Kocja Sinan Pasha

Origin

As a place of birth, Sinan Pasha is called or near the city of Kukes , or Delvin ^[1] . The exact date of birth is unknown. A version was adopted that he was born before 1520 ^[1] in Albania . If you count from the time of death and subtract age, it turns out around 1516. Selanic Mustafa-efendi, a younger contemporary of Sinan Pasha, a historian, wrote that Sinan Pasha died at the age of eighty years in 1596 ^[1] . writes that Sinan Pasha died at the age of more than ninety years, and then the year of birth was even earlier - around 1506 ^[2] .

His father is a Muslim-born peasant Ali, however, it is claimed that Sinan was a Christian and converted to Islam after hitting Enderun. It is possible that his brother Ayas Pasha called him to Istanbul ^{[2] [k 1]} , who arranged him for the palace ^[1] .

Initial years. "Yemen's Conqueror"

The first known post of Sinan was the chasnigirbashi (the head of the service engaged in cooking and delivering cooked dishes to the private chambers of the sultan; the head cook in the palace) ^[2] during the reign of Suleiman I. He received it thanks to his brother ^[1] .

Later appointed Sandjakbey Malatya , then to Kastamonu , Gaza , Nablus , Erzurum (July 1564) and Aleppo (October 1565) ^[1] . In the siege of Szigetvara in 1566, he participated in the post of Aleppo Beyrlebey. December 26, 1567 for the first time he took the post of Egypt Beylerbey ^{[1] [2]} . In 1567 news of Suleiman's death reached Yemen . Emir rebelled with the intention of becoming independent, and in 1568, troops under the command of Lala Mustafa Pasha , appointed by the Sardar, approached Yemen. The Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha remained in Istanbul, who did not like Lala Mustafa Pasha. The supply of the expedition was entrusted to Egypt’s Beiller — Sinan Pasha ^[4] . Lal Mustafa interpreted vague instructions from the sofa in such a way that he was allowed to take everything from the treasury in Cairo for the campaign that Sinan Pasha considered a violation of his rights. A conflict arose between the two grandees, accompanied by complaints and denunciations to Istanbul. Koca Sinan Pasha accused Lal Mustafa of postponing the campaign, disobedience to the Sultan and in an attempt to poison him. Allegedly, Lal Mustafa organized a conspiracy to poison Sinan and give Egypt to his son, Mehmed Bey, who through his mother was the great-grandson of the last Mamluk sultan, Kansuh al Gauri . In addition, Sinan claimed that Lala Mustafa Pasha requested additional troops to make himself an independent ruler of Yemen. Sinan accused the sardar of insulting the daughters of the Sultan, who were married to Vesirians ^[5] . Judging by the fact that in 1569 Lala Mustafa Pasha was recalled back to Istanbul, Sinan Pasha became the sardar of the expedition, reports of Sinan Pasha were considered more reliable ^[4] .

Sinan Pasha moved from Mecca to Yemen ^[7] , defeated the forces of al-Mukhatar at Taiz ; the citadel of Taiz, the fortress of al-Kahirah, capitulated ^[8] . After long preparations, Aden was taken ^[9] , and Sinan Pasha appointed his nephew as governor of the city ^[10] . After that, Sinan Pasha went with the army to Jibla ^[11] , captured the fortresses of al-Takar, Bakhranakh, Badan, Hadid, al-Hubaysh, subdued Ibb ^[12] . From there he went to Sana'a ^[13] .

Sinan Pasha camped at Kaukaban and Tula ^[14] . Al-Mutahar repeatedly raided the camp, but each time he was defeated. In one of the raids his son died ^[15] . Sinan Pasha, meanwhile, made two unsuccessful attempts to take Beit Izz ^[16] . After several months of skirmishes, offensive and retreats, al-Muhatar requested peace, and Sinan Pasha agreed ^{[4] [17]} . He returned to Sana, met Behram-Pasha appointed by the governor ^[18] , helped him with the conquest of the Hubb fortress ^[19] , and went to Mecca, and then to Medina ^[20] .

In 1571, Sinan Pasha returned to Cairo with the nickname "The Conqueror of Yemen" and again took the post of Egypt Beylerbey ^{[2] [4]} . Soon Sinan Pasha received the title of vizier ^{[1] [2]} .

