The TATA box , or Hogness box, is a DNA motif ( cis-regulatory element ) of a eukaryote having the sequence 5'- TATAAA 3 ' [1] . The TATA box is located in the promoter region of genes in archaea and eukaryotes [2] about 30 nucleotides above the site of transcription initiation [3] . By the presence of the TATA box, one can recognize the DNA template chain that will be transcribed [1] . It is associated with transcription factors that attract RNA polymerase to the site of transcription initiation [1] (for example, the TFIID factor, or the TATA factor [4] ). Thus, the TATA box is functionally equivalent to the Pribnov box in bacteria [5] .
Content
Operation
Normally, the TATA box at the beginning of transcription binds to the (TBP), which unwinds DNA. The AT-rich region facilitates unwinding, since 2 hydrogen bonds in the AT pair are less strong than 3 in the GC pair. TBP is an unusual protein that binds to the minor groove of DNA and consists of β-layers [6] .
The TATA box is typically found at RNA polymerase II binding sites. The transcription factor binds to the TATA box, and another transcription factor, , is attached to its upper part, and to the lower part. TBP-induced DNA unwinding also contributes to binding to these factors [3] . RNA polymerase II recognizes this multi - protein complex and binds to it, accompanied by various other transcription factors, such as , and . Thus, transcription is initiated, and RNA polymerase II moves along the DNA chain, and TFIID and TFIIA remain bound to the TATA box. In the future, this may facilitate the attachment of additional RNA polymerase II molecules. In addition, it was shown that the TATA box can initiate transcription carried out not only by RNA polymerase II, but also by [7] .
Distribution
TATA-box is a very ancient, highly conservative throughout the evolution of the promoter motif of eukaryotes and the first identified such motif. However, in vertebrates, TATA boxing is not very widespread [3] . Most human genes lack a TATA box, and the or a more complex promoter of the type plays its role in them. Approximately 24% of human genes contain a TATA box located within the central promoter [8] (according to other researchers, a TATA box is found in 10% of human gene promoters [9] ). A little earlier, an analysis of approximately a thousand genes revealed the presence of a TATA box in the promoters of 32% of them [10] . It has been established that the most widely used TATA box is among genes involved in cellular responses and organogenesis. Apparently, promoters with a TATA box are characteristic of genes specific for cells of a certain type, while CpG promoters are characteristic of housekeeping genes [3] .
See also
- Pribnov boxing
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 SCitable Glossary: TATA box .
- ↑ Smale ST , Kadonaga JT The RNA polymerase II core promoter. (Eng.) // Annual review of biochemistry. - 2003. - Vol. 72. - P. 449-479. - DOI : 10.1146 / annurev.biochem.72.121801.161520 . - PMID 12651739 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Barrett et. al., 2013 , p. four.
- ↑ Konichev, Sevastyanova, 2012 , p. 265.
- ↑ TATA-box: Molecular biology and genetics. Dictionary. .
- ↑ Patikoglou GA , Kim JL , Sun L. , Yang SH , Kodadek T. , Burley SK TATA element recognition by the TATA box-binding protein has been conserved throughout evolution. (English) // Genes & development. - 1999. - Vol. 13, no. 24 . - P. 3217–3230. - PMID 10617571 .
- ↑ Wang Y. , Jensen RC , Stumph WE Role of TATA box sequence and orientation in determining RNA polymerase II / III transcription specificity. (English) // Nucleic acids research. - 1996. - Vol. 24, no. 15 . - P. 3100-3106. - PMID 8760900 .
- ↑ Yang C. , Bolotin E. , Jiang T. , Sladek FM , Martinez E. Prevalence of the initiator over the TATA box in human and yeast genes and identification of DNA motifs enriched in human TATA-less core promoters. (English) // Gene. - 2007. - Vol. 389, no. 1 . - P. 52-65. - DOI : 10.1016 / j.gene.2006.09.029 . - PMID 17123746 .
- ↑ Carninci P. , Sandelin A. , Lenhard B. , Katayama S. , Shimokawa K. , Ponjavic J. , Semple CA , Taylor MS , Engström PG , Frith MC , Forrest AR , Alkema WB , Tan SL , Plessy C. , Kodzius R. , Ravasi T. , Kasukawa T. , Fukuda S. , Kanamori-Katayama M. , Kitazume Y. , Kawaji H. , Kai C. , Nakamura M. , Konno H. , Nakano K. , Mottagui-Tabar S . , Arner P. , Chesi A. , Gustincich S. , Persichetti F. , Suzuki H. , Grimmond SM , Wells CA , Orlando V. , Wahlestedt C. , Liu ET , Harbers M. , Kawai J. , Bajic VB , Hume DA , Hayashizaki Y. Genome-wide analysis of mammalian promoter architecture and evolution. (English) // Nature genetics. - 2006. - Vol. 38, no. 6 . - P. 626-635. - DOI : 10.1038 / ng1789 . - PMID 16645617 .
- ↑ Suzuki Y. , Tsunoda T. , Sese J. , Taira H. , Mizushima-Sugano J. , Hata H. , Ota T. , Isogai T. , Tanaka T. , Nakamura Y. , Suyama A. , Sakaki Y. , Morishita S. , Okubo K. , Sugano S. Identification and characterization of the potential promoter regions of 1031 kinds of human genes. (English) // Genome research. - 2001. - Vol. 11, no. 5 . - P. 677-684. - DOI : 10.1101 / gr.164001 . - PMID 11337467 .
Literature
- Lucy W. Barrett, Sue Fletcher, Steve D. Wilton. Untranslated Gene Regions and Other Non-coding Elements . - Springer Briefs in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2013 .-- 57 p. - ISBN 978-3-0348-0679-4 .
- Konichev A.S., Sevastyanova G.A. Molecular biology. - Publishing Center "Academy", 2012. - 400 p. - ISBN 978-5-7695-9147-1 .