Mongolian musical instruments are represented by various, mainly traditional musical instruments of early and modern Mongolia . The list does not include Western instruments, such as a trumpet, piano or violin, which, although prevalent in the country, are clearly not Mongolian in origin.
Content
History
Starting from the VI century BC. e. It is known that the ancient Mongols played on stringed instruments. The most ancient instrument was probably the zuur depicted on the wall of a cave in the fourth or third millennium BC. Other tools were taken from neighboring or conquered countries (for example, during the time of the Hun state and the Mongol Empire ) and changed. Before the 1911 revolution , some tools were restricted to nobles or for use in ceremonies in monasteries. On such a tool as a rope , ordinary people were not allowed to have more than eight strings. Only at the khan's court could one play on eleven or twelve-string instruments.
Unlike most nations, the Mongols limited themselves to four instruments for performing folk music and other performances: morinhoor , huuchir , topshur and tsuur . Currently, topshur is replaced by chanzom .
Nowadays, some tools have been upgraded. Thus, a 21-string string appeared (about 10 strings were added), the strings and the body were replaced by morinkhur. There are different contexts where Mongolian instruments are used, but in general, at the present time there are no restrictions as to who can play something on which instruments.
List of Mongolian Musical Instruments
Most of these tools were modified in the 1940s and 1960s, for standardization in the socialist period in Mongolia and during the cultural revolution in China . This means that many tools have “modern” forms, various materials and parts.
For example, the traditional morinhur was covered with leather on top and bottom, and the sound came out of the holes on the sides. After he got a simple wooden case. The traditional string was from 8 to 13 strings (in Korea there is a similar instrument, the strings of which are made of horsehair); Nowadays such strings are rare, nylon and steel strings are common.
Plucked stringed musical instruments
- Chanz is a three-stringed plucked instrument widely used in Asia. In Japan, it is known as shamisen , in China as sanxian , in Mongolia it is also known as shudarga.
- Topshur ( Mong. ᠲᠣᠪᠰᠢᠭᠤᠷ Tobshuur ; Khalkha dialect : tovshuur; Chinese. 托布 秀 尔 ) is a two-stringed plucked instrument once popular with Oirats .
- Yatag - Mongolian plucked zither .
- A special clue ( Mong. ᠶᠠᠲᠤᠭᠠ ) is usually a clue having 21 or 23 strings. Designed for concerts.
- The ordinary, small cipher ( Mong. ᠶᠠᠲᠤᠭᠠ ) - the historical form of the cipher, generally has 11-15 strings and smaller sizes.
String musical instruments
- Morinhur ( Mong. Morin khuur ) - the national instrument of Mongolia, is a typical Mongolian string-stringed instrument. The main parts of Morinhur are made of wood. The neck has the shape of a horse head. The sound is like a violin or a cello . Strings are made from dried tendons of deer and mountain sheep. A famous instrument performer is Chi Bulag .
- Igil Khur ( Mong. Igil Huur ) is a variant of morinhur used in Tuva, Altai and Uryanhai. Also known as Choor.
- Their hooks - ( Mong. Their huur ) - two or three-stringed instrument
- Hoochir - ( Mong. Huuchir ) - two-stringed instrument
Percussion Musical Instruments
- Yochin - ( Mong. Yochin ) is a stringed musical instrument similar to cymbals . In China, it is known as yantsin .
- Gong
- a large metal gong, known as there-there .
- 9 small gongs on the frame.
- monastic drum.
- orchestral drum.
Wind Musical Instruments
- Bure - ( Mong. Buree ) is a wind instrument like a clarinet .
- Avare Bure - ( Mong. Ever Berere ) - brass horn.
- Bayalag Bure - ( Mong. Bayalag Bүree ) - clarinet.
- Hidin Bure - ( Mong. Hiidiin Buree ) - long Alpine horn .
- Limbe - ( Mong. Limbe ) - wind instrument like a flute .
- Tsuur - ( Mong. Tsuur ) - a wind instrument like a flute, made mostly of light wood, bamboo or cane and some other herbs, humerus - ( Mong. Muriyn yas ) or shells.
Genres
- A short song - ( Mong. Bogino Duu ) - small ensembles perform a song on various classical instruments, including in a modern style.
- A long song - ( Mong. Urtyn duu ) - only to the accompaniment of morinhoor.
- Bielgee, biy - in everyday life performed in yurts at morinhora.
- Tatlaga - performed on stringed instruments.
- Ulger , Magtal, Domog - ( Mong. Ulger, Magtaal, Domog ) - legends, folk tales, with performance only under morinhoor or huchir. The most frequently executed magtaal is “Huhuu Namzhil”, a legend about the creation of morinhoor.
- Yeruul - ( Mong. Yerul ) - mostly performed without instruments, sometimes under morinhoor.
- Modern sacred music.
Between 1926 and 1990, attempts were made to organize orchestras. Large orchestras in the history of Mongolia were not known, but today they are no less popular than small ensembles. Many pieces of music exist for various dance events.
The standard Mongolian ensemble has: 17 chanzas, 14 yatags, 11 morinhurs, 5 hoins, 2 ihkhurs, 1 triangles, 7 huchirovs, 1 gong, 2 drums, 1 monastery pipe, 2 large and 6 small flutes, 6 bures, 2 everbure.
Contemporary composers: Sharav, Natsagiin Zhanzannorov, Chuluun, B. Naranbaatar
Literature
- Khuzhim 8-9 (Ulaanbaatar 2009) - Mongolian textbook for school grades 8 and 9 and for grade 11 in colleges. ISBN 978-99929-3-358-5 (err.)
- Natsagiin Zhanzannorov (Ulaanbaatar 2009) Mongol hөgzhmiyn eggshig-setgyaliyn onolyn utga tailal ISBN 99929-0-757-6
- Luvsannorovyn Erdenachimeg . 18 melodies for nomads on a flute / Gүn Gerın Khatagtin үүdeldeldiyn Tsuuryn Arva Naiman Ayalguu ", languages: English-Mongolian-Chinese Traditional, Ulaanbaatar 2002, ISBN 99929-0-127-6