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List of Heads of State in 1922

The list lists the leaders of the states as of 1922 . In the event that the Communist Party plays the leading role in the state, both the de jure head of state, the chairman of the highest state authority, and de facto the head of the communist party are indicated.

The list does not include the heads of associated states , mandated and autonomous territories . If in 1922 in a state there was a change of leader, both of them are indicated in the list. If the state has changed the flag, both flags are also indicated.

To the right of the text are images of politicians who first came to power in 1922.

Exact dates for board changes are given only for 1922. Other years of the change of government are given by links to the corresponding lists of heads of state and government by year.

The colors highlighted countries in which this year there were changes in power due to the following events:

  • Country gaining independence ;
  • Military coup, revolution, general uprising ;
  • Presidential election ;
  • parliamentary elections, parliamentary crisis ;
  • The death of one of the leaders of the country ;
  • Other reasons .

For states and their leaders, this year is marked by the following events:

Significant Events

  • January 7 - Dogsomin Bodoo, head of the People’s Government of Mongolia, was dismissed and soon executed. The prominent religious leader Sodnomyn Damdinbazar was appointed the new Prime Minister [1] ;
  • January 10 - due to disagreement with the 1921 Anglo-Irish treaty, Imon de Valera resigned from his posts as head of state and head of the Provisional Government of the self-proclaimed Republic of Ireland. Arthur Griffith became the new president, Michael Collins soon took over as prime minister [2] ;
  • January 14th
    • Guatemala announced its secession from the Republic of Central America , which led to the collapse of the federation [3] ;
    • Republican Raymond Poincare formed the new government of France after the fall of the 7th cabinet of the Republican Socialist Aristide Briand [4] ;
  • January 19 - Ionel Bratianu became the new Prime Minister of Romania [5] ;
  • January 25 - In China, the government of Liang Shi resigned as a result of the conflict between the Fengtian and Zhilian cliques. In April, the conflict spilled over into the First Zhili-Fentian War [6] ;
  • February 2 - Democrat Ernestas Galvanauskas became the Prime Minister of Lithuania after the resignation of Lyudin Kazis Grinyus [7] ;
  • February 6 - Democratic Party leader Antonio Maria da Silva formed the Portuguese government after the party’s success in the January 29, 1922 parliamentary elections [8] ;
  • February 26 - Liberal Luigi Facta formed the Italian government after the resignation of the socialist Ivano Bononi [9] ;
  • February 28 - Great Britain announced the abolition of the protectorate over Egypt [10] ;
  • March 1 - after the abolition of the British protectorate, the former Minister of the Interior Abdel Khaled Sarvat Pasha formed the first government of independent Egypt [11] ;
  • March 8 - Conservative Jose Sanchez Guerra formed the new government of Spain after the resignation of the last cabinet of Antonio Maura [12] ;
  • March 12 - Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia formed the Federal Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia [13] ;
  • March 15 - after the abolition of the British protectorate, the Sultanate of Egypt was proclaimed the Kingdom of Egypt, and Sultan Ahmed Fuad I was proclaimed king of Egypt and Sudan [14] ;
  • May 15 - Louis Eustache Antoine Borno assumed the presidency of Haiti [15] ;
  • May 16 - Due to financial difficulties in the conditions of the Greek-Turkish war, the Greek government of Dimitrios Gunaris resigned. The new cabinet was formed by the Minister of the Interior Nikolaos Andreu Stratos [16] ;
  • May 22 - Finance Minister Petros Protopapadakis formed the new government of Greece after the parliament did not approve the cabinet of Nikolaos Stratos [16] ;
  • May 31 - Ignaz Seipel , chairman of the Christian Social Party, formed the coalition government of Austria [17] ;
  • 2 June
    • after the defeat of the Fengtian clique in another civil war, Chinese President Xu Shichang resigned. Presidential functions transferred to Prime Minister Zhou Ziqi [6] ;
    • non-partisan professor Aimo Kayander became the Prime Minister of Finland during the parliamentary elections [18] ;
  • June 11 - General Zhou Ziqi resigned as head of state and government of China. Overthrown in 1917, General Li Yuanhong reinstated as president of China [6] ;
  • June 12 - Admiral Tomosaburo Kato [19] became the new Prime Minister of Japan;
  • June 24 - Venezuelan dictator General Juan Vicente Gomez returned to the presidency after years of illness [20] ;
  • June 26 - Prince Albert I of Monaco dies in Paris. His son Louis II entered the princely throne [21] ;
  • June 28 - Arthur Slivinsky formed the new government of Poland after the resignation of Anthony Ponikovsky [22] ;
