Diyrian emirate

In the first half of the XVIII century. on the territory of the Arabian Peninsula a Muslim preacher Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhab acted. Enlisting the support of Emir Aiyana Usman ibn Hammad, he and his supporters set about destroying various “holy” places. This led the authorities to expel Ibn Abdul-Wahhab from Ayaynah, and in 1744 he settled in Ed Diriya . Having established close relations with the local emir Muhammad ibn al-Saud, he and his followers began to make trips to nearby oases. The sermons of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab served as the ideological basis for the Arab movement against the power of the Ottoman Empire ^[1] .

In 1765, Muhammad ibn Saud died and Abdul-Aziz took his place. Being not only the heir to the throne, but also the imam of Wahhabi Muslims, Abdul-Aziz managed to turn the Deryanian Emirate into a strong state. Capturing the Riyadh in 1773, the Saudis subjugated the entire central Nejd ^[1] .

By the time of the death of Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhab in 1792, the Dery emirate extended its influence to Eastern Arabia. In the occupied territories, the Wahhabis smashed various shrines that were worshiped by the population, including Shiites. This period also includes the opposition of the Dirians with the Meccan Sharifs in Western Arabia ^[1] .

Fearing the development of Saudis success, the Ottoman authorities sent military forces against them. However, the failed Ottoman troops were forced to retreat. Taking advantage of the fact that the Ottoman Empire weakened so much that the Dyrians could not control the situation in their provinces invaded Iraq and, in 1802, defeated the Shiite shrines in Karbala . The following year, the Saudis took Mecca , but they failed to take Jeddah and Medina . In the same year, the emir of Deri, Abdul-Aziz, died as a result of a conspiracy and was replaced by his son Saud , who in 1805 captured Medina and almost all of Hejaz ^[1] .

From 1805 to 1810, the Saudis continued their invasions of Iraq and Syria . But by 1811 Muhammad Ali , the Egyptian vassal of the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II, came out against them . The army of Muhammad Ali, led by Tusun, in 1813 repulsed Hijaz from the Deriites. The uprising that began in Oman forced the Wahhabis to retreat from this region ^[1] .

In 1814, Saud died. He was replaced by his son Abdullah ibn Saud . By this time, the Saudis had lost control of Hejaz, Oman, Bahrain and part of Tihama . Bearing one defeat after another, by 1817, the Saudis lost control of central Nejd, and the following year, the last stronghold of the Saudis, the city of Ediria, fell. Many Saudis died and Ed Diriya was razed to the ground. Emir Abdullah I ibn Saud was sent to Istanbul , where he was beheaded.

However, already in 1821, a relative of the executed Emir, Turki ibn Abdullah, raised a revolt against the Ottomans, electing the city of Riyadh as the new capital. In 1824, the Second Saudi State was formed. ^[1] .

• Alizade A. A. Wahhabis // Islamic Encyclopedic Dictionary . - M .: Ansar , 2007. - 400 p. - (Golden Fund of Islamic thought). - ISBN 5-98443-025-8 .