Vasilisa Kozhina [1] (c. 1780 - c. 1840) - Russian peasant, participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 .
| Vasilisa Kozhina | |
|---|---|
 A. Smirnov. "Portrait of Vasilisa Kozhina" ( 1813 ) | |
| Date of Birth | OK. 1780 |
| Place of Birth | farm Gorshkov Sychevsky district , Smolensk governorate |
| Date of death | OK. 1840 |
| Place of death | Sychev county , Smolensk province |
| A country | |
| Occupation | peasant woman , participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 |
Content
Biography
The peasant woman of the Gorshkov farm of the Sychevsky district of Smolensk province, the elder (wife of the village headman ).
During World War II, helping men, she participated several times in the escort of captured Frenchmen to the city of Sychevka and once killed an oblique captive officer.
In 1812, in the journal " Son of the Fatherland " appeared an article "The Head of Vasilisa" [2] :
| “One local merchant who recently traveled out of curiosity to Moscow and its environs tells the following joke [Comm 1] , which he witnessed. The headman of a village in the Sychevsky district led a party of prisoners to the city. In his absence, the peasants brought several more Frenchmen captured by them, and gave them to their elder Vasilisa for departure where they should. Vasilisa gathered the peasants, mounted a horse, picked up a scythe and, traveling around the prisoners, shouted in an important voice: “Well, villains are French! To the front! Go, march! “One of the captured officers, annoyed by the fact that the woman decided to command them, did not obey her. Vasilisa immediately hit him with a scythe in the head, he fell dead at her feet, and she cried out: “All of you, thieves, dogs, will be the same who just stirs a little! Already twenty-seven of your mischievous ones tore your heads! March to the city! "" |
The note was reprinted with amendments in 1814 in the "Complete collection of jokes of the most memorable war between Russians and French" [4] :
| “The headman of a village in the Sychevsky district led a party of prisoners taken by peasants to the city. In the absence of him, the villagers caught a few more Frenchmen and immediately led to the headman Vasilisa for departure where he should go. This last one, not wanting to distract the adults from the main occupation of beating and catching the villains, gathered a small convoy of guys, and, sitting on a horse, set off as a leader to send the French herself ... With this intention, driving around the prisoners, she shouted to them in an imperative voice: “Well French villains! To the front! Stand up! Go, march! “One of the captured officers, annoyed by the fact that a simple woman decided to command them, did not obey her. Vasilisa, seeing this, jumped up to him instantly and, hitting him in the head with her rod - scythe, threw him dead at her feet, crying out: “All of you, thieves, dogs, will be the same who only dares to stir! I've already ripped off my head of twenty-seven such mischievous people! March to the city! “And after that, who will doubt that the prisoners recognized the authority of the elder Vasilisa over themselves.” |
Later, Vasilisa Kozhina was repeatedly written as an activist of the partisan movement , which organized a detachment of teenagers and women in the Sychevsky district that guarded the villages and caused great damage to the French. It was also told that for the feat of Vasilisa Kozhin was awarded a medal and cash allowance [5] .
But some historians [ specify ] in the Russian Federation question the existence of documents or other reliable evidence of the award of Vasilisa Kozhina or the actions of her unit [6] [ specify link ] . They believe that in addition to the episode with the murder of a prisoner, no actions of Vasilisa Kozhina against the French were recorded.
However, back in 1813, just a year after the events described, the artist Alexander Smirnov painted a ceremonial portrait of Vasilisa Kozhina. The original of the portrait is in the funds of the State Historical Museum in Moscow [7] and was exhibited with the corresponding signature under the picture: “Partisan of 1812. Has done a great deal for Russia. She was awarded a medal and a cash prize of 500 rubles ” [8] . In the portrait on the left lapel of the salop, you can see the medal on the St. George ribbon .
A series of luboks of 1812-1813 was devoted to Vasilisa Kozhina. The vengeance of A. G. Venetsianov (1813) “The French are hungry rats in a team with the elder Vasilisa” with the inscription: “Illustration of the episode in Sychevsky district, where the wife of the village elder Vasilisa, having typed a team of women with braids and a dresol, persecuted before a few captured enemies, one of whom was killed by her for disobedience ” [9] .
Memory
In honor of Vasilisa Kozhina are named:
- Street Vasilisa Kozhina in Sychevka .
- Vasilisa Kozhina street in Mozhaisk , which is located near the Borodino field .
- Vasilisa Kozhina Street in Moscow (in the vicinity of the metro stations Filevsky Park and Bagrationovskaya ).
- Station Vasilisino Gagarinsky district of the Smolensk region .
- The village of Kozhino in the Tver region . [ specify ] .
- The village of Kozhino in the Smolensk region.
Films
The image of V. Kozhina appears in the following films:
- "1812" (silent film, 1912 )
- “Kutuzov” (dir. V. Petrov , 1943 ). In the role of Alexander Danilov .
- “Vasilisa” (directed by A. Sivers , 2014 [Comm 2] ) is a feature film, as well as a self-titled mini-television series of the same series edited using the same source material, in the main role of Vasilisa Kozhina, Svetlana Khodchenkova .