Tunisian Conqueror

Tunisia was originally conquered by the Ottomans under the leadership of Hayreddin Barbarossa back in 1534. However, a year later, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles V, organized a large expedition and fought off Tunisia. He left the garrison and the vassal Hafsid ruler. In 1574, William I of Orange and Charles IX, through their ambassador, François de Noy , attempted to negotiate with Selim II to open a new front against Spanish King Philip II . Selim sent a large fleet to attack Tunisia in the fall of 1574, thus succeeding in reducing the Spanish pressure on the Dutch. Selim II assembled a fleet of nearly three hundred warships, in which there were about 75,000 people. Ottoman fleet under the command of Uluj Ali left Istanbul on May 13, 1574 ^[24] . Sinan Pasha commanded the ground forces. They teamed up with troops sent by the Algerian balerbey , giving a cumulative number of about 100,000 people. The army attacked Tunisia and La Gulet on July 12; La Guleta fell on August 24, 1574. The last Christian troops in the New Fort of Tunisia surrendered on September 13, 1574 ^[24] .

Juan Austrian attempted to lift the siege with a fleet of galleys from Naples and Sicily, but could not arrive on time due to storms. Spain, fighting in the Netherlands, could not provide substantial assistance ^[24] . Cervantes participated in these events as a soldier and was among the troops of don Juan of Austria, who was trying to save the city. He claims that the Ottomans carried out 22 attacks on the Tunisian fort, losing 25,000 people, while only 300 Christians survived. This victory brought Sinan Pasha the nickname “Tunisian conqueror” and the post of the fourth vizier ^[1] .

Appointment to the post of Grand Vizier

First Scout

In 1576, Shah Tahmasp I died, his heirs did not differ either in intelligence or talent. This period is described by a contemporary and an eyewitness, Sharaf Khan , who lived in Persia at that time. Two years later, Murad III decided that this was the right time for the resumption of hostilities. The Grand Vizier Sokollu Mustafa Pasha was against it, but his influence was already quite small. The leadership of the campaign was entrusted to the third vizier, Lalla Mustafa Pasha , who took Tiflis and Yerevan ^[26] . After the assassination of Sokollu on October 11, 1579, the second vizier, Semiz Ahmed Pasha , became Lof Mustafa Pasha, the second vizier, and Koca Sinan Pasha - the third ^[1] .

Sharaf Khan wrote: “Year 988 (1580-81). When the news of the seizure of the Shirvan Vilayet by the Kyzylbashi , the flight of 'Usman Pasha to Damur Kapu , the capture of Adil-Girey Tatar [skogo] came to the glorious hearing of Sultan Murad-Khan, he dismissed Mustafa Pasha from his post and transferred that high post to the third Vizier - Sinan Pasha ” ^[27] . Mustafa Pasha was recalled to Istanbul, and Sinan Pasha was appointed sardar (commander of the army). Semiz Ahmed Pasha died in April 1580 and Lala Mustafa Pasha occupied the post of Grand Vizier for three months ^{[k 2]} . When he died in August, Sinan Pasha’s turn came ^{[1] [2]} .

At the beginning of 1581, Shah-Kuli-Sultan and Maksoud-aga arrived in Erzurum to Sinan Pasha, the envoys from Muhammad Hudabende with a proposal for a truce. “The Iranians understood that they could not cope with the Ottomans. Therefore, they wished to conclude an armistice on the condition of preserving the borders defined in the reign of Sultan Suleiman Khan . To this end, they sent their ambassador named Maksud Khan to the sardar ” ^[28] . Sinan Pasha agreed and left for Istanbul, and the ambassador arrived from Persia - Ibrahim Khan with gifts. However, a truce on the old terms was not part of the plans of Sultan Murad III . “Sultan Murad Khan did not agree to the truce, dismissed Sinan Pasha from the post of the great vizier and sardar of the victorious armies, and kept Ibrahim Bek in prison” ^[25] . December 6, 1582 Sinan Pasha was removed and sent to exile in Malkara ^{[1] [2]} .

Second and third terms

In his estate in Malkara, Sinan Pasha spent four years. All this time, he tirelessly sent gifts and bribes to the sultan's harem, which bore fruit. At the end of 1586, Sinan Pasha received his appointment as Beiller in Damascus ^[1] .

