Kyakhtinsky Treaty (1915)

In 1911, a revolution began in the Qing Empire , which then included Mongolia, leading to the collapse of the empire and the proclamation of the Republic of China. Taking advantage of the situation, Outer Mongolia declared independence , while the Mongols relied on Russia's support. On October 21 ( November 3 ), 1912, a Mongolian-Russian agreement was signed in Urga - directly (bypassing the Republic of China, which Russia had not yet recognized), securing the privileges and preferences of Russia: freedom of movement, trade, banking, the need for the consent of the Russian government to the position of a possible future separate agreement of Mongolia with China or other foreign states that violate this agreement, and referred China to foreign countries ^[2] .

The Yuan Shikai government that came to power in China, claiming all the territories that were formerly part of the Qing empire, refused to recognize the independence of Mongolia. In 1913, the “Sino-Russian Declaration” was signed, Russia and China exchanged notes by which Mongolia was recognized as autonomy under the sovereignty of China. The Mongols did not recognize these documents. Long negotiations began, in which I. Ya. Korostovets was the key figure from Russia. As a result, in 1915 a tripartite compromise agreement was signed in Kyakhta, according to which Mongolia was recognized as autonomy under the sovereignty of China.

Mongolia recognized the Sino-Russian declaration of 1913 and notes between Russia and China of October 23, 1913 (Article 1), the autonomy of Outer Mongolia as part of China on the basis of its suzerainty (Article 2), refused the right to conclude international treaties concerning political and territorial issues (Article 3), the use of the Chinese calendar along with the Mongolian (Article 4), Mongolia recognized the exclusive right to manage its internal affairs and conclude international treaties on trade and industry (Article 5), Russia and China they agreed not to interfere in the internal management and system of Outer Mongolia (Article 6), the number of convoys in Urga under the Chinese dignitary was determined at 200 people (Article 7), with the Russian representative - 150 people (Article 8), Chinese and Russian convoys at officials sent to other places - 50 people each (arts. 7 and 8), equal rights of the Chinese and Russian representatives to private audiences with Bogd-gegan (art.19), supervision of Chinese representatives over the exercise of Chinese suzerained rights in Outer Mongolia (art . 10), the territorial structure of Outer Mongolia and its demarcation with China (Art. 11), customs regulations (Art. 12), court regulations (Art. 13-16), ownership of the telegraph line Kyakhta-Urga-Kalgan (art. 17) , the preservation of mail on the former grounds (Article 18), the allocation of premises and land for Chinese representatives (Article 19), the use of their postal stations (Article 20), the authenticity of texts in Russian, Mongolian, Chinese and French, from which to be guided over French (v. 22). To demarcate the border and discuss the details of using the telegraph, it was persuaded to assemble two special commissions from Russian, Chinese and foreign Mongolian representatives.

Although the autonomy of Mongolia was fixed in the 1915 treaty, it retained its statehood ^[3] .

The civil war in Russia weakened Russian influence in Mongolia and already in 1918 a small Chinese detachment arrived in Urga, at the request of part of the members of the Mongolian leadership. Part of the Mongol nobility, dissatisfied with the government of Bogdan Khan , increasingly sympathized with the return of direct Chinese rule of Khalkha. In October 1919, Mongolia was occupied by troops of Xu Shuzheng in violation of the Kyakhta Treaty. On November 22, 1919, President of the Republic of China Xu Shichang denounced the Kyakhta Treaty and unilaterally declared Mongolia as part of China. In 1921, Baron R.F. Ungern defeated the occupying Chinese forces and liberated Outer Mongolia from the power of China.

• Korostovets I. Ya. From Genghis Khan to the Soviet Republic. Ulaanbaatar: Admon, 2004.
• No. 41. 1915, May 25. - Tripartite agreement of Russia, China and Mongolia on the autonomy of Outer Mongolia. // Russian-Chinese relations. 1689-1916. White papers : [ Russian ] . - M .: Publishing house vost. lit. , 1958. - S. 102-106. - 142 p. - 1900 copies.