Vyacheslav Evgenievich Tishchenko ( 1861 - 1941 ) - the Soviet organic chemist. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Winner of the Stalin Prize of the second degree.
Vyacheslav Evgenievich Tishchenko | |
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Date of Birth | August 7 (19), 1861 |
Place of Birth | St. Petersburg , Russian Empire |
Date of death | February 25, 1941 (79 years) |
Place of death | Leningrad , RSFSR , USSR |
A country | Russian Empire , the USSR |
Scientific field | organic chemist |
Place of work | |
Alma mater | SPbU |
Academic degree | Doctor of Chemical Sciences |
Academic title | Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences |
Awards and prizes | |
Content
Biography
Born 7 ( 19 ) August 1861 in St. Petersburg in the family of an employee. He graduated from the St. Petersburg 5th Gymnasium in 1879 and entered the Imperial St. Petersburg University in the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. After graduating from university in 1884, he was left to prepare for a professorship.
He began his scientific activity in his student years. In 1882, in the laboratory of organic chemistry of the university under the leadership of A. M. Butlerov began to study the interaction of paraformaldehyde with aqueous solutions of hydrohalic acids. The research results were published in the Journal of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society in 1883, 1884. The works were highly appreciated by DI Mendeleev , who invited Tishchenko as a laboratory assistant and lecture assistant at the Department of Chemistry. Work in collaboration with DI Mendeleev continued until Mendeleev was forced to leave the university. Scientifically, Tishchenko began a comparative study of the chemical nature of various grades of oil. He found that Baku oil contains the same hydrocarbons as the American one. In 1891-1893, he continued these studies, and they were also published in the Journal of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society.
In 1893, after careful research of various varieties of barley, Tishchenko developed a new brewing technology for the Kalashnikov brewery. In 1893, the Council of St. Petersburg University, he was sent to America to the World Columbus Exhibition as an expert. As a result of studying turpentine fishing in America, in 1895 he wrote the book Rosin and Turpentine , which was awarded the P. A. Ilyenkov Prize. The book gave impetus to the development of the forest industry in Russia.
In 1896, Tishchenko developed laboratory glass formulations for the I. Riting plant ( Druzhnaya Gorka ). In addition to the usual components, he introduced boron and phosphoric anhydrides, barium, magnesium, lithium, zinc oxides, etc. into glass. One of them, glass No. 23, received a gold medal at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 [1] .
In 1900-1915, he taught a course in general and organic chemistry at the Women's Medical Institute. In 1902 he invented a flask for washing, draining and absorbing gases. These “Tishchenko flasks”, simple and convenient in work, are known to every chemist and are still used in any scientific and technical laboratory.
In 1899, V.Ye. Tishchenko defended his master's thesis “On the effect of amalgamated aluminum on alcohol”. In this work, he made a discovery of great theoretical and practical importance: acetaldehyde, under the influence of an alcoholate, experienced a peculiar type of condensation and turned into ethyl acetate . This observation served as a starting point for further detailed studies of the effect of aluminum alcoholates on aldehydes, which formed the basis of Tishchenko’s doctoral dissertation, which he defended in 1906. The reaction of ester condensation of aldehydes is described in textbooks of organic chemistry called “Tishchenko reactions” and is used in laboratories for the preparative preparation of various esters. The ester condensation reaction is also of interest for practical application — production of ethyl acetate, which has good dissolving ability with respect to cellulose ethers and other film-forming substances, which makes it possible to use them in the production of nitrocellulose and other varnishes. Of particular importance are nitrocellulose varnishes for coating cars and airplanes. The development of automotive and aeronautics was due to a huge increase in the production of solvents for varnishes, mainly acetic esters. The method of obtaining acetic esters on an industrial scale by the “Tishchenko reaction” was carried out in 1935 by the German company “Konsorzium fuer electrochemische Industrie”. At home scientist receiving ethyl acetate by this method was also mastered, but sometime later.
In 1912-1915, Tishchenko served as vice-rector of St. Petersburg University, and in 1915-1918 he was dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. During World War I was a member of the Military Chemical Committee. He was one of the initiators of the creation on the basis of this committee of the Russian Institute of Applied Chemistry (now GIPH). At this institute for 20 years headed the laboratory of chemically pure reagents.
With his direct participation and leadership, for the first time in the USSR, many of the chemical preparations were launched into production. He took part in solving the problem of Kola apatite. Developed a new method of obtaining titanium dioxide from the Khibiny apatite-sphenic rock to produce white, as well as an ammonia method of producing fluoride mixtures, based on the neutralization of hydrofluoric acid released from fluorspar with ammonia . Tishchenko developed a completely new catalytic method for the production of camphor from turpentine ( isomerization of alpha pinene to camphene under the action of various fine clays). In 1928 he was elected a corresponding member, in 1935 - a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences .
In 1934–1940, V.Ye. Tishchenko was the director of the Chemical Research Institute at the Leningrad State University and, at the same time, the head of the department of technical and analytical chemistry. Since 1939 he was the curator of the Laboratory for the Conservation and Restoration of Documents of the Academy of Sciences and the editor of the works of this laboratory. Tishchenko was the first biographer of D. I. Mendeleev . In 1938, together with M.N. Mladentsev (Mendeleev’s employee for the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures), he released the first volume of labor “D. I. Mendeleev, his life and work ". The last years of his life Tishchenko was busy working on the compilation of the second volume of this work.
V.Ye. Tishchenko took an active part in the work of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society (RFCh). In 1886–88, he was elected assistant clerk of the chemical department of the RFHO, in 1902–1941 he was a clerk, scientific secretary and editor of the minutes of meetings, and in 1927-1928 he was also chairman of the department of applied chemistry; He was the organizer of the Company's meetings, which were always interesting with a crowded audience, guided his work, and led the drafting of agendas and minutes of meetings.
He died on February 25, 1941 after a serious illness. He was buried in Leningrad at the Volkov cemetery .
Awards and prizes
- The Stalin Prize of the second degree (1941 - posthumously ) - for the invention of the isomerization method for the synthesis of camphor from turpentine
Proceedings
- Collection of selected works. - L., 1934.
Notes
- ↑ Laboratory glass made according to recipes Tishchenko, still used.
Literature
- Yemelyanov A.Yu. Vyacheslav Evgenievich Tishchenko. Sketch of life and activity. SPb .: Cultural and educational partnership, 2016. - 280 p.: Il.
- Okatov A.P. In memory of V.E. Tishchenko // Journal of General Chemistry. - 1948. - V. 18. - Vol. one.
- Tishchenko, Vyacheslav Evgenievich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Tishchenko Vyacheslav Evgenievich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 t.] / Ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
Links
- Fedorenko N.V. Tishchenko Vyacheslav Evgenievich (08/19/1861 - 02/25/1941) // Website of the Russian Academy of Sciences