In 1588 (or 1589) he was appointed Grand Vizier for the second time. Due to the Janissaries revolt of 1591, he was removed from his post on August ^{1 [1] [2]} . Replaced him at the post of Grand Vizier Ferkhad Pasha. After 18 months of exile, Sinan Pasha Ferkhad Pasha was demoted to the second Vizier ^[29] . On January 28, 1593, Sinan Pasha returned to Istanbul and for the third time was appointed Grand Vizier ^{[1] [2] [29]} .

In the summer of the same year, he received the post of sardar (army commander) in Hungary and, having personally led the army, laid siege to Sisak , then the main forces attacked Veszprem and Varpalot in October. In punishment for the fact that the Serbs supported the troops of the Holy Roman Empire , Sinan Pasha ordered the withdrawal of the relics of St. Savva of Serbia from the Monastery of Milešev and brought them to Belgrade . April 27, 1594 relics were burned. From March to September 1594, Esztergom survived several sieges and passed from hand to hand. On September 29, the Esztergomsk Habsburg garrison capitulated, having received guarantees of a free exit ^[1] . The winners got rich booty in the form of food supplies and weapons ^[30] . After that, Koca Sinan Pasha laid siege to Komarno ^{[1] [29]} . Komarno resisted, thanks to the walls and fortifications ^[31] , Sinan Pasha could not capture him, but, according to Sharaf Khan, he returned to Istanbul with triumph ^[29] . Upon his return, he received a letter written by the Sultan himself, honorable clothes, a saber and a plume ^[31] .

In this campaign, according to Sharaf Khan, the behavior of Sinan Pasha provoked "enmity and hostility" with the Tatar khan of Gaza II Geray .

Year 1002 (1593-94) During the conquest of the fortress of Comorn and the erection of a floating bridge across the Danube River, it was the Tatars who defeated the infidel camp and defeated it. On that hike, they provided praiseworthy services. So, after Transylvania had been ravaged and plundered by the Tatars, many provisions arrived at the camp of the army that had run round the world, and the victorious troops lived in complete satisfaction and well-being. For such a service, sardar was waited for favors, and Sinan Pasha put the merits of the Tatar khan into a niche of oblivion. Moreover, he attributed to his son Amir al-Umrah 'Rumelia Muhammad-Pasha to all sorts of merit and the valor they displayed.

Ghazi Giray Khan also became aware of this. With several nobles, he expounded the criminal and negligent [attitude] of the sardar to state affairs. Sinan Pasha was removed from the post of vizier and sardar, the post of vizier and sardar was transferred to Farhad Pasha.

- Sharaf-name ^[25]

In January 1595, Murad III died, and, despite the victories won by Sinan Pasha during the hostilities, Mehmet III , who had come to power, removed him from his post of Grand Vizier and again sent him into exile to Malkara ^{[1] [2]} .

Fourth and Fifth Terms

The third time after Sinan Pasha, his relative and rival Ferhat Pasha was appointed in his place. However, according to Sharaf Khan, he “didn’t bother himself with the duties of a sardar” ^[33] . The consequence of this was the attack in 1595 by the Habsburg army led by von Mansfeld . Mansfeld took Esztergom , Visegrád , some strategic fortresses on the Danube ^[33] . In addition, Ferhat-Pasha restored the Janissaries and vultures against himself, carelessly insulting them and their wives. His opponents took advantage of this, Ibrahim Pasha told the Sultan that the Janissaries did not respect and hate Ferkhat Pasha, and did not want to obey him. In addition to all the accusations, Ferkhad Pasha’s enemies added collusion with Mihai ^{[34] [35]} . As a result, Ferhat-Pasha stayed in office for less than five months, and already on July 17, 1595, Sinan Pasha was returned from exile and became the Grand Vizier for the fourth time ^{[1] [2]} . When Ferhat-Pasha visitor decided to build a wooden bridge over the Danube. On August 23, the troops completed the construction of the bridge at Giurgiu , and Sinan Pasha led them to Bucharest ^{[36] [k 3]} .

