Yafurids or Yufirids ( Banu Yafur or Banu Yufir , Arab. بنو يعفر ) - Yemeni Arab dynasty, which held power in the highlands of Yemen in 847 - 997 . [1] The Yafurids nominally recognized the suzerainty of the Abbasid caliphs . Their centers were Sana'a and Shibam .
Content
Dynasty development
At a time when the Abbasid’s direct rule over Yemen was on the decline, the Yafurids from Shibam began to expand their influence in the Yemeni highlands. They claimed to be descendants of the Himyarite kings . [2] The first attack on Sana'a in 841 was defeated and an Abbasid army from Iraq came to Yemen to strengthen the caliph’s power. However, the Yafurids were able to successfully repel the attacks on their fortress in Shibam . In 847, the Yafurids conquered the territory between the cities of Saad and Taiz . Sana fell into their hands when the ruler of the city fled from Yemen . Sana for some time became the center of the new Yafurid dynasty. [3]
Internal strife and temporary eclipse
After a stable 25-year reign, the founder of the Yafur (Yufir) dynasty, Ibn Abd ar-Rahman al-Khivali al-Himyari ( English Yu'fir bin ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān al-Ḥiwālī al-Ḥimyārī ) left the government in his son in 872 Muhammad. Muhammad ibn Yufir preferred to use Shibam as the capital of his state. In 873, he received a confirmation from the Abbasid caliph for himself. [4] Muhammad ruled in Sana'a , Janada, and Hadramaut , but respected the Ziyadid dynasty, which ruled the lowlands of Tiham .
Sana'a was flooded in 876 as a result of a flood , which served as a motive for Muhammad to undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca and further devote more time to religion. The successor of Muhammad, Ibrahim, killed his father and uncle in the Shibam mosque in 892 (or in 882 ), wanting to remove them from claims to power. After this, a series of revolts led to the expulsion of the Yafurids from Sana'a . After 895, the country plunged into chaos.
The fight for Sana'a
At the beginning of the X century, there was a struggle between the Zaydites and the local clans of the Yemeni highlands. The first Zaydite imam al-Hadi ilya-l-Haqq Yahya temporarily took power over Sana'a in 901 , but was later forced to leave the city. At the same time, Ibn Haushab and Ali ibn al-Fadl spread the influence of the Fatimids among the hill tribes and gained many followers. These leaders are considered Karmatians , however, they were actually governors of the Fatimids . [5] They were able to subjugate Sana in 905 and limited the territory of the Yafurids to Shibam and Kaukaban . During the reign of Yafurid Abu Hassan Asad ibn Ibrahim, his power extended to Jauf and further to the north. At that time, power in Sana'a changed very often. From 901 to 913, the city is said to have been conquered 20 times, surrendered through negotiations three times, and unsuccessfully besieged five times. [6] In the end, the Yafurids were able to defeat the Fatimid supporters and return Sana with a victory in 916 .
End of the Dynasty
Abu Hassan Asad ibn Ibrahim died in 944 and, as it turned out, he was the last significant ruler of the Yafurid dynasty. In the mid- 10th century, the dynasty fell into decay as a result of hostility between family members. The Zaydite imam al-Muhtar al-Qasim managed to capture Sana'a in 956 , but was killed that same year by the leader of the Banu Hamdan clan named Muhammad ibn al-Dahhak . Muhammad ibn al-Dahhak ruled the state until 963 . After him, the ruler of Haulan named al-Asmar Yusuf seated Yafurid Abdallah ibn Kakhtan on the throne. Abdallah ibn Kakhtan successfully attacked the Ziyadids in 989 , besieging Zabid . Then he stopped mentioning the Abbasids in the Khutb and came under the suzerainty of the Egyptian Fatimids . Abdallah died in 997 . His successor was his son Assad II, in whom the Yafurids' power over Sana'a soon ceased and the dynasty no longer had political significance. The dynasty is sometimes mentioned in the annals only at the end of 1280 . [7]
List of Rulers
- Yafur (Yufir) ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Khivali al-Himyari (847-872)
- Muhammad I ibn Yufir ( English Muhammad bin Yu'fir ) (872–892 or 872–882)
- Abd al-Qahir ibn Ahmad ibn Yufir (892)
- Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Yufir (892-898 or 882-886)
- Assad I ibn Ibrahim (c. 898–944)
- Muhammad II ibn Ibrahim (944–956)
- Abdallah ibn Kahtan ibn Muhammad II (963–997)
- Assad II ibn Abdallah (997)
Literature
- Monarchs. Muslim East VII — XV / Yufirida / (unavailable link from 06/14/2016 [1150 days]) . K. Ryzhov. M.2005
Note
- ↑ G. Rex Smith, “Politische Geschichte des islamischen Jemen bis zur ersten türkischen Invasion” in Werner Daum, Jemen , Frankfurt am Main, p. 137.
- ↑ HC Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history , London 1892, p. 223-4.
- ↑ RB Serjeant & R. Lewcock, San'a '; An Arabian Islamic City , London 1983, p. 55.
- ↑ G. Rex Smith, “Politische Geschichte des islamischen Jemen bis zur ersten türkischen Invasion” in Werner Daum, Jemen , Frankfurt am Main, p. 138.
- ↑ RB Serjeant & R. Lewcock, San'a '; An Arabian Islamic City , London 1983, p. 56.
- ↑ Enzyklopädie des Islam , Vol. III, Leiden 1936, p. 155.
- ↑ HC Kay, Yaman: Its early medieval history , London 1892, pp. 225-7.