Anthropology

The emergence of the term "anthropology" dates back to ancient philosophy . The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC) was the first to use it to designate a field of knowledge that studies mainly the spiritual side of human nature. Despite the fact that the term in this meaning was used by many classical and non-classical thinkers ( Kant , Feuerbach , etc.), a special philosophical discipline and school as such were formed only at the beginning of the 20th century under the name “ philosophical anthropology ”. In its original meaning, the term "anthropology" is also used in many humanities ( art , psychology , etc.) and in theology ( theology ), religious philosophy to this day. So, in pedagogy there is an anthropological approach to education . Later anthropological knowledge differentiated and became more complicated.

Until recently, in Russia, anthropology was understood primarily as physical anthropology , but since the 1990s, departments of social, cultural, political, and philosophical anthropology began to appear in Russian universities.

Traditionally, there are several differently separated and interconnected disciplines.

• Physical anthropology - studies the origin and evolution of the physical organization of man and his races. Includes paleoanthropology and applied discipline forensic anthropology . Considers a person as a biological species in the context of his evolution and in comparison with his closest relatives - modern and fossil anthropoid primates .
• Philosophical anthropology is a philosophical doctrine of the nature and essence of man, considering man as a special kind of being. Anthropology as a philosophical doctrine is historically the first form of the representation of man as such as a special subject of understanding and study.
• Religious anthropology is a theological or philosophical doctrine of the essence of man, developed in the mainstream of theology and considering the nature and essence of man in the context of religious teachings. Self-determination of the subject of anthropology in theology is the disclosure of the doctrine of the church about man.
• Social and cultural anthropology , a discipline quite close to ethnology , is engaged in a comparative study of human societies. In the context of the problem field and the methodology of socio-cultural anthropology, linguistic , cognitive , political , economic , historical anthropology and anthropology of law are also distinguished as specific disciplines.
• Visual anthropology - is engaged in the study of man on the basis of photo - video materials using such expressive means as: cinema , photo art , television , and others ^[7] .

• Ethnology
• Ethnography
• Race classification
• Anthropogenesis

Philosophical Anthropology

• Scheler M. The position of man in space / Per. A.F. Filippova // The Problem of Man in Western Philosophy: Translations / Comp. and after P. S. Gurevich ; total ed. Yu. N. Popova. - M .: Progress , 1988.
• Gelen A. On the systematics of anthropology // The Problem of Man in Western Philosophy. M, 1988.
• Kant I. Anthropology from a pragmatic point of view .
• Smirnov I.P. Two variants of human science // Smirnov I.P. Man to man - a philosopher. SPb., 1999, p. 5-36

Physical Anthropology

• Kharitonov V.M., Ozhigova A.P., Godina E.Z. Anthropology. Vlados, 2004.272 p. ISBN 5-691-01068-9
• Petri E. Yu. Anthropology. Basics of anthropology. T. 1. - S.-Pb .: Cartogr. institution of A. Ilyin, 1890.
• Petri E. Yu. Anthropology. Somatic anthropology. T. 2. - S.-Pb .: Cartogr. institution of A. Ilyin, 1895.
• Roginsky J. Ya., Levin M. G. Fundamentals of anthropology. M .: Publishing house of Moscow University, 1955. 502 p.
• Deryagina M. A. Evolutionary anthropology: Biological and cultural aspects. Tutorial. 2nd edition, revised. M .: Publishing House of URAO, 2003.208 p.
• Fossil hominids and human origin. Proceedings of the Institute of Ethnography. N.I. Miklouho-Maclay. New ser. T. 82. M.: “Science”. 1966.555 s.
• Johanson D., Go M. Lucy: The Origins of the Human Race. M., 1984.

Social and Cultural Anthropology

Textbooks

• Tokarev S. A. History of foreign ethnography: Textbook. allowance. M .: Higher. School, 1978. 352 p.
• Its R.F. Introduction to Ethnography: Textbook. L .: Publishing house of the Leningrad University, 1991.

Classics of Anthropology

• Klakhon K. Mirror for man. Introduction to anthropology. SPb., 1998.
• Levy-Strauss, K. Structural Anthropology // Transl. with fr. Vyach. Sun Ivanova. - M., 2001 .-- 512 s.
• Lich E. Culture and Communication: The Logic of the Relationship of Symbols.
• Maksimov A.N. Theory of tribal life // Maksimov A.N. Selected works. M., 1997.
• Malinovsky B.K. Scientific Theory of Culture. M., 1999.
• Murdoch J.P. Social Structure. M.: O. G. I., 2003. 606 p.
• Moss M. Society. Exchange. Personality. M., 1994.
• Olderogge D.A. Malay kinship system, 1951
• Ploss G. Woman in Natural History and Ethnography. Anthropological studies. Syktyvkar-Kirov, "Vyatka". 1995.
• Radcliffe-Brown A.R. Structure and function in a primitive society. M., 2001.
• Taylor E. B. Anthropology: An Introduction to the Study of Man and Civilization.
• Lee Richard Borsch

Critical and review work

• Breskin, Vladimir. The Triad Method as a Tool for Studying the Anthropology of Language and Art of the IPh RAS Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 2, v.16, 2008, p. 119-132.
• Korotaev A.V. George Peter Murdoch and the School of Cross-Cultural Studies // Bulletin: Anthropology, Minorities, Multiculturalism 3 (2003): 19-74 (the article includes a brief outline of the history of Western cultural anthropology).
• Bateson Gregory "Ecology of the Mind" M.: Sense, 2000.
• Bateson Gregory Steps Towards the Ecology of the Mind: Selected Articles on ANTHROPOLOGY. Per. from English Vol.3, 2010 - approaches to solving the author’s large-scale task of revising and modifying the fundamental foundations of humanitarian knowledge in the light of modern cybernetics, information theory and systems theory, as well as the creation of a new synthetic science of living, which he called the “ecology of reason”.
• Voevodin A.P. Aesthetic Anthropology ( Text (inaccessible link) ): Monograph / Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, Lugan. state University of Internal affairs to them. E. A. Didorenko, Vostochnoukr. nat. un-t them. V. Dahl. - Lugansk: RIO LGUVD them. E.A. Didorenko, 2010 .-- 368 p. ISBN 978-966-2905-79-3
• Didenko B.A. Ethical anthropology. Vidism. Ed. FERI-V, 2003, ISBN 5-94138-019-4
• Didenko B.A. Sum of anthropology M., 1992.
• Porshnev B.F. On the beginning of human history (problems of paleopsychology) . M., ed. Thought, 1974.

Christian Anthropology

• Archpriest Vadim Leonov. Fundamentals of Orthodox Anthropology M., 2013.
• Anthropology // Orthodox Encyclopedia . - M .: Church and Scientific Center "Orthodox Encyclopedia" , 2001. - T. II: " Alexy, a man of God - Anfim Ankhialsky ." - 752 s. - 40,000 copies. - ISBN 5-89572-007-2 .
• Orthodox anthropology in the library Pravmir.Ru .
• Orthodox anthropology on the site azbyka.ru.

• Anthropology // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Library for Anthropology RCAA .