The rulers of the three Danube principalities ( Wallachia , Transylvania and Moldova ), according to Hammer, “three of them decided to harness together to throw off the Ottoman yoke” ^[38] . They joined the anti-Ottoman union that Austria created. With great difficulty, but agreement was reached ^[39] . Commanding the army, strongly inferior to the Ottoman in size, the Wallachian ruler Mihai the Brave did not dare to allow a collision with the enemy on the plain. He managed to lure Sinan Pasha into the marshland, and on August 23, 1595, the Battle of Calugareni took place. The Ottoman army was led by Sinan Pasha and his son. Ottoman troops suffered significant losses, according to historians in the tens of thousands; several major officials (Pasha and Sandjakbeev), who were under the command of Sinan Pasha, died. Sinan Pasha fell or was knocked off a horse and knocked out two teeth. Mihai won a tactical victory, but was forced to leave the battlefield after it ended due to the quantitative superiority of the Ottomans. Sinan Pasha decided not to pursue the retreating army of Mihai, but to capture the conquered by Mihai Targovishte and Bucharest .

For two months, Mihai and his army hid in the mountains, waiting for the allies. Two months later, Mihai was approached by Zhigmond Batori , Prince of Transylvania , and Aron Tiran , ruler of Moldova . Their joint counterattack caught Sinan Pasha and Mehmed Pasha by surprise when on 5/15 ^{[k 5]} October they appeared in Targovishte ^{[41] [42] [43]} . Around the battle at Targovishte arose various legends. It is not known whether there is a real basis under them. It was alleged that on October 5 a “comet” appeared over the Ottomans' camp, shining for about two hours, and an eagle flew off from the mountain to the camp of Mihai ^[40] . After a three-day siege, on October 8/18, when the fortress was already engulfed in fire, Sinan Pasha retreated to Bucharest. On October 9/19, 3,500 Ottoman defenders of Targovishte, left in the fortress of Sinan, were tortured by Mihai ^[41] .

By the time the Ottoman army arrived in Giurgiu. In the rear of the army, covering it, moved the body of light cavalry - akinci . It was planned to cross the Danube, the Akincis were to be the last to cross the bridge. A large amount of loot was captured in this campaign. Tax collectors stood in front of the bridge, who demanded 20% of each of the sultan's treasury that was passed, which made movement very difficult. Sinan Pasha ignored the message that Mihai from the army consisting of 70,000 men was close, he also ignored the warning that the movement of troops burdened with booty over a narrow bridge was slowed down. Mihai did not approach with his own forces until the Ottoman army crossed the bridge. When only the akinci was left to go, Sinan heard the sound of the shots of the guns of Mihai. With a delay, Sinan Pasha ordered the recording of the spoil to stop, but it was too late. Several volleys on a wooden bridge led to its destruction. Thousands of Akakindji drowned in the Danube (October 14/24, 1595) ^{[42] [43] [44]} .

Several thousand akinci, who remained on the other side of the river, were hacked down by Mihai’s soldiers. According to Hammer, most of the Akincis were killed there, and the corps did not recover after this event. On October 27, Mihai cut out the garrison of Giurgiu ^{[42] [43] [44]} . Historians of the time called Sinan Pasha the only one responsible for the death of the Akinci corps ^{[46] [43]} . At the beginning of the hike, 50,000 akinci were registered, after the “incident at the bridge in Giurgiu” their number never exceeded 2-3 thousand ^{[47] [48]} .

After the unsuccessful siege of Esztergom, Sinan Pasha was again removed from his post on November 19, 1595 ^{[2] [29]} . “Sinan Pasha, being a sardar, also did not achieve anything, was broken by kafirs and put to flight. He, too, was dismissed from the post of vizier and sardar ” ^[33] . 12 days later, on December 1, in connection with the death of his successor, Lal Mehmed Pasha, Sinan Pasha became the Grand Vizier for the fifth and last time. Mehmed III commissioned Sinan Pasha to prepare a trip to Austria. Soon Sinan Pasha fell ill and was unable to go to the sofa, and a few days later, on April 3, 1596 , he died ^{[2] [29]} .

Sinan Pasha was married to the granddaughter (maternal) Selim I , who was supposedly called Ayse Khanim-sultan (died between April 3, 1596 and June 1597) ^[49] , from this marriage were daughter Emine-Khatun and son Mehmed pasha ^{[1] [49] [50]} .

