Khakim Abulkasim Mansur Hasan Freddousi Tusi ( pers. حکیم ابوالقاسم منصور حسن فردوسی توسی ; 935-1020) - Persian [1] [2] [3] [4] poet. The author of the epic poem “ Shahnameh ” (“The Book of Kings”), he is also credited with the poem “ Yusuf and Zuleikha ” (a biblical-Koranic story about Joseph ). It is very popular and is considered a national poet in Iran , Tajikistan and Afghanistan [5] .
Ferdowsi | |
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ردوسی | |
Birth name | Hakim Abulkasim Mansur Hasan Firdousi Tusi |
Date of Birth | 935 |
Place of Birth | Tus , Iran ( State of the Samanids ) |
Date of death | 1020 |
Place of death | Tus , Iran ( Ghaznavid State ) |
Citizenship (citizenship) | |
Occupation | poet |
Language of Works | Persian |
Works on the site Lib.ru | |
Content
Biography
He was born between 932 and 936 in the vicinity of the city of Tusa, in Khorasan, in a Shiite-Ismaili family of Dikhkhan , as feudal landlords were then called. It can be assumed that the estates of Firdousi were small and only with difficulty fed their owners, whose position in these years of incessant wars was very difficult [6] .
There is almost no information about childhood and youth of Firdousi. He received a good education at that time, was fluent in both literary languages of Iran of that era - Arabic and Persian, and, perhaps, was even familiar with the literary language of pre-Islamic Iran - Pahlavi .
Ferdowsi (his poetic name translates as “Paradise”) highly appreciated knowledge: “By the words of reasonable, search the path, go through the whole world to gain knowledge”. He got the nickname “hakim” (“sage”, “scientist”) for the depth and breadth of his knowledge.
The youth of Firdousi falls on the period of the history of Iran, when the local feudal aristocracy, after a series of years of Arab domination, freed itself from the yoke of the conquerors and again seized power in remote parts of the caliphate.
For a long time he lived in Ghazni , was in the service of Sultan Mahmoud Gaznevidsky (to whom he dedicated to Shahname). However, the main idea of the poem that only the hereditary bearers of the royal power have the right to it, did not like Sultan Mahmoud, who was more comfortable with the legitimacy of force than of heredity.
According to a well-known legend, which does not have accurate evidence, the sultan refused to pay Firdowsi for the poem. This greatly angered the poet, and he wrote a satire in which he reproached the Sultan with a descent from a slave. As a result of the sultan's anger, Firdousi was forced to flee the country and wander in poverty until the end of his life [6] . The legend inspired D. Kedrin to write the poem " Dowry ".
There is a legend that shortly before the death of Firdousi, Sultan Mahmud accidentally heard from one court an expressive verse from Shahnama, inquired about the author and found out that the verse is from the famous Book of Kings dedicated to Mahmoud, who now lives in Tusa in poverty . Mahmud immediately ordered to send a rich gift to Tus for Ferdowsi (60,000 silver dirhams — according to Aruziya; 60,000 gold chervonets — according to later legends). And Ferdowsi died shortly before. At the same time, when through one city gate his body was carried out for burial, camels with gifts from Mahmud entered the other city gates [2] .
Grave
Ferdowsi was buried in the city of Tus in his own garden, because local clerics did not allow him to be buried in the city cemetery . The governor of the province of Khorasan ordered to build a mausoleum over the grave of Ferdowsi, after which this place became an object of mass worship. Subsequently, the burial site fell into decay, and by order of Rez Shah was restored by the millennium of the poet's birth, in the period 1928-1934. The restoration was conducted by the Society for the National Heritage of Iran after which the tomb of Firdousi was elevated to the rank of a national shrine [7] .
Creativity
Shahnameh is the only work of Ferdowsi, the authorship of which is established undoubtedly. Perhaps Ferdowsi wrote poems in his youth, but they have not reached our days. For some time, Ferdowsi also attributed the poem " Yusuf and Zuleikha " (the Biblical-Koranic story about Joseph ), but at present the scientific community denies its authorship [8] . There is also controversy in research circles about a satirical poem allegedly belonging to Ferdowsi, in which the poet ridiculed Sultan Mahmud Ghazni for not having properly rewarded the poet’s work. Early biographer Ferdowsi Nizami Aruzi claimed that the entire text of this poem, except for six lines, was destroyed by a well-wisher, who specifically bought this poem from Firdousi for a thousand dirhams. A number of fragments of the text "Shahname" is similar to satirical verses; some scholars consider them fabricated, others tend to regard them as genuine creations of Ferdowsi [8] .
