Ancient Czech language ( Czech stará čeština, staročeština ) - the name of the initial period in the development and formation of the Czech language , starting from the time Czech was distinguished from other West Slavic languages and ending conventionally by 1500 (to the beginning of the succeeding Old Czech period) [1] [2] . In the ancient Czech language, the preliterate and the written stages or epochs are distinguished.
| Ancient Czech | |
|---|---|
| Country | Czech Republic (until the end of the 15th century ) |
| Extinct | By the beginning of the 16th century it developed into the Old Czech language |
| Classification | |
| Category | Languages of Eurasia |
Indo-European family
| |
| Writing | latin |
| LINGUIST List | |
In the ancient Bohemian period, at the end of the XIII - beginning of the XIV century, the Czech cultural and written language arose, which after three centuries of development reached its peak in the XVI century [3] .
The ancient Czech language was distributed primarily in the territory of the medieval Czech state.
Pre-literal phase
Litomeritsky chapel
Pauel dal ge⌠t plo⌠cou <i> cih zemu Wlah dal ge⌠t dola⌠ zemu bogu i ⌠uiatemu ⌠cepanu ⌠e duema du⌠nicoma bogucea a ⌠edlatu Paul gave Ploskowice land Vlach gave land to God in Dolans and St. Stephen with two souls [of the peasants] - Boguchey and Sedlatu
The beginning of the preliterate stage in the history of the Czech language is determined by the time of the separation of the dialects of the West Slavic tribes in the Czech Republic and Moravia from the tribal dialects of the rest of the West Slavic language area and the formation of the language of the medieval Czech nation on their basis. The linguistic features of the ancient Czech language of this period are found in Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic monuments of the Moravian-Czech exodus (with Western Slavic, or Czech, features): in the “ Kiev leaflets ” of the 10th century (with such forms as podazi , rozhestvo , prossets , obstseniѣ , in which consonants c , z (from * tj , * dj ), in Old Slavonic forms such as pododzh , nativity , simpler , obstanija , etc.), in "Prague passages" of the 11th century (with the preservation, for example, of the archaic West Slavic combination of dl and Czech denazalizatsiey * ǫ in the word odlitvѫ) and t. d.) and in Latin monuments with Czech glosses . The very first phrase recorded in Czech is recorded in the letter on the establishment of the Litomerice chapel , dated 1057 [1] .
Written Stage
The first written monuments in the ancient Czech language belong to the end of the 13th century. In the XIV century, a single type of literary Czech language was formed [4] . The written stage is known for many ancient Bohemian monuments, which are the main sources for studying the history of the ancient Bohemian language, the monuments include literature, both spiritual and secular, represented by a variety of genres.
The graphics of the ancient Bohemian written monuments are characterized by a gradual complication and improvement of the writing system throughout the entire historical period. Starting with a simple type of graphic, in which Czech phonemes are transmitted using Latin characters without taking into account the peculiarities of their pronunciation, the Czech language graphic system is replaced by the first and second ligature types, in which Czech phonemes that are not in Latin are transmitted using letter combinations ( ligatures ) - digraphs and trigraphs . Ligature types are being replaced by diacritical, characterized by the use of superscripts - diacritics [1] .
Linguistic characteristic
The ancient Bohemian language is characterized by a number of phonetic and morphological changes in both the preliterate and the written era, among which are noted [5] :
- Mutations ä > ě , 'u (> ü )> i , ' o (> ö )> ě .
- Processes of diphthongization and monophthongization : ě̅ > i̯e > ī ; ō > u̯o > ū .
- General Slavic fall of the reduced .
- Loss of nasal vowels .
- Dropout j in the intervocal position (contraction) and vowel contraction.
- Formation of initial stress (on the first syllable) from the Proto-Slavic movable stress.
- Formation of the category of animation / inanimate nouns.
- The loss of the dual category.
- The loss of the synthetic forms of the past tenses of the verb, etc.
Language Contacts
The formation of the Czech language in the ancient Bohemian period was influenced by the German language , which was largely associated with the processes of linguistic German-Czech contacts caused by medieval German colonization of Czech lands (especially intensive from the 13th century). The possible impact of German phonetics explains the occurrence of mutations, diphthongizations and monophthongizations, some consequences of the depalatization of consonants. The main influence of the German language was expressed in numerous lexical borrowings , the results of language contacts can be traced in the field of word formation , phraseology , in the formation of a number of grammatical forms and syntactic constructions , in the expression of some semantic categories , etc. Moreover, the influence of the German language had a different effect on Czech dialects , sub-dialectal forms and written language [6] .
XIII-XV centuries are the period of the first Czech influence on the Polish language, which is characterized both by the direct borrowing of Bohemisms by the Polish language, and by the mediation of the Czech language when borrowing Latin and German vocabulary, in addition, Czech served as a model for the Polish language of tracing [7] [8] .
See also
- Jewish Slavic dialects (knaanit / kenaanit)
Notes
- Sources
- ↑ 1 2 3 Skorvid, 2005 , p. 2.
- ↑ Old Czech . MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. Archived on May 22, 2013. (Retrieved May 15, 2013)
- ↑ Skorvid, 2005 , p. one.
- ↑ Shirokova A.G. Czech language // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V.N.Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 .
- ↑ Skorvid, 2005 , p. 2-3.
- ↑ Skorvid, 2005 , p. 3-4.
- ↑ Ananyeva N. E. History and dialectology of the Polish language . - 3rd ed., Rev. - M .: Librocom Book House, 2009. - S. 285. - ISBN 978-5-397-00628-6 .
- ↑ Walczak B. Zarys dziejów języka polskiego. - II. - Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1999 .-- pp. 101-102. - ISBN 83-229-1867-4 .
Literature
- Skorvid S. S. Czech Language // World Languages: Slavic Languages. - M. , 2005 .-- 36 p. (Retrieved May 15, 2013)