The son of Sinan Pasha, Sinanpashazade Kachanikli Mehmed Pasha, during the second vizirata of his father was an aga janissary, in 1592 became the ballader of Rumelia. In 1593, Mehmed Pasha was mentioned in the post of Wali Damascus and Vizier ^[51] . Kojirat Sinan's visitor was interrupted, among other things, because he appointed his son to be the Serdar of the campaign in Hungary. In 1595, Matthew Habsburg captured Gran (a strategically important fortress on the Danube), and Mehmed Pasha and Sinan Pasha fell out of favor. Mehmed was removed from the post of Bemelerbey of Rumelia, the post was taken by the son of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha ^[51] . In 1596 (and maybe after) Mehmed Pasha was in positions Wali Konya and Damascus. It was aimed at suppressing the uprising of Kara Yazhji and Delhi-Hassan . Hussein Pasha, who joined the uprising, may have been a relative of Sinan Pasha and Mehmed Pasha ^[51] .

After the uprising of Kara Yazyzhi, there are no data on Mehmed’s activities Some historians believe that he died in 1605 ^[50] . However, it has now been established that this did not happen before 1608 ^[51] .

There are mentions that Mehmed Pasha was married to the daughter or granddaughter of the Sultan. Vera Mutafchieva writes that Mehmed Pasha’s wife was “Cemalia - one of the sisters of Selim II” ^[51] . Alderson calls him Gevherkhan-Sultan , the daughter of Selim II and the widow of Piyale Pasha ^[50] , but her second husband was Jerrah Mehmed Pasha ^[52] . Hammer writes that his wife was a “sultan” (the daughter or granddaughter of the sultan), without specifying ^[53] .

Sinan Pasha had two brothers:

• Ayas Pasha, Sr., who received Sinan in Istanbul. Sureyya writes about him: “Ayas Pasha Albanian. After Enderun balerbey. In 1545, Baghdad was a Balerbey during a campaign against Basra and was appointed Vizier. In 1549 he was governor of Diyarbakir. During the riot sehzade Bayazid (1558) was the governor of Erzerum. Fired after crushing the prince's rebellion. He died in the years 1559/60. The sons of Mahmud Pasha and Mustafa Pasha. Brother - Koca Sinan Pasha " ^[3] . When Ayas Pasha was executed in 1558, Sinan Pasha blamed the death of his brother Lal Mustafa Pasha ^[1] .

Ayas Pasha had two sons, Mustafa Pasha and Mahmut Pasha ^[3] . Mahmud was appointed by Sinan in 1590 by Beyler Sheikhrizor . Then Mahmoud was governor of Konya . He died in 1590 ^[54] . Mustafa accompanied Sinan in the war in Wallachia. He died in the years 1597/98 ^[55] .

• Hussein Bey.

Sinan Pasha was brave, quick-witted, stubborn; in personal communication was harsh and arrogant ^[1] .

Pechev accuses him of corruption: “I have never met people before the end of the millennium ^{[k] 6} who would receive bribes in exchange for the Timara , except as Koji Potur ^{[k 7]} , known as Koja Sinan Pasha” ^[56] . And he continues: “the land turned into ruins, people had to eat carrion and many people fell. The reason for this was the late sadrazam Koca Sinan Pasha. In fact, he was a ghazi and a lot of merit. He was a modest old man who had seen life, who had once been Serdar on the campaigns to Egypt and Halkulwad . But his masterful nature, as well as his son's vanity, became an obstacle to his service to the faith and the state. The biggest omission on his part was the disregard for discipline in the army. <..> To the Tatars, he allowed himself to reproach outrage: they plundered all the Magyar lands and captured the population. <..> Due to the fact that the paradise was completely plundered, this region engulfed the famine and raised the people of Erdiel , Bogdan and Eflyak to their feet ” ^[56] .

Sinan Pasha was a very rich man - he left behind one of the biggest fortunes known in the Ottoman Empire. Hassas and Timar Sinan Pasha brought him about 2.25 million acre per year (and there was still income from personal estates). The pension at the time of exile was 300 thousand acres per year. Sinan Pasha left in cash 600,000 ducats in gold and 29 million silver silver coins (the total income of the empire at the end of the 16th century is estimated at 10 million ducats a year) ^[51] .

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