Car on water

Water vehicles do not include the following technical solutions:

• Steam car .
• Water injection as a method of cooling engine cylinders by adding water to the fuel-air mixture, which serves to increase the degree of compression and prevent detonation .
• A hydrogen car , although it often contains some similar elements. To refuel a hydrogen car, water is electrolyzed. The resulting hydrogen is then burned in the engine or oxidized to water in the fuel cell . As a result, the machine receives energy from the combustion of hydrogen, which is obtained from energy from the mains. Hydrogen serves as an energy carrier .
• Adding water to traditional hydrocarbon fuels to save and / or reduce emissions. Although this is the most common way to use water in cars.

According to fundamental physical laws, there is no way to extract chemical energy from water. Water has a negative enthalpy of formation , therefore, it takes energy to separate it into elements. There are no oxygen and hydrogen compounds with a higher negative enthalpy of formation, due to which an excess of energy could be obtained ^[6] .

Most of the proposed designs of "water cars" are based on some form of electrolytic separation of water into hydrogen and oxygen and their subsequent recombination with the release of energy. However, since the energy required for electrolysis, in the final analysis, always turns out to be greater than the generated hydrogen can provide, such a scheme cannot be used to generate excess energy. Such a device contradicts the first law of thermodynamics, therefore, refers to perpetual motion machines of the first kind.

Garrett's Electrolytic Carburetor

In September 1935, Charles H. Garrett, as reported by the Dallas Morning News ^[8] , allegedly demonstrated the "water car" for several minutes. As can be seen from the Garrett patent issued in the same year ^[9] , electrolysis was used to generate hydrogen. The patent includes a drawing depicting a carburetor , similar to a conventional float, but electrodes were placed on the bottom, and the float served to maintain the water level. Garrett’s patent does not define a new source of energy.

Stanley Meyer Water Cell

Already at least since 1980, Stanley Meyer has stated that he built a buggy that rides on water instead of gasoline ^[10] , although it gave conflicting explanations regarding its mode of operation. In some cases, he claimed that he replaced the spark plugs with “water splitters”, in others - that he uses a “fuel cell” that separates water into hydrogen and oxygen ^[11] . In this “fuel cell”, according to the author, due to electrical resonance (English), an explosive gas was produced from the water, which was burned in a conventional internal combustion engine to obtain clean energy. Meyer's statements did not receive independent confirmation, and the Ohio state court found him guilty of “blatant fraud” ^[1] .

Meyer died of an aneurysm in 1998, but conspiracy theorists continue to claim that he was poisoned.

Dennis Klein

In 2002, Hydrogen Technology Applications patented the design of the electrolyzer and made the term “Aquygen” the trademark for the gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen produced by this device ^[12] . Originally developed as an alternative to acetylene welding, according to the company, the device is able to provide the car with fuel exclusively at the expense of water, producing Akvigen. To explain their results, they used the concept of “magnegas” - a state of matter unknown to science, based on the marginal theory of the magnecule Rughero Santili (English) ^[13] . Company founder Dennis Klein claimed to be in talks with major US car manufacturers and that the US government wants to produce Hammers using its technology ^[14] .

Currently, the company no longer claims to be able to provide the car with water only. Instead, it sells Akvigen production facilities as devices to increase fuel efficiency ^[15] .

Genesis World Energy (GWE)

In 2002, Genesis World Energy announced a device ready to be marketed that would extract energy from water by decomposing it into hydrogen and oxygen ^[16] . In 2003, the company announced that the technology was adapted for use in automobiles ^[17] . The company raised more than $ 2.5 million in investments, but not a single device entered the market. In 2006, Patrick Kelly, the owner of GWE, was sentenced in New Jersey to five years in prison for theft and payment of damages in the amount of 400 thousand dollars ^[2] .

Genepax Water Energy System

In June 2008, the Japanese company Genepax introduced a car that they claimed to drive only on water and air ^[18] , and in many news releases the car was dubbed a “water car” ^[19] . The company said it has so far “cannot divulge the key details of the invention” ^[20] , but has revealed that the system uses an onboard power generator (“assembly of membrane electrodes”) to produce hydrogen using a “mechanism similar to the method by which hydrogen is formed in a reaction metal hydride with water ” ^[21] . Hydrogen is then used as an energy source for the car. This led to the assumption that the process consumes metal hydride , which is the initial source of energy, and we are talking more about a car using hydrogen fuel than a "water car" ^{[22] [23]} . On the company's website, explanations regarding the energy source were limited to the words “chemical reaction”. Popular Mechanics magazine describes Genepax's claims as “nonsense” ^[5] . The machine, shown to the press in 2008, turned out to be an REVA electric car manufactured in India and sold in the UK under the name G-Wiz.

