Ivritization ( Heb. עברות ) - giving the words a Hebrew form, and changing the names and surnames of people from foreign names to Hebrew names and surnames .
Content
Ivritization of names in the times of Yishuv
The change of names to Hebrew began already in the period of Yishuv , often it was a symbol of the rejection of the “ gutted darkness”. In July 1920, Aba Sneler, the leader of a group of 131 members of Hashomer Ha-Tzair , who came to Palestine from Poland, collected them and demanded that they burn their passports in order to change their Hebrew names, he changed his name to Aba Hoshi Subsequently, he became mayor of Haifa.
Many leaders of the Palestinian Yishuv have altered their names; so, David Green remade his name in David Ben-Gurion (after the legendary historian Joseph ben Gorion ), Levi Eshkol-Shkolnik - in Levi Eshkol , Moshe Chertok - in Moshe Sharet , Shneur Zalman Rubashov changed his last name to Shazar (abbreviation of his name and surnames), Itzhak Shimshilevich - on Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (in honor of his father), Aubrey Iban became known as Aba Even , Golda Meerson became Golda Meir , and Shimon Persky - Shimon Peres .
Forced Hebrew Names
In 1944, the Vaad (National Council) laid on Mordechai Nimzabitsky leadership and training for citizenship and changing names to Hebrew. Nimzabitsky proposed a special body for Hebrewism to help Hebrew names and surnames, as well as recommending the use of Hebrew names and surnames [1] . Having set a personal example, he changed his last name to Nimtsabi.
During the War of Independence, the “Commission on Hebrew Names” was founded in the Israel Defense Forces , headed by Mordechai Nimtsabi. The commission published thousands of copies of the brochure “Choose Your Name in Hebrew!”, Which recommended forcing soldiers to change foreign names [2] . Direct instructions to choose a name in Hebrew were given to the ambassadors of Israel, top army officers ( Ben-Gurion’s instructions were not requirements, but recommendations), judges and representatives of the State of Israel in international bodies.
“During the first truce (1948), Ben-Gurion simultaneously with the appointment of new army generals demanded that they change their names [3] . The commander of Palmach, General Yigal Paikovich, took this seriously and did not change the name to Hebrew. When he came to the ceremony, it turned out that Ben-Gurion himself chose the name Yigal Giladi for him. He (Igal Alon) did not like this name, and he changed it to Yigal Alon . ” “In 1955, Ben-Gurion, the Minister of Defense, decided that only soldiers with Jewish names could represent the army abroad [4] . Until the 1980s, there was a practice in the IDF to appoint colonels with only Hebrew names. ”
The second in a row, the head of the General Security Service " Shin-Bet " ( ShABAK ), Isidor Roth, when he was required to change his name to Hebrew, chose the name Izi Dorot. Thus, on the one hand, he obeyed the order, on the other - his new name sounded exactly like the old one. Those who wanted to leave the name given at birth, took in addition also Hebrew, using a double name.
At a certain stage, this requirement has ceased to apply to public service workers. For the wave of emigration in the 1950s, the practice of giving new Hebrew names to immigrants was widespread, as it was thought to promote social assimilation. Franz Kishkhont, for example, received the name Ephraim Kishon from an employee of the Jewish Agency Sohnut . According to Kishon, an official of the Sokhnut filling up the paper asked him what his name was, and when he heard the answer “Franz” he said: “Ein dawar kaze” - “There is no such thing in nature” and then wrote to the document “Ephraim”, having similarly entered with his last name.
Writer Aaron Appelfeld , who was given the name Irwin Appelfeld at birth, talked about changing his name during his emigration to Israel: “Rejection, rejection of all that was in the diaspora, including the change of my name, infuriated me. If dad and mom called me the name Irwin, and I liked that name, why should I change it to Aaron? Regarding the Jewish tradition, they did not change their names, but added new names in case of illness or danger. In those years, the change of names was forced at the state level. Then they did not take into account that cutting off the old name is the same as cutting off a part of the body. . "
Writer Isaac Auerbach-Orpaz described how he was required to change his name to Hebrew shortly before reading his selected stories on Kol Yisrael radio: “People from the Kol Israel radio talked to me, they asked me to read my works and introduce myself in Hebrew. I replied that I still don't have it yet. They said to me: “call the Jewish National Fund and choose a name for yourself”. I called the Jewish National Foundation - they offered Hebrew names there. I was offered the name Orpaz, I accepted it [5] ”.
