorities did not condemn the coup in Egypt and did not call it a military coup ^[38] .

Palestinian Authority
One of the Hamas leaders, Ismail Haniya , expressed concern about the integrity of Egypt, as well as the belief that Egypt would support Hamas and the Palestinian resistance at any time. Fatah leaders urged Gaza residents to follow Egypt's example and overthrow the Hamas government ^[39] .

African Union
The African Union suspended Egypt's membership until a constitutional order was restored ^[40] .

• Egyptian Revolution 2011
• R4BIA

• 2013 Egyptian coup: econometric experience
• Anatomy of egyptian counterrevolution
• Gusterin P. Muslim Brothers Left Without Egypt