Suba - the name of the administrative-territorial unit (province) in the Mughal empire in the XVI-XVIII centuries. Subs consisted of smaller territorial units - sarkars (districts), and those, in turn, consisted of primary taxable administrative units called pardana or mahalla . Each suba was headed by the governors appointed by the padishah, called the navvab-subadars or subadars (from this title later came the officer rank subedar used in the British Indian Army ). Some viceroys had the title of sipahsalar or nazim [1] . Other suba officials were appointed by the subadars themselves. At the head of the Sarkars were the amalguzars , who were responsible for collecting taxes, and the fodjars , who headed the military garrison and performed police functions in the Sarkar, and also helped the amalguzars to collect taxes [2] . The Padishah Akbar appointed the Foudjards in person, but then they began to appoint the Subadars. Cities in Subah were led by Kotvali , which also performed police and tax functions. Subadam subordinated military garrisons in the territory of Suba, which gradually became their personal subordination and were used in civil wars.
History
The territorial division of the empire into subyas was carried out by Padishah Akbar during his administrative reforms of 1572-1580 . The empire was initially divided into 12 sub, but by the end of Akbar’s reign, thanks to his conquests in the Dean, the number of sub reached 15 (Berarskaya, Dandesha (later renamed Khandesh) were added, and Ahmadnagar (renamed Daulatabad in 1636, and then to Aurangabad) sub). Under Akbar's successor, padishah Jahangir , two more subas were established: in particular, in 1607, a separate Oris suba was separated from the Bengal suba .
By the end of the reign of Padishah Shah Jahan, the empire already consisted of 22 sub. The board of this padishah is marked by a significant reorganization of the administrative-territorial structure. In 1636, Shah Jahan separated the Telarkan sarkar from the Berar suba and created a separate subu from it, but in 1657 he added it to the Bidar suba . In 1629, Agra was renamed Akbarabad, and in 1648 the Delhi Subuh was renamed Shahjahanabad in honor of the new capital of the empire. Kashmir was isolated as a separate suba from Kabul Suba, Tatta as a separate suba from Multan Suba , Bidar as a separate suba from Daulatabad Suba . In 1638 - 1648, Kandahar was a separate subu, until it was conquered by Persia .
In 1636, the Deccan possessions of the empire were distributed between four subas: Berar , Daulebabad , Telangan and Handesh . In 1656, the Bidar Suba was separated from the Daulatabad Suba , to which the Suba Telangan was added the following year.
Under the padishah Aurangzeb , the Bijapur ( 1686 ) and Hyderabad ( 1687 ) subas were additionally created. Under him, the empire consisted of 21 suba. In 1710, the Arkot Suba was created, headed by the Karnatik Navabs .
At the head of the sub-padishas, he placed, as a rule, close commanders and members of his dynasty. Often, the same dignitary or shahzadeh simultaneously led several adjacent sub, thus collecting power in his hands over a significant part of the empire. In the 17th century, Deccan subas were most often controlled by the same subadar, called the Deccan subadar (for example, the future padish of Aurangzeb twice, since 1636 , was the Deccan subadar, controlling simultaneously all Deccan subas).
With the weakening of central authority in the empire under the successors of Aurangzeb in the 18th century, the Suba gradually began to get out of the power of the padishah, becoming virtually independent states. In 1739, the Persian Nadir Shah invaded the empire, defeating the troops of the Padishah Muhammad Shah at the Battle of Karnal and taking Delhi. This defeat sharply undermined the political influence of the padishahs in the subah of the empire, whose subadars began to turn into independent rulers one by one. The empire, which had lost its military power, began to lose ground under the blows of its opponents, losing the Suba after Suba under the blows of the Marathas , Afghans of Durrani and the British . Hyderabad and Oud in 1724, Bengal in 1740, Deccan Suba by the middle of the XVIII century became independent princedoms led by Maratha dynasties. The power of the padishah over the subas became increasingly illusive. In the second half of the 18th century, its actual power extended only to the city of Delhi and the surrounding areas.
Sub List
| No. | Name | Region / Capital Suba | Creature | Liquidation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| one. | Kabul Suba | Kabul | 1572 | ? |
| 2. | Lahore Suba | Punjab / Lahore | 1572 | ? |
| 3. | Multan Suba | Punjab / Multan | 1572 | ? |
| four. | Ajmer Suba | Rajputana / Ajmer | 1572 | ? |
| five. | Gujarat Suba | Gujarat / Ahmedabad | 1572 | ? |
| 6. | Delhi (Shahjahanabad) suba | Delhi | 1572 | ? |
| 7. | Agra (Akbarabad) suba | Agra | 1572 | ? |
| eight. | Malawian Suba | Malawa / Ujjain | 1572 | In 1743 came under the control of the Marathas |
| 9. | Auda Suba | Aud / Ayodhya | 1572 - 1580 | In 1732 it became an independent principality of Aud |
| ten. | Allahabad Suba | Sangam / Allahabad | 1572 - 1580 | ? |
| eleven. | Bihar Suba | Bihar / Patna | 1572 - 1580 | ? |
| 12. | Bengal suba | Bengal / Tanda (1574-1595), Rajmahal (1595-1610, 1639-1659), Dhaka (1610-1639, 1660-1703), Murshidabad (1703-1757) | 1574 | In 1757 it came under British control. |
| 13. | Berar Suba | Berar / Balapur , Burhanpur , Ellichpur (since 1636 ) | 1596 | In 1724 became the Principality of Hyderabad |
| 14. | Handesh (Dandesh) suba | Handesh / Burhanpur | 1601 | ? |
| 15. | Ahmadnagar (Daulatabad, Aurangabad suba | Deccan / Ahmadnagar (1601-1636), Daulatabad (1636–1681), Aurangabad (c 1681) | 1601 - 1635 | ? |
| sixteen. | Oris Suba | Orissa / Kattak | 1607 | Bhonsle conquered in 1751 |
| 17. | Kashmir Suba | Kashmir / Srinagar | Durrani conquered in 1753 | |
| 18. | Tatta Suba | Sind / Tatta | In 1739 conquered by Nadir Shah | |
| nineteen. | Kandahar Suba | Kandahar | 1638 | In 1648 conquered by the Safavids |
| 20. | Telangan Suba | Telangana / Nander | 1636 | In 1657 annexed to the Bidar Suba |
| 21. | Bidar Suba | Deccan / Bidar | 1656 | ? |
| 22. | Bijapur Suba | Deccan / Bijapur | 1684 | ? |
| 23. | Hyderabad Suba | Deccan / Hyderabad | 1687 | In 1724 became the Principality of Hyderabad |
| 24 | Arcotian Suba | Tamil Nadu / Arcot | 1710 | ? |
Notes
- ↑ Alaev, L. B. Medieval India. - St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2003.S. 165.
- ↑ Alaev, L. B. Medieval India. - St. Petersburg: Aletheia, 2003.S. 165-166.
Sources
- Alaev, L. B. Medieval India. - St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2003 .-- 304 p. - ("Oriental studies: textbooks and materials"). - ISBN 5-89329-590-0 .
- History of the East. T. III. East at the turn of the Middle Ages and modern times. XVI — XVIII centuries (the main editorial board chaired by R.B. Rybakov). - Moscow: Publishing company "Oriental literature" RAS, 2000. - (Scientific publication). - ISBN 5-02-018102-1 .
- Soviet Historical Encyclopedia , Volume 9. P. 542-543
- Soviet Historical Encyclopedia , Volume 13. P. 905