Changing names to Hebrew rarely occurred among the last big wave of emigration (“Aliyah”) from the former USSR in the 1990s, and many of them retained their original names and surnames. At the same time, for the next wave of emigration to the state of Israel (Ethiopians in the 1990s) and subsequent migrants of the beginning of the 21st century, the Hebrewization of names became widespread again. It should be noted that many of the names of immigrants are difficult to pronounce on Hebrew speakers, and therefore some hebrew their data for ease of perception. However, many expatriates leave their original names, as they consider them important to preserve their identity, their culture and their identity.
Ivritization of Literature Names
At the dawn of the revival of the Hebrew language, several translations of books with the names of the characters in Hebrew names were published. Especially remembered [to whom? ] in this context, the translations of the works of Shakespeare by translator Isaac Silkinson, in which Romeo and Juliet became Roma and Yael, and Othello was given the name Itiel Ha-Kushi (Negri Itiel). In the later translations of the Mekorot publishing house, 1930, the publisher Abraham Kahane wrote in the preface: "We saw that we need to return the good name and restore the personal names of the characters, as in the English original." Similarly, the names have been changed in some translations of Erich Kestner 's The Thirty Fifth of May. Most famous example of renaming the heroes is the tale Ami and Tami, in the original source Hansel and Gretel .
Hebrew Methods
When changing names to select a new one, various methods were used:
- literal translation of the name and surname. Example: the lexicographer (compiler of dictionaries) Abraham Rosenstein , when he was forced to change his last name, chose his last name Even-Shoshan.
- Selecting a first and last name in Hebrew while preserving the sound of your own old first name and last name. Example: Aubrey Iban changed his name and surname to Abba Even .
- change all your own name and surname to Hebrew. Example: Rosenthal is replaced by Ron-Tal.
Other methods:
- accepting a name in memory of a deceased close relative: for example, Ben Haim, Ahi Itzhak, Avi Shmuel, Avnery , Itzhaki, Aaron.
- the choice of a popular Jewish name that has nothing to do with its own.
- the name of the city or area of residence. Example: Huldai , Sharon .
Ivritization of names of cities and settlements
Many cities and settlements in Israel are named after the personal names of the people; however, sometimes cities and settlements were given the names of foreigners: for example, Kfar Truman is named after the foreigner Harry Truman . This was opposed by a government name commission, and in some cases, residents of the settlement were also opposed. So the conflict arose in the settlement of , named after Enzi Sereni , despite the sharp rejection of the commission; also known is the case of the change of the name of the moshav "Kfar Rosenfeld" to Hebrew - .
The solution of these problems sometimes occurred in the form of Hebrew foreign names. A good example of this is the name of the settlement , originally named after Henry Morgento , later hebrewed. The settlement “Pi-Ner”, later renamed , was named after Ludwig Piner. In addition, the Kohav Yair settlement is named in memory of Abraham (Yair) Stern , the head of the Lehi organization. The settlement of in northern Israel is named after the geographer Abraham Jacob Braver.
Ivritization of the names of the settlements was also carried out in respect of the settlements named after foreign cities. The settlement of Kiryat Malachi is named after the American city of Los Angeles, the settlement of Mei Ami - in honor of the American city of Miami in the state of Florida.
Hebrew opponents
Not everyone accepted the idea of changing names to Jewish ones, considering Hebrewization as erasing a part of Jewish history. Moses Calvari, a writer and educator, was one of the opponents of the Hebrewization of family names. He was born in Germany in 1883, received a traditional, general and rabbinical education [6] . He was a member of Ahdut ha-Avoda , a teacher in his settlement Meir Shafiya, a co-founder of a Jewish gymnasium in Jerusalem, and a teacher at the Ahava school in his settlement Kiryat Bialik [6] .