  • July 31 - Julian Nowak became the new Prime Minister of Poland [22] ;
  • August 7 - Conservative Pedro Nel Ospin took the presidency of Colombia, winning the election in February 1922 [23] ;
  • August 12 - President of the Republic of Ireland Arthur Griffith suddenly died in Dublin. His functions were transferred to the acting Prime Minister William Cosgrave [2] ;
  • August 22 - during the civil war, the head of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Ireland, Michael Collins, was killed [2] ;
  • September 10 - after a military disaster in Smyrna and the defeat of Greece in the Greek-Turkish war, Greek Prime Minister Petros Protopapadakis resigned. The new head of government has been appointed Nikolaos Triantafillacos [16] ;
  • September 27 - after, at the request of the rebel army, the king of Greece Konstantinos I abdicated the throne, his son Georgios II [16] ;
  • September 30 - Professor Sotirios Krokidas was appointed Prime Minister of Greece [16] ;
  • October 7 - Chairman of the Agrarian Party Antonin Schwegla formed the government of Czechoslovakia after the resignation of the socialist Eduard Benes [24] ;
  • October 12 - Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear , representative of the Civil Radical Union party, who won the presidential election in April 1922 [25] assumed the presidency of Argentina;
  • October 21 - Juan Bautista Visini is appointed President of the US-occupied Dominican Republic after signing the Hughes-Paynado Agreement. Since 1916, the country was controlled by the US military administration [26] ;
  • October 24 - Conservative Andrew Bonar Lowe formed the one-party government of Great Britain after the fall of liberal coalition cabinet David Lloyd George [27] ;
  • October 25 - the army of the Far Eastern Republic entered Vladivostok, eliminating the Amur Zemsky Territory [28] ;
  • October 31 - as a result of the March to Rome, the leader of the Italian fascists Benito Mussolini was appointed Chairman of the Italian Council of Ministers [9] ;
  • November 1 - The Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara abolished the Ottoman Empire. November 16, the last Sultan and Caliph Mehmed VI Wahideddin sailed from Istanbul to Malta aboard the British cruiser [29] ;
  • November 12 - Tripolitan Republic is included in Italian Libya [30] ;
  • November 14th
    • the chairman of the Constituent Assembly, Janis Čakste, was elected the first president of Latvia [31] ;
    • the agrarian Kyusti Kallio became the new president of Finland [18] ;
  • 15th of November
    • the Far Eastern Republic self-destructed and became part of the RSFSR [28] ;
    • Arthur da Silva Bernardis won the presidential election in March 1922 [32] ;
  • November 21 - Parliament Speaker Johan Kukk became the new State Elder of Estonia [33] ;
  • November 22 - Wilhelm Kuno, director of the board of the transatlantic shipping company HAPAG, became Reich Chancellor of Germany after the resignation of Catholic Karl Joseph Wirth [34] ;
  • November 27 - Colonel Stilianos Gonatas , leader of the September 11 uprising, was appointed Prime Minister of Greece [16] ;
  • November 30 - after the resignation of the government in terms of anti-British unrest, Abdel Khaled Sarvat Pasha]], Muhammad Tawfik Nazim Pasha was appointed the new Prime Minister of Egypt [11] ;
  • December 4 - Ahmet Zogu first headed the government of Albania [35] ;
  • December 6 - as a result of many years of struggle for the independence of Ireland, the Irish Free State was formed - the dominion of Great Britain. The head of the dominion government was one of the leaders of the struggle for independence, William Thomas Cosgrave [2] ;
  • December 7 - Liberal Manuel Garcia Prieto became the new Prime Minister of Spain [12] ;
  • December 13 - the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was proclaimed on the basis of the Federal Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia) [13] ;
  • December 14 - Gabriel Narutovich assumed the post of President of Poland after the resignation of the Head of State, Marshal Jozef Pilsudski [22] ;
  • December 16 - Polish President Gabriel Narutovich was shot dead in Warsaw. Presidential functions were transferred to Marshal of the Sejm Macey Ratai , General Vladislav Sikorsky headed the emergency government [22] ;
  • December 21 - Chairman of the Constituent Seimas of Lithuania Alexandras Stulginskis was elected President of the Republic of Lithuania [7] ;
  • December 22 - Stanislav Wojciechowski became the new president of Poland [22] ;
  • December 30 - Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic , Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic , Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic merged into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . The structure of the USSR as autonomies also included the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic and the Khiva People's Soviet Republic [28] ;

The following is a list of heads of state as of 1922.