Memory
Mausoleum on the tomb of the poet in Tus
The grave of Ferdowsi
Scenes from Shahname
Monument of Ferdowsi in Tehran
Monument of Ferdowsi in Rome
- On the 1000th anniversary of the poet, in 1933, the Azerbaijani poet and playwright Huseyn Javid wrote the play “ Siyavush ” on one of the plots of his poem “Shahname”.
- University Firdousi ( Mashhad , Iran).
- Square them. Firdousi ( Tehran , Iran) with a monument to the poet and .
- Street them. Firdousi ( Dushanbe , Tajikistan).
- District them. Firdousi ( Dushanbe , Tajikistan) with a monument to the poet
- Street them. Firdousi ( Yerevan , Armenia).
- Street them. Firdousi ( Baku , Azerbaijan).
- Street them. Firdousi ( Tashkent , Uzbekistan).
- Street them. Firdousi ( Samarkand , Uzbekistan).
- Monument of Ferdowsi in Rome.
- Firdousi Award
- The bust of Ferdowsi is installed at the entrance to the National Library of Tajikistan (Dushanbe).
- Based on the work of Firdousi “Shahname”, director Boris Kimyagarov filmed a trilogy - “The Tale of Rustam ” (1971), “ Rustam and Sukhrab ” (1971) and “The Tale of Siyavush ” (1976, “Tajikfilm”).
Russian translations
- Truths: The sayings of the Persian and Tajik peoples, their poets and sages. / Per. N. I. Grebneva . SPb .: ABC-Classic , 2005. 256 p. ISBN 5-352-01412-6 (first edition M .: Nauka . The main revision of Eastern literature , 1968)
- The Book of the Kings of Shahname, trans. M. L. Lozinsky , ed., With comments and article by F. A. Rosenberg , M. - L., 1934;
- Shahname, trans. Ts. B. Banu and A. A. Lakhuti, Art. and comments. A. A. Starikov, ed. A.A. Lakhuti and A.N. Boldyreva , t. 1-4, M., 1957-69;
- Shah-name: Critical text: In 9 t. M., 1960-1971.
- Shahname, t. 1-2, trans. V. V. Derzhavin and S. I. Lipkina . Intro. Art. I.S. Braginsky , preparatory text and approx. M.-N. O. Osmanova , M., 1964.
- Excerpts from Shahname
Notes
- ↑ John Andrew Boyle Ferdowsī // Britannica
- ↑ 1 2 Krymsky A.E. Firdousi // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extras). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Osmanov, 1977 .
- ↑ Lahuti, 2017 , p. 406.
- В. V. Kulakov. Article “Features of still-life compositions in hand-written miniatures of Central Asia of the 15th — 16th centuries.” // Journal of the Moscow State University Press. 2015 p.385
- ↑ 1 2 Bertels, 1939 .
- ↑ Shahbazi AS . Ferdowsi, Abul-qasem. Mausoleum . Encyclopedia Iranica . Columbia University (Dec 15, 1999). The appeal date is March 27, 2014.
- ↑ 1 2 Djalal Khaleghi Motlagh Ferdowsi, Abu'l Qāsem ' - article from Encyclopædia Iranica Vol. Ix, fasc. 5, pp. 514-523
Literature
- in Russian
- Bertels, E.E. Firdousi // Literary Encyclopedia: In 11 tons . - M .: Fiction , 1939. - T. 11. - Stb. 753-757
- Bertels E.E. Abu-l-Kasim Firdousi and his work. L.-M .: Publishing House Acad. Sciences USSR , 1935. - 72 p. (A series of popular science literature / Academic Sciences of the USSR. Institute of Oriental Studies)
- Dyakonov M.M. Ferdousi: Life and Work / Ed. ed. Acad. I.A. Orbeli . - M .: Publishing House Acad. Sciences USSR , 1940. - 138 p.
- Firdousi / Lahuti L. G. // Uland-Khvattsev. - M .: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2017. - p. 406-407. - (The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 t.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004–2017, vol. 33). - ISBN 978-5-85270-370-5 .
- Firdousi / Osmanov M.-N. O. // Ulyanovsk - Frankfort. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1977. - ( Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 t.] / Ch. Ed. AM Prokhorov ; 1969-1978, v. 27).
- Starikov A. A. Firdousi and his poem “Shah-name” // Firdousi. Shah name M., 1957. T. 1. (Literary monuments)
- Shukurov Sh. M. “Shah-name” Firdousi and an early illustrative tradition. M., 1983;
- in other languages
- Davis D. Introduction // Ferdowsi. Shahnameh. The Persian book of kings. NY; L., 2007.
- Nöldeke Th. Das iranische Nationalepos, 2 Aufl., V. - L., 1920;
- Masse H., Firdousi et l'épopée nationale, P., 1935;
- Iraj Afshar , Ketabshenasiye Ferdousi, Tehran, 1968.