In early 2009, Genepax announced the closure of the site, citing high development costs ^[24] .

Tushara Priyamal Edirising

Also in 2008, news sources in Sri Lanka reported a certain Thushara Priyamal Edirisinghe, who claimed to have traveled about 300 km in a "water car", spending 3 liters of water ^{[4] [25]} . As in other supposedly existing “water cars”, water had to be decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis, and the resulting gases were burned in the engine. Tushara demonstrated his technology to Prime Minister Ratnasiri Vikremanayaka , who "promised the utmost government support for his efforts to promote the watercraft to the Sri Lanka market ^[25] ."

A few months later, Tushara was arrested on charges of fraud ^[4] .

Daniel Dingel

Daniel Dingel , a Filipino inventor, said in 1969 that he had developed technology to use water as fuel. In 2000, Dingel became a business partner of Formosa Plastics Group (English) with the aim of further developing the technology. In 2008, the company filed a lawsuit against the inventor for fraud, and 82-year-old Dingel was sentenced to 20 years in prison ^[3] .

Dr. Gulam Sarwar

In December 2011, Pakistani doctor Ghulam Sarwar (Ghulam Sarwar) announced that he was creating a car that runs on water ^[26] . According to the inventor, the car consumes 60% of water and 40% of diesel fuel , but he is working hard to switch to water alone, intending to finish work by the end of June 2012. He further stated that the car “emits oxygen, and not carbon, like ordinary cars ” ^[27] .

Aga Vakar Ahmad

Pakistani citizen Agha Waqar Ahmad (Agha Waqar Ahmad) in 2012 announced the invention of a "water device" suitable for installation on all types of vehicles ^{[28] [29]} . The device consists of a cylindrical vessel containing water, bubblers and a tube leading to the engine. Ahmad claimed that the device uses electrolysis to turn water into “ HHO, ” which is used as fuel. Distilled water is required for the operation of the device ^[30] . According to the inventor, he achieved a much greater gas yield compared to others, referring to “hidden calculations” ^[31] . Ahmad patented his design in Pakistan. Some Pakistani scientists have stated that his “invention” is nothing but a fraud, as it contradicts the second law of thermodynamics ^{[32] [33]} .

In addition to claims about cars that drive on water alone, there are also allegations that burning hydrogen or explosive gas along with gasoline or diesel fuel improves fuel efficiency. Whether such systems can actually reduce emissions and / or provide fuel economy is currently the subject of controversy ^[34] . Getting hydrogen on board requires a large consumption of electricity, which, ultimately, is obtained by burning fuel in the engine. Electrolysis of water in this case is an additional energy conversion, that is, a source of additional heat losses that reduce the overall efficiency ^[35] . Many domestic and foreign sites offer devices for producing an oxygen-hydrogen mixture (often called “HHO”, “Brown gas”) on board a car, while promising a significant increase in fuel efficiency ^{[15] [36] [37]} . According to the representative of the American Automobile Association (Eng.) , "All of these devices probably look working, but believe me, this is not so ^[38] ."

It is argued that the GEET Paul Pantone technology ^[39] can allow the creation of an engine on water due to the high-temperature decomposition of water due to the heat of exhaust gases ^[40] ; the technology did not pass any independent tests, and its creator was sent to a psychiatric hospital by a court decision ^{[41] [42] [43] [44]} .

The hoaxes regarding “water cars” are close to statements about additives, often in the form of tablets that turn water into fuel, just as in a carbide lamp a high-energy additive ( calcium carbide ) produces flammable gas in reaction with water. According to Mother Earth News , these “gasoline tablets” were allegedly demonstrated in 1980. But again, water alone is unable to give energy output, and the tablets themselves must be the fuel.

• Perpetual motion machine
• Free energy
• List of inventions using water as a fuel