Nikolsk (Mukhorshibir district)

It is located in the Tugnui valley in the east of the Mukhorshibir district. Along the southeastern outskirts of Nikolsk there passes the federal highway P258 Baikal. The distance to the district center, the village of Mukhorshibir is 42 km.

6 km east of the village along the rivulet Daidukha there is a border with the Trans-Baikal Territory . The village stands on the border of two landscape areas: from the south-west, the Mongolian forest-steppe with large areas of dry steppes overgrown with Bogorodskaya grass, wormwood, and mouse peas is very suitable. From the east and southeast the forest approaches. The hills in the south are deprived of forests, pines begin to run down, and even lower, more densely - pine, larch, in damp places - spruce. The northern slopes up to the top represent the impassable Chepura. There is larch and birch, here there is pine and aspen and this forest is mixed with rosemary. The uprooted slopes around the village of Nikolsky are cut by a huge network of deep ravines.

The climate is sharply continental . In winter, the temperature drops below −40 ° C. In the summer, it rises to +30 ° C. Spring begins in March, then Transbaikal winds with an admixture of dust begin. Autumn is long, warm.

According to legend, Cossack Nikolai was expelled from service in the Udinsky prison for misconduct (surname and middle name are unknown). Under escort, he was escorted to the area of ​​the Mukhorshibir settlement and left to live in the forest. After a lonely wandering, he met a man, he turned out to be a local resident, drilled . Nikolay, as he could, told him what had happened. Soon, several Buryats from the nearby ulus arrived on horseback and helped him build a house and surrounded it with a fence, put up a gate and carved a knife on the facade with a knife - 1737. Buryats called the residence of the Cossack - "Nikolsk Zimovye."

By the wintering of the Cossack Nicholas in about the 1740s, seven more families joined, calling themselves Albazinians. About who they are, the story is this: on the left bank of the middle reaches of the Amur in 1665, a detachment of Russian fugitive Cossacks founded the Albazin prison . A settlement of peasants who moved here from the European part of Russia soon grew up on his estate. The settlement of Russians in the lands of Amur Region, as well as Primorye, caused discontent of the authorities of the Chinese state. A stubborn struggle began between Russia and China over these lands. In 1689, the superiority in the struggle was behind China, and the warring states were forced to conclude a peace treaty, which they signed in the city of Nerchinsk . According to him, a border was established along Argun and Gorbitsa; the middle and lower reaches of the Amur went to China, and the lands of the Far East and the entire coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk remained with Russia. The Albazin prison was abandoned by the Russians, the Cossacks moved to the Nerchinsk prison, the peasants on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. But the life of the peasants due to the uninhabited territory was very difficult. They began to migrate in groups to Transbaikalia and Western Siberia. Seven families from the prison have joined the wintering of Nicholas. They called themselves as before their place of residence - Albazinians. The street formed from their settlement was given the name Albazin.

The first houses in Nikolsky began to be built near the river. (Now: along Pionerskaya street, in the past - Bolshoi, there were three houses, along Zarechnaya street, in the past - Zamogilskaya - three houses and two houses when crossing from the highway to the bridge).

Semey Nikolsky populated in 1765. Since the end of 1764, and throughout the subsequent period, 22 parties of 150–250 people each were exiled to Siberia . In March 1767, a third batch arrived from Vetka from under Vetka in Transbaikalia under the escort of a non-commissioned officer and three soldiers. They are located on the banks of a small river. Before building a house, outbuildings, and farming, people had to cleanse the place from the decrepit forest. Cutting down and uprooting of trees was carried out only by an ax and draft was a horse.

In 1780, three more families of Old Believers joined. They were in the 4th batch of expulsion. Previously, they lived on the lands of the Ukrainian tycoon Kandyba. Having settled here, they began to call themselves Kandybovites. The street of their settlement in a slightly modified form was called Kandabay. With the sharing in the 1790s of three Cossack families arriving from Nerchinsk, Kazakovskaya Street was formed. Further village growth was mainly due to natural population growth. The first streets formed: Albazin, Kandabay, Zamogilskaya, Bolshaya, Traktovaya, Gambulovskaya, Kazakovskaya - Krasnoyar, Zakaulok, Novy Krasnoyar, Zabegalovka, Station gradually added. The socio-economic relations of the Nicholas from the beginning of their settlement were built according to the laws of the neighboring community. They lived according to the traditions developed by their ancestors in the Vladimir region , and then on the Branch .

After the construction of the church in honor of St. Nicholas in 1884, the village received the status of a village and the name Nikolskoe was fixed. In 1971, the church was moved to the Ethnographic Museum of the Trans-Baikal Peoples in Ulan-Ude .

In 1918, a punitive detachment of whites arrived in the village. In Nikolsky and in the environs, 41 Red Army men were executed. In 1919, a partisan detachment was created in the village. The headquarters of the Japanese command sent punishers to Nikolsk. 4 people were executed ^[9] .

In 1918, a zemstvo school was opened in the village ^[10] .

In the first half of the 1920s, the Red Partisan agricultural cartel was created, and subsequently the collective farm named after Lenin. The second chairman of the artel was Epifan Grigorievich Erofeev - one of the main characters in the A. A. Leonov trilogy “Semeyschina”. In 1932, one of the episodes of the Maletinsky peasant uprising took place in the village. In 1952, the artel's revenue was 512 thousand rubles, in 1959 - 5171 thousand rubles ^[11] .

Several streets arose in 1970-1980 during the peak of their collective farm. Lenin, when the population of Nikolsk was large in number. So there were streets Molodezhnaya, Rabochaya, where poultry farm workers settled.

From 1978 to 1998, the chairman of the collective farm. Lenin was the Hero of Socialist Labor A.P. Kalashnikov .

LLC Nikolskoye (livestock, crop production), a sawmill, and farms operate in the village. There is a secondary school with 556 places (161 students are studying), a feldsher-midwife station, a kindergarten, a library, and a House of Culture.

• Monument to the fighters for the power of the Soviets, who died in the struggle against the Japanese invaders and the White Guard punitive in January 1920 ^[12] ;
• Monument to fellow soldiers who died during the Great Patriotic War ^[13] .

The history of the village from the middle of the 19th century until the end of the 1920s is described in the trilogy of A. A. Leonov (Ilya Chernev) “Semeyschina”.

• A. A. Leonov - Soviet writer, author of the trilogy "Family" ^[14] ;
• T. A. Brylyov - Hero of Socialist Labor (1955) ^[15] ;
• A. P. Kalashnikov - Hero of Socialist Labor (1989), chairman of the collective farm. Lenin (1978-1998) ^[16] .

• Muhorshibir district (inaccessible link)
• Native village