“ Itzhak Ben-Zvi demands that we throw away all foreign names that are dear to us. He believes that immigration to Eretz Yisrael is a revolutionary act, a return to basics. May the memory of the Diaspora be erased and we will return the throne, putting our names in the envelope of our language. I have doubts that such fanaticism is appropriate. Our names are part - a significant part - of our history. The carriers of the ancient names are still alive and among us; the names of the figures that mark our history - such names as
Sasportas or Benbenisti, Abrabanel or Don Yehia, Rappaport or Aybeshits - we have no reason to erase this chronicle of our Jewish life. Let's keep the faith of our fathers also in the national rebirth. Do not betray your memory with radical actions; and this applies not only to well-known people: the diversity of our names is a sign of our colorful history, two thousand years of history, and its traces cannot be destroyed with one hand movement ”
Some people were attached to their surnames from the diaspora, because of noble origin ( Hebrew יִחוּס ; ihus) , or because of the desire to continue to identify with their ethnic group [7] . There is a story of an Israeli diplomat who told David Ben-Gurion: “I will change my name if you can find me at least one non-Jew named Lifshits” [7] . Others had Hebrew surnames from the very beginning. [7]
The controversy over the Hebrewization of surnames continues. Many people changed their surnames, such as Yigal Sukhennik, who changed his surname to Yigal Yadin , and Levi Shkolnik, who changed it to Levi Eshkol . Others have kept their original surnames: Chaim Weizman and Shimon Agranat .
Recent years
The requirements for Hebrew names weakened with time [6] , especially after the establishment of the State of Israel and after the establishment of Hebrew in everyday language. Nevertheless, people continue to Hebrew their names, especially those serving in the Israel Defense Forces and in Israeli diplomatic missions representing the State of Israel abroad [6] .
In addition, because of the tension that has developed between different Jewish ethnic groups, some hebrew names, wanting to distance themselves from their ethnic group or to merge into a “collective Israeli identity” [7] .
There is also a tendency to return to its roots and preserve traditions that are unique to each ethnic group [6] . As part of this desire, those who want to return to their roots, there are people who re-take their family name, rejected earlier for the sake of "Israelization", such as the Israeli writer Yitzhak Orpaz, who restored the original family name of his family "Averbukh" [6] .
The big wave of immigration from the former Soviet Union since 1990 clearly showed a weakening of the practice of Hebrewization of names and surnames - as part of the marked general tendency of these immigrants to cling to their own Russian language and cultural identity. A conscious example of this kind is the Minister of Tourism Stas Misezhnikov . Although he adheres to the ideology of Israeli nationalism and is a member of the national-patriotic party Our Home Israel , Misezhnikov did not change his Slavic name to Hebrew.
See also
- Hebrew name
Notes
- ↑ חגי חריף, באתר מכון וינגייט, ההיסטוריה הלועזית של הספורטאים העבריים . Archived April 22, 2013.
- וראו: ד. ג., קצינים וחיילים "מעברים" את שמותיהם: גדודים שלייים Archived April 22, 2013.
- ↑ וראו הודעה בעיתון "דבר" מיום ההשבעה של צה"ל, המונה את שמות מפקדי הצבא, כאשר שמם המקורי (הלועזי) מופיע בסוגריים: ואלה שמות המפקדים הראשיים, דבר, 1948. 28 ביוני Archived April 22, 2013 .
- ↑ רק בעלי מות עבריים ייצגו את צה"ל בחו"ל, דבר, 19 ביוני 1955. . Archived April 22, 2013.
- ↑ יצחק אוורבוך-אורפז, באתר רס ישראל . Archived April 23, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Hebraicization of the Surnames Jewish Agency for Israel (not available link) . Archived July 21, 2011.
- 2 1 2 3 4 Heizmann Institute of Science, Professor Gershom Martin, United . Archived April 22, 2013.
Literature
- בחר לך שם עברי! , תלאביב: שרות התרבות של צבא ההגנה לישראל, בשיתוף מטכל - אכא 2 - ועדת שמות עבריים, תש"ט, מרדכי נמצא-בברייםם
- יעקב א 'אריכא, בחר לך שם-משפחה עברי , ירושלים: המזכירות המדעית של האקדמיה ללרון העבריי
- משה נינא אשל, שמות המשפחה בישראל , חיפה: פינת הספר, 1967.
- טורי גדעון , 'עברות שמות משפחה בארץ-ישראל כ"תרגום תרבותי ": תרגיל שלדי במסגרת הסמיוטיקה של התרבות', בתוך: נורית גרץ (עורכת), נקודות תצפית: תרבות וחברה בארץ-ישראל, תל אביב: האוניברסיטה הפתוחה, תשמ"ח , עמ '152-171.
- מעוז עזריהו , 'לעברת ארץ: יצירת המפה העברית בשנות החמישים', גשר 137 (תשנ"ח), 63-68.
- מעוז עזריהו, 'עברית ועברות: היבטים של יצירת זהות תרבותית', מדעי היהדות 40 (תש"ס), 77-88.
- רות בונדי , 'עברות השמות בשנים הראשונות של המדינה', 144ר 144 (תשס"ב), 73 ואילך. ( גרסת html )
- Y. Katz, “Identity of the Government of Palestine,” Names 43.2 (1995), 103—118.
Links
- The history of renaming the names of Israeli athletes, an article on the website of the Israeli Institute of Sports "Wingate" (Heb.) . Archived April 22, 2013.
- Gershom Martin . Archived April 22, 2013.
- טורי. ברות שמות-משפחה בארץ-ישראל כ"תרגום תרבותי " // נקודות תצפית: תרבות וחברה בארץ-ישראל: Sat. - Tel Aviv: ed. Open University (Israel) , 1988. - p . 171-152 . ( G. Turi . Hebritisation of surnames in Israel as “translation of cultures”) (Hebrew)
- (Elisheva Khakoen. The right person to name.) אלישבע הכהן. זכותו של האדם לשם Neopr (Inaccessible link) . Archived March 15, 2003.
- שמות להמתעתמנים, הצבי, 23 בנובמבר 1914 . Archived April 22, 2013.
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- איתמר בן-אב"י, עברים מכף רגל ועד ראשש
- משה לורי; מ [נחם סמבורסקי; נ [פתלי] אברהמיהו, על שנוי השמות, דבר, 2 ביוני 1933] . Archived April 22, 2013.
- שבוע הלשון העברית (קריאת מחלקת התרבות של הועד הלאומי אל הישוב העברי בארץ), דבר, טור 2, 30 בדמבר 1938 on the 1938. неאץץץץד Archived April 22, 2013.
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- קבלו שמות עבריים, על המשמר, 23 בנובמבר 1944 . Archived April 22, 2013.
- י. בן-צבי, נשיא הועד הלאומי, יחדלו השמות הלועזיים מקרבנו!, דבר, 22 ביוני 1948 Unidentified . Archived April 22, 2013.
- יצחק אבינרי, פנת הלשון: על השנוי ועל המשונה, על המשמר, 20 בינואר 1949, המשך, 27 בינואר 1949 . Archived April 22, 2013.
- א. ראובני, שרים ושמות, הד המזרח, 13 באפריל 1949 . Archived April 22, 2013.
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- י. בן-צבי, עיברות השמות, דבר, 28 בספטמבר 1951 . Archived April 22, 2013.
- אירמה פולאק, פרשת שמות, דבר, 7 בנובמבר 1951 . Archived April 22, 2013.
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- י. בן-צבי, לגאולת השם, בר, 7 בדצמבר 1951 . Archived April 22, 2013.
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- יצחק אבינרי המשך, 3 באפריל 1952 . Archived April 22, 2013.
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- נחום מליץ, הבו לנו שמות עבריים !, דבר, 2 בפברואר 1958 . Archived April 22, 2013.
- מנחם אדיר, מכתבים למערכת: למען ילדינו, דבר, טור 3, 8 ביוני 1960 Unidentified . Archived April 22, 2013.
- מ. עין-רואי, ואלה מות ..., דבר, 22 בדצמבר 1971 . Archived April 22, 2013.
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- יוסי כץכץ
- ליטל לוין, היום לפני 61 שהה - עברת את שמך כדי לשרת את המדינה, באתר הארץ, 16 April 2013.