Tudor Style

The Tudor style combines a number of features that distinguish it from the styles of the Middle Ages or the end of the 17th century. The main heyday of construction affected manor and country houses.

Houses of nobility and clergy

With the advent of gunpowder guns by the time of Henry VI , medieval castles lost their defensive functions. Reforms, the end of the rose war , and the improvement of the economic situation made it possible to build comfortable, beautiful houses to replace stone, cold strongholds.

During the reign of Henry VII, there is a gradual transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. At the beginning of his reign, the king erected the residence of the Richmond Palace near London. The building was mostly wooden with some medieval features like the main banquet hall and the Secret Rooms ( English Privy Chambers ) overlooking the river, as was the practice in the 15th century ^[1] . Before Christmas in 1497, the residence burned down almost to the base, and the king commissioned the construction of a new, new Renaissance style. Also called the palace of Richmond was not preserved. A sample of the late English Gothic chapel of King Henry VII at Westminster Abbey was created in 1502-1512. The United Kingdom entered the Renaissance with a delay, so in Italy at that time the High Renaissance reigned, and in England - the late Gothic.

In the 16th century , the final transition to secular construction took place. This is due to the separation of the Anglican Church into an independent independent branch of Christianity. Monasteries were closed or destroyed, churches were handed over to parishes, and the land received petty nobility. Due to the persecution of parishes during the reformation in England, no new churches were erected, which is why the number of Gothic cathedrals prevails in Britain today.

English nobles begin to invite Italian decorators. Walls and ceilings are decorated with carved panels and complex painted ornaments ^[2] . A wave of Protestants from the Netherlands arrives in the UK after the reformation of the church and brings along a number of architectural innovations.

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  Knowle House , Sevenoaks , Kent

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  ceiling at Rufford Old Hall in Lancashire

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  Layer Marney Tower, Essex

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  Contact House in Somerset

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  Oxbrew Hall in Breckland

In the reign of Henry VIII received distribution:

• foundation forms in the form of E, Y, H ^[3] ,
• curved Dutch forceps ,
• large glazed windows (a demonstration of wealth, since glass cost a lot of money),
• “mechanisms” built into the building for the amusement of guests and for the sake of demonstrating the owner’s wit.
• A roof with wooden consoles in large halls is present until 1603, acquiring an increasingly decorative function,
• rectangular windows one above the other (except for large ones),
• semicircular arches and magnificent balustrades during the time of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I ,
• huge stone fireplaces (for frying whole bulls) often with an engraved family coat of arms,
• long galleries ;
• Tudor arch ( Eng. Tudor arch ) ^[4] ;
• Tudor rose with five petals in ornament and carving ^[4] ,
• tapestries , heavy Italian fabrics, oriental carpets in rich houses ^[2] ,
• carved furniture from exotic species ( sycamore , boxwood , pubud, ebony ) with high backs, like a throne, is upholstered in durable cow leather ^[2] ;
• gilding inside and outside the building,
• geometric landscape, large backyard gardens. Under Henry VIII, the first fountains appear.

A large hall with a fireplace loses its leading role in the house, as the chimney system is being improved ^[5] . Now the fireplace can be located above floors, and the owner of the house tried to visually demonstrate the adoption of new technology through decoration and chimneys ^[6] .

The English type of structures (high roofs, several chimneys, large windows and large bay windows on the facades) turned out to be quite conservative and did not succumb to the influence of the order architecture of Italians. Secondary features of order architecture are now borrowed from Protestant Holland and Germany. Only in buildings where they dared to deviate from English traditions do something truly integral arise - Longleat House ( Wiltshire , 1567-1575), a symmetrical plan of the Wallaton Hall palace ( Nottinghamshire , 1580-1588), Montague House palace ( Somersetshire , 1580 -1599). But these are rather fashionable exceptions.

Mansion houses

The houses of ordinary people were half-timbered (when the wooden structure is only, and the gaps are filled with stones, bricks, weaving from branches, smeared with clay), sometimes with brickwork ^[6] , the hearth remains the central place in the house ^[7] . Plastered, whitewashed half-timbered houses prevailed in the south and north-west of England. In rural areas, the law prohibited the construction of houses tightly to each other due to the threat of fire. There is a cottage - a separate house for one family. The first floor was occupied by pantries, a kitchen, lobbies, a hall, a staircase, and the second was reserved for bedrooms. Later, this type of housing spread to cities.

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  House in Gloucestershire

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  House in Leicestershire

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  Feathers Hotel in Ludlow

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  Two houses in Ipswich , Suffolk

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  Homes in Staffordshire

Characteristic features of the houses of the inhabitants of the Tudor period are:

• Rectangular or square base for urban houses,
• Rural houses are put on the base in the form of N and practically have not changed since the Middle Ages,
• The roof was covered with straw , slate tiles, slate, shingle , and tile (thatched roofs were not prohibited in London until the 1660s),
• The roof with wooden consoles remains for convenience, mainly in sheds and barns,
• Elongated, narrow window and doorways,
• Lucerne at sunset style
• Tiled or earthen floor except stone and wooden,
• Painted white walls in contrast with the dark oak panels of the half-timbered houses,
• The protruding second and subsequent floors allowed to save space on already overpopulated, narrow streets ^[8] (common on city streets, large cities like London),
• Very narrow or missing gap between neighboring houses in the city,
• Corner fireplace
• Wooden stairs in middle-class houses and nobility,
• Street toilets are in the backyard, especially in the countryside,
• Small household plots

The poorest classes huddled in their own or removable shacks, where in the only room they ate, slept, cooked.

• Chapel of King's College , Cambridge , England .
• St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle , Windsor , Berkshire , England.
• Chapel of Henry VII at Westminster Abbey , London , England.
• Hampton Court , Richmond upon Thames , a suburb of London , England.

In the 19th century, in the fashionable trend of historicism, along with other revived styles, the Tudor style returned in the form of the neo-Tudor style . Then, among the educational institutions in the UK and its colonies, the style of collegial Gothic based on the architecture of the Gothic and Tudor period ^{[9] [10]} became widespread.

• UK architecture
• Gothic
• Fachwerk
• Collegiate Gothic
• Neo-Tudor Style
• Black and White Architecture

• The General History of Arts, vol. 2, M, Art, 1960.
• Brief Art Encyclopedia, Art Condition and World Peoples. T. 1, M, 1962, p. 285–333.
• Cowan G. J., "Masters of the building art", M, 1982.

English Literature