In the literature
Vasilisa Kozhin is mentioned in Leo Tolstoy ’s novel “ War and Peace ” (Volume 4, Part 3, Chapter 3):
| Partisans destroyed the Great Army in parts. They picked up those falling leaves, which themselves fell from a withered tree - the French army, and sometimes shook this tree. In October, while the French fled to Smolensk, there were hundreds of these parties of various sizes and characters. There were parties that adopted all the techniques of the army, with infantry, artillery, headquarters, with the comforts of life; there were only Cossack, cavalry; were small, prefabricated, on foot and horseback, were peasant and landlord, unknown to anyone. There was a deacon the party leader, who took several hundred prisoners a month. There was an elder Vasilisa who beat hundreds of Frenchmen. |
Other
- In 1962, the USSR postage stamp dedicated to Vasilisa Kozhina was issued.
- In 1978, the publishing house Fine Arts issued a set of 16 postcards entitled Partisans of the Patriotic War of 1812 in Fine Arts, one of which printed a reproduction of the portrait of Vasilisa Kozhina by Alexander Smirnov [10] , and the painting “The Elder Vasilisa” ( on horseback escorting the French) brushes by I. S. Goryushkin-Sorokopudov [11]
- In 2012, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued a coin (2 rubles, steel with nickel plating) from the series “ Generals and Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 ” with a reverse portrait of the partisan movement organizer Vasilisa Kozhina [12] .
Comments
- ↑ In the 18th – 19th centuries in Russia, the meaning of the concept of “anecdote” radically differed from modern understanding. In those days, the word anecdote meant a short instructive story from life, which must necessarily occur with real people, in real-life places, and be based on real life, while humor is not an end in itself. Literally, a “joke” is a short oral story about an interesting case, from Greek. τὸ ἀνέκδοτоν - “not published”, “not published”. [3] This is what is now called a “ historical joke ”, which is not a kind of modern humorous joke (just like a sea urchin is not a kind of hedgehog). At present, historical jokes are a phenomenon of English-speaking and other cultures, which practically do not exist in modern Russian-speaking culture, but in the 18th-19th centuries they were very common in Russia.
- ↑ It was planned that in 2012, on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Patriotic War of 1812, a film about Vasilisa Kozhina [8] was directed by director Dmitry Meskhiev in Russia, but the implementation of the plan dragged on until 2014, and Anton Sivers became the director.
Notes
- ↑ Shikman A.P. Figures of Russian History. Biographical reference. - M. , 1997.
- ↑ "Son of the Fatherland" - 1812. - No. 11. - S. 213.
- ↑ Petrovsky M. , 1925 .
- ↑ The expulsion of Napoleon from Moscow - M. , 1938. - P. 109.
- ↑ Lunin V.A. Starostikha Vasilisa - M. , 1897. - 32 p.;
Cheremukhin V. Starostikha Vasilisa and other heroes of the popular war of 1812 - M., 1912. - 24 p .;
Zarin A.E. Female heroines in 1812. - SPb. ; M. , 1912. - 32 p. - ↑ Patriotic War of 1812: Encyclopedia - M. , 2004.
- ↑ Smirnov A. Portrait of Vasilisa Kozhina / History Museum. Exposition "Museum of the Patriotic War of 1812" // site "Virtual Museums" (vm1.culture.ru) (Retrieved June 2, 2017)
- ↑ 1 2 Sirotin S. Vasilisa Kozhina - Amazon of 1812 (Inaccessible link - history ) . // Website of the Voice of Russia radio station (rus.ruvr.ru) (December 9, 2010).
- ↑ Rovinsky D.A. Detailed Dictionary of Russian Engravers of the 16th — 19th Centuries - SPb. , 1895. - S. 106, 107;
Muscatblit F.G. 1812 in a caricature. - M. , 1912 .-- S. 29. - ↑ Postcard “Portrait of Vasilisa Kozhina. A.F. Smirnov ”// Site“ Club “Filokartist“ ”(www.filokartist.net) (Retrieved June 2, 2017)
- ↑ Postcard "Elder Vasilisa". I. S. Goryushkin-Sorokopudov // Site “Club“ Filokartist “” (www.filokartist.net) (Retrieved June 2, 2017)
- ↑ Organizer of the partisan movement Vasilisa Kozhina Series: Generals and heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 // Official website of the Bank of Russia (www.cbr.ru) (Retrieved June 12, 2015) (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment October 13, 2012. Archived October 23, 2012.
Literature
- Petrovsky M. Anecdote // Dictionary of literary terms . - M. , 1925.
- Pushkin V. A., Kostin B. A. Women of 1812 / Out of a single love for the Fatherland. - M .: "Young Guard", 1988 - (Library of the journal of the Central Committee of the Komsomol, No. 17 (332)) - S. 107-109. - Circulation 75,000 copies.
- Garnich N.F. 1812. - M. , 1956.
- Kozhina, Vasilisa // Patriotic War of 1812: Encyclopedia. - M. , 2004.
Links
- The film “Vasilisa” (2014) (viewing, information, frames from the film, online trailer) // Cinema site “www.FilmzGuru.ru” (Retrieved April 6, 2016)
- Sidorchik A. The heroine of the mob. The minute of glory of Vasilisa Kozhina // Website of the weekly Argumenty i Fakty (www.aif.ru) 06/12/2015
- "Vasilisa" Vasilisa (original title) 1h 40min; TV Series (2014-): Information about the television series // Website of the company IMDb.com, Inc. (www.imdb.com) (Retrieved April 6, 2016)
- Arkhangelsky A. Politically Sensitive Kozhina. Andrei Arkhangelsky prepared to watch the film "Vasilisa Kozhina" // "Spark" magazine - 09/03/2012. - No. 35. - S. 40. - cit. on the site "Kommersant.ru" (www.kommersant.ru) 09/03/2012