List of Heads of State in 1921 - 1922 - List of Heads of State in 1923 - List of Heads of State by year

See also: | List of Religious Leaders in 1922 | List of Colonial Governors in 1922

List of Heads of State and Government of the World in 1922

FlagStateRulers and dates of reignPicture
 Australia - Australian Union
(Commonwealth of Australia)		King George V ( 1910 - 1936 )
Governor General Henry Forster ( 1920 - 1925 )
Prime Minister William Morris Hughes ( 1915 - 1923 ) [36]
 
William Morris Hughes
 Austria - Republic of Austria
(Republik Österreich).		Federal President Michael Heinish ( 1920 - 1928 )
Federal Chancellors :
* Johan Schober ( 1921 - 1922 ) [ex 1]
* Walter Brysky ( January 26 - 27, 1922 ) [ ex 2]
* Johan Schober ( January 26 - May 31, 1922 ) [ex 3]
* Ignaz Seipel ( May 31, 1922 - 1924 ) [ex 4] [17]
 
Ignaz Seipel
 Azerbaijan - Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (AzSSR)
(Azәrbaјҹan Council of Socialist Republics)
March 12, 1922 became part of the Federal Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia		Chairpersons of the Central Executive Committee :
* Mukhtar Haji oglu Hajiyev ( 1921 - 1922 )
* Samed Aga Agamaly oglu ( May 6, 1922 - 1930 ) [Ex 5]
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars :
* Nariman Najaf-oglu Narimanov ( 1920 - 1922 )
* Gazanfar Mahmud oglu Musabayov ( May 6, 1922 - 1930 )
First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Azerbaijan Sergey Mironovich Kirov ( 1921 - 1926 ) [pr 6] [37]
 
Samed Aga Agamaly oglu
 Albania - Principality of Albania
(Principata e Shqipnis)		Supreme Council ( 1920 - 1925 )
Prime Ministers :
* Jafer Bay Upie ( 1921 - 1922 ) [D 7]
* Ahmet Zogu ( December 4, 1922 - 1924 ) [Ex 8] [35]
 
Ahmet Zogu
 Andorra - Principality of Andorra
(Principat d'Andorra, Principado de Andorra, Principauté d'Andorre)		Soots : Alexander Millerand ( 1920 - 1924 ) (France);
Justi Guitart-i-Vilardebo ( 1920 - 1940 )
First Syndic of the General Council Bonaventure Villarubia ( 1920 - 1923 ) [38]
 Argentina - Argentine Republic
(República Argentina)		Presidents :
* Hipolito Yrigoyen ( 1916 - 1922 ) [Ex 9]
* Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear ( October 12, 1922 - 1928 ) [Ex 10] [25]
 
Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear
 Armenia - Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (ArSSR)
(Հայկական Սովետական ​​Սոցիալիստական ​​Հանրապետություն, Haykakan Sovetakan Socialistakan Hanrapetutyun)
March 12, 1922 became part of the Federal Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia		Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Alexander Fedorovich Myasnikyan ( 1921 - 1922 ) [pr 11]
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Sargis Sahakovich Hambartsumyan ( February 2, 1922 - 1925 ) [pr 12]
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Sergei Lukyanovich Lukashin ( May 21, 1922 - 1925 )
The first secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Armenia :
* Sergey Lukyanovich Lukashin ( 1921 - 1922 ) [pr 13]
* Ashot Gareginovich Hovhannisyan ( April 29, 1922 - 1927 ) [pr 14] [39]
Asir
(إمارة عسير الإدريسية)		Emir Sayyid Ali ibn Muhammad al-Idrissi ( 1920 - 1926 ) [40]
 Afghanistan - Emirate of Afghanistan
(إمارة أفغانستان)		Emir Amanullah Khan ( 1919 - 1926 )
Chief Minister Sardar Abdul Kuddus Khan ( 1919 - 1927 ) [41]
 Bahrain - Kingdom of Bahrain
(مملكة البحرين)		Hakim Isa ibn Ali al-Khalifa ( 1869 - 1932 ) [42]
 Belarus - Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR)
(Belarussian Savyetsk Satsyalіstny Respublika)
December 30, 1922 became part of the USSR		Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Alexander G. Chervyakov ( 1920 - 1937 )
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Alexander Grigoryevich Chervyakov ( 1920 - 1937 )
Responsible secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belarus :
* Wilhelm Georgievich Knorin ( 1920 - 1922 ) [ex 15]
* Vaclav Antonovich Bogutsky (May 1922 - 1924 ) [pr 16] [43]
 Belgium - Kingdom of Belgium
(Koninkrijk België, Royaume de Belgique)		King Albert I ( 1909 - 1934 )
Prime Minister Georges Thoney ( 1921 - 1925 ) [44]
 Bulgaria - The Third Bulgarian Kingdom
(Kingdom of Bulgaria)		Tsar Boris III ( 1918 - 1943 )
Prime Minister Alexander Stoimenov of Istanbul ( 1919 - 1923 ) [45]
 Bolivia - Republic of Bolivia
(República de Bolivia)		President Juan Bautista Saavedra ( 1921 - 1925 ) [46]
 Brazil - United States of Brazil
(República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil)		Presidents :
* Epitasio Lendolfo da Silva Pesoa ( 1919 - 1922 ) [ Ex 17]
* Arthur da Silva Bernardis ( November 15, 1922 - 1926 ) [Ex 18] [47]
 
Arthur da Silva Bernardis
 Brunei
(Brunei)		Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II ( 1906 - 1924 )
 Bhutan - Kingdom of Butane
(འབྲུག་ ཡུལ་)		King Ugyen Wangchuk ( 1907 - 1926 ) [48]
 Bukhara People's Soviet Republic (BSNR)
(Buxoro Xalq Sho'ro Jumhuriyati, Ҷumҳurii Khalқii Shӯraviya Bukhoro; جمهوری خلقی شوروی بخارا)
December 30, 1922 became part of the USSR as autonomy		Chairmen of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee :
* Usmanhodzha Pulatkhodzhaev ( 1921 - 1922 ) [Ex 19]
* Muindjan Aminov ( March 12 - August 18, 1922 ) [ex 20]
* Porsa Khodjaev ( August 18, 1922 - 1925 )
Chairman of the Council of People's Nazirov Fayzulla Gubaidullaevich Khodjaev ( 1921 - 1924 )
First Secretary of the Bukhara Communist Party Sagdulla Tursunkhodzhaev ( 1921 - 1923 ) [pr 21] [49]
 United Kingdom - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
(United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)		King George V ( 1910 - 1936 )
Prime Ministers :
* David Lloyd George ( 1916 - 1922 ) [Ex 22]
* Andrew Bonar Lowe ( October 24, 1922 - 1923 ) [Ex 23] [50]
 
Andrew Bonar Lowe
 Hungary - Kingdom of Hungary
(Magyar Királyság)		Regent Miklos Horthy ( 1920 - 1944 )
Prime Minister Istvan Betlen ( 1921 - 1931 ) [51]
 Venezuela - United States of Venezuela
(Estados Unidos de Venezuela)		Presidents :
* Victorino Marquez Bustillos ( 1914 - 1922 ) [Ex 24]
* Juan Vicente Gomez ( June 24, 1922 - 1929 ) [Ex 25] [20]
 Haiti - Republic of Haiti
(République d'Haïti)		Presidents :
* Philip Sydr Dartigenav ( 1915 - 1922 ) [Ex 26]
* Louis Eustache Antoine Borno ( May 15, 1922 - 1930 ) [Ex 27] [15]
 
Louis Eustache Antoine Borno
 Guatemala - State of Guatemala
(Estado de Guatemala), since January 14, 1922 - Republic of Guatemala
(República de Guatemala)
January 14, 1922 withdrew from the Republic of Central America		President Jose Maria Orellana ( 1921 - 1926 ) [3]
 Germany - German Empire
(Deutsches Reich)		Reich President Friedrich Ebert ( 1919 - 1925 )
Reich Chancellors :
* Karl Joseph Wirth ( 1921 - 1922 ) [D 28]
* William Kuno ( November 22, 1922 - 1923 ) [Ex 29] [52]
 
Wilhelm Kuno
 Honduras - State of Honduras
(Estado de Honduras), from February 7, 1922 - Republic of Honduras
(República de Honduras)
February 7, 1922 left the Republic of Central America		President Rafael Salvador Lopez Gutierrez ( 1920 - 1924 ) [53]
 Greece - Kingdom of Greece
(Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος)		Kings :
* Konstantinos I ( 1920 - 1922 ) [Ex 30]
* Georgios II ( September 27, 1922 - 1924 ) [D 31]
Prime Ministers :
* Dimitrios Gunaris ( 1921 - 1922 ) [Ex 32]
* Nikolaos Andreu Stratos ( May 16-22, 1922 ) [Ex 33]
* Petros Protopapadakis ( May 22 - September 10, 1922 ) [Ex 34]
* Nikolaos Triantafillacos ( September 10 - 29, 1922 ) [Ex 35]
* Anastasios Charalambis ( September 29 - 30, 1922 ) [Ex 36]
* Sotirios Crocidas ( September 30 - November 27, 1924 ) [ex 37]
* Stylianos Gonatas ( November 27, 1922 - 1923 ) [Ex 38] [16]
 
Georgios II
 Georgia - Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia (SSRG)
(საქართველოს საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა)
March 12, 1922 became part of the Federal Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia		Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee Buda Gurgenovich Mdivani ( 1921 - 1922 ) [D 39]
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee, Philip I. Makharadze ( February 28, 1922 - 1923 ) [pr 40]
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
* I will be Gurgenovich Mdivani ( March 7 - April 1922 ) [pr 41]
* Sergey Ivanovich Kavtaradze (April 1922 - 1923 ) [pr 42]
Responsible Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Georgia :
* Ivan Dmitrievich Orahelashvili ( 1921 - 1922 )
* Mikhail Stepanovich Okudzhava (April-October 1922 )
* Vissarion Vissarionovich Lominadