Evfimy Chudovsky

In receipts for receiving money and in notes to his translations and writings, Euthymius calls himself the “elder of the Chudov Monastery” ^[1] , but the identification of the scribe with his contemporary, the cellar of the Chudov Monastery, Euthymius, which is often found in literature, seems doubtful. So, at the Council of 1690, which confirmed the Orthodox point of view on the time of the transubstantiation of the Holy Gifts (see the Eucharist ), Sylvester (Medvedev) was accused, among other things, of calling the heretic “the Orthodox Christianity heretical ” in his book “Animal Bread Manna” the husband, and the truth of the zealot, and the church of the champion, and the faith of the protector of the bona fide father Euthymius ” ^[2] . Meanwhile, Sylvester left in the book. "Manna ..." a positive review of the kelar of the Miracle of the Monastery of Euthymius. Thus, it can be argued that Euthymius and Kelar Euthymius are different persons who at one time lived in the Miracle Monastery.

Reliable news of Euphemia has survived a little. F. P. Polikarpov-Orlov reports that Euthymius was a pupil of Epiphanius (Slavinetsky) , who arrived in Moscow in 1649 ^[3] . In 1652-1659 Euthymius worked as a reference at the Moscow Printing House .

In the years 1660-1669. his name is not on the payroll receipt and appears again in 1670, when Euthymius returned to publishing ^[1] . On July 17, 1690, by decree of Tsars Peter I and John V Alekseevich, he was removed from the position of a reference for his changes to the text of menstruation Mena without prior approval of his superiors. Apparently, Euthymius continued to work at the Printing House freelance until 1704, receiving paper and books as a salary.

A 10-year hiatus in the work of Euthymius at the Printing House forced some scholars ^[1] to speculate about two directors named Euthymius, who worked respectively in the 50s and 70-90s. XVII century However, a graphological examination of ^{[1] by} V. G. Siromakha of receipt receipts established the identity of handwriting directories. Indirect data, namely, the excellent knowledge by Euthymius of literature published in Ukraine in the 60s. XVII century., And complete ignorance of the literature published in Moscow in the same period, suggest that at that time he lived in one of the Ukrainian monasteries.

The message of the death of Euthymius in the Miracle Monastery is contained in the collection of his works ^[4] .

The literary heritage of Euthymius, which can be considered the most prolific of the East Slavic scribes of the 10th-17th centuries, is enormous ^[1] . The number of sheets that have preserved traces of his work as an author, translator, editor or scribe is more than 16 thousand, of which translations and original texts occupy more than 9 thousand sheets. Euthymius also left a lot of draft materials: notes, drafts and plans, draft letters, excerpts from books read, litters on the margins of books with their own versions of the text. The degree to which Euthymius participated in the creation of many texts bearing the traces of his work remains unexplored. The main part of his manuscript heritage is kept in the Synodal and Chudovsky collections of the State Historical Museum , in the collections of other manuscript departments of Moscow, in St. Petersburg, Kiev and Yaroslavl.

Compilation of Church Slavonic translation of the New Testament

As an employee of the Moscow Printing Yard, Euthymius was to participate in the book reference, carried out under the patriarch Nikon, and in the preparation of publications published under the patriarchs Joachim (Savelov) and Adrian . It can be argued that Euthymius worked on the correction of Irmology (M., 1657), Trebnik (M., 1658) and the Official of the Bishop's service (M., 1677). In the beginning. 70s XVII century Euthymius took part in the translation of the New Testament from Greek under the leadership of Epiphanius (Slavinetsky). Due to the death of Epiphanius (1675), work was interrupted (the text of the Four Gospels was apparently translated), it continued in the 80s - early. 1690s In con. 1680s Epiphanius's work was taken as a basis by hierom. Cosma Iverit from the Athos Iversky Monastery , who added to him his translation of the Acts of St. the apostles . The text of the new translation was corrected by Euthymius, supplementing it with his translation of the apostolic epistles and the Apocalypse , i.e. The compilation of a new version of the Church Slavonic translation of the New Testament was completed.

Translations

1675 the first independent translation of Euthymius dates from the Creations of Dionysius the Areopagite , translated from Greek. Then came the translations from Greek:

• "Secret teachings" St. Cyril of Jerusalem ;
• Conversations and Words st. Basil the Great ;
• Interpretations of Met. Nikita of Heraclius at 16 Words Gregory the Theologian ;
• Conversations of St. Gregory of Nyssa ;
• Conversations of St. Gregory Palamas ;
• Conversations of St. John Chrysostom ;
• "The Divine Catechism, or Interpretation of the Divine Liturgy" N. Bulgar (is) a, published in Venice in 1681;
• "On the Exodus of the Holy Spirit" metr. Nila Kawasila ;
• "Orthodox Confession of Faith" st. Peter (Graves) (first publication: M., 1696; this is the only translation of Euthymius published during his lifetime);
• “Salvation of sinners” by the monk Agapius (Landos) ;
• "Proskinitaria" by Arseniy Kalludis ;
• ΘΗΣΑΥΡΟΣ (Treasure) of Metropolitan Damaskin Studite ;
• Interpretations on the Divine Liturgy of the Patriarch of Constantinople Herman ;
• Refutations of the Florentine-Ferrara Cathedral of John Eugenicus ;
• 19 poems of the Byzantine poet 1st floor. XIV century Manuela Fila at Conversations of St. Gregory the Theologian ;
• Chronicles (ΝΕΑ ΣΥΝΟΨΙΣ) of Matthew Kigaly , published in Venice in 1650;
• Letters from the Patriarch of Constantinople Photius to Amphilochius;
• The rank of the kingdom;
• Creations of St. Simeon of Solunsky ;
• Life of St. Epiphanius of Cyprus and St. Euphemia
• Lives and Testaments Ephraim the Syrian .

From Latin, Euthymius translated the works of J. Goar - Observations on the rite of the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom and the follow-up liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts.

Continuing the work on creating the full text of the Pilot book , begun in the 1650s. Epiphanius (Slavinetsky), Euthymius in 1691-1695. translated or only corrected the translation of the Nomocanon of Patriarch Photius with the interpretations of Patriarch Theodore IV Walsamon ; the rules of the Ecumenical and some local Councils with the interpretations of Patriarch Theodore Walsamon , "Apostolic decrees" Clement I , Bishop of Rome; Syntagma of Matthew Vlastar (translation of Epiphanius (Slavinetsky).

However, as the Orthodox Theological Encyclopedia notes: “there may be a consequence of incomprehensibility, even greater than Slavinetskago, his translations have not been published ” ^[5] .

Editorial work

Correction of translations from the Greek language made in the 17th century and other Church Slavonic texts found in manuscripts of the 15th - early 19th centuries. XVII century., Was an important part of the activities of Euthymius. Among the works edited by him are:

• Creations of St. Athanasius of Alexandria (translation of Epiphanius (Slavinetsky);
• Conversations on the Six Day St. Basil the Great (translation of Epiphanius (Slavinetsky);
• "On the sacraments" of the Philadelphia Metropolitan. Gabriel Sevira ;
• Conversations st. Gregory the Theologian (translation of Epiphanius (Slavinetsky);
• The teachings of St. Isaac the Syrian ;
• "Conversations to the Antiochian people" st. John Chrysostom ;
• "Spiritual conversations" St. Macarius the Great ;
• Pandects Nikon Montenegrin ;
• "Sunday teachings" by Peter Skargi .

Euthymius corrected and edited translations of polemical works made by students of the Likhud brothers :

• "ΑΚΟΣ, or Healing" and "Dialogues" Likhudov;
• "Sechivece against Latins" by Maxim Peloponnese ;
• "Refutation of Calvinist chapters" Meletius Sirig ;
• "Sechivetsa against Calvinist errors" of the Jerusalem patriarch Dosifei II Notara ;
• "On the papal authority" of the Jerusalem patriarch Nektarii .

Polemic writings, teachings

Euthymius is the author of a number of polemical writings, teachings, and works of a church-disciplinary nature. The learned monk played an important role in the discussion and final adoption in Russia of the Orthodox view of the time when the Holy Gifts were carried out. This work is devoted to his works, “Testimony to the subject of Latin philosophies” and “Refutation of the Latin doctrine of the time of transubstantiation.” It is likely that the book Osten, in which, based on the definitions of the Council of 1690, the Eucharistic disputes in the Russian Church were summarized and attributed to Patriarch Joachim, was compiled by Euthymius (the archives preserved a draft of the book written and edited by him).

Church authorities have repeatedly appealed to Euphemia with a request to evaluate all sorts of non-Orthodox "confessions of faith." Euthymius wrote a refutation of the views of the Catholic Grigory Skibinsky , Pyotr Artemyev , who converted from Orthodoxy to Catholicism , the Catholic Jan Belobotsky , who is close to the views of the Protestants. Peru Euthymius owns “The enchantment of the bishop for priests” (instruction on how to perform the liturgy), based on the Trebnik metr. Petra (Graves) , a collection of articles on the article of faith . Several works of Euthymius are devoted to questions of biblical studies, in which, comparing the Vulgate and the Septuagint , the author proves the superiority of the latter: "The Biblical Table of Contents ... Alphabetically", the treatises "On those who declare the Holy Bible" and "The Condemnation of the Holy Bible Scriptors".

Euthymius is the author of the sixth (last) edition of the Life of Metropolitan. St. Alexia , the Life of F. M. Rtishchev , words and teachings:

• on a holiday in memory of the Miracle arch. Michael in Honeh,
• for reading from the Gospel of Luke: Ch. 1. Art. 52,
• about the Patriarchate, written for the patriarch Hadrian,
• about the possibility of depicting the God of hosts ,
• Educational news (placed in modern ministers ) ^[6] .

Poems

Euthymius had an acquaintance with Simeon Polotsky , the founder of regular book poetry. He responded to Simeon's collection of sermons “Soul Lunch” (published in 1681) with an epigram ^[7] :

There is another variant of this epigram:

Peru Euthymius belongs to the poetic epitaphs on the death of the Sarsky and Podonsky Metr. Paul (d. 1675) and Epiphanius (Slavinetsky) and a number of poems:

To the great star, which was December 189 against the 15th

Komita is always seen in the sky,
manifests any benefit of being on earth,
tokmo the wrath of God and the execution of people proclaims.
This place of the prophet is a testimony,
calling sinners to repentance
may God turn away his indignation.
Not disdainful to this decree, let’s heed,
all sorts of untruths and insults to ourselves
by the good deeds of God we create generously.
Food some kind of lord god pray from us
as for Ninevitekh, this good will be pinched,
about evil haves on us being repented.
And the sign shown to us for much evil,
turn all-good into all good,
we will show deeds submission to Dragoe.

Euthymius the monk writes in his memory,
Dondezh in the dead body while breathing. (Jacob is someone)

The worst Komita does not shine
God's execution and wrath by people foreshadows all
and calls to repentance to God.

Jesus sweet name

And JESUS ​​sweet tee in my heart write
and me, let the sweetness of my soul be.
With a bo, the ceaseless is never-ending, god
I always have it, JESUS, better.
With the pass, king, give me your alms,
more, pray, CHRIST, and a sheet of sins.
Singing Euphemia, my Christ, monk
deliver from eternal geensky fear.

Bibliographic work

Euphemia can be called one of the founders of Russian bibliography . He is the author of the “Table of Contents of the Books of Those Who Compiled Them,” which is a list of all translations from the Greek language known to the scribe made during the period of the Old Russian State and Moscow Russia . The list contains 2720 works by 185 authors, not counting dozens of anonymous creations and 45 books published in South-Western Russia between 1518 and 1665.

Researchers attributed this text important to the history of Russian culture to contemporaries of Euthymius: Sylvester (Medvedev), Polikarpov-Orlov, Epiphanius (Slavinetsky) and Nikifor Simeonov . However, a paleographic analysis of the list ^[8] proves the authorship of Euthymius in relation to the "Table of Contents ...". Euthymius also compiled the first-time painting of the contents of the writings of St. Macarius , a list of the writings of Epiphanius (Slavinetsky), an inventory of books left after the death of Sarsky and Podonsky Metropolitan Paul , an inventory of manuscripts and books sent in 1675 to the Patriarchal Sacristy from New Jerusalem in honor of the Resurrection of the Lord’s Monastery and from the Valdaisky Metochion to Saint Iozero icons of the Mother of God of the monastery , an inventory of its own library, table of contents and subject indexes for Western European publications: “Severin Binius. Concilia generalia et provincialia ”(Paris, 1636. 10 vol.), To the creations of St. St. John Chrysostom (Paris, 1636-1642. 6 t.), B. Cyrrhus Theodorit (Paris, 1642. 4 t.), St. Basil (Paris, 1638. 3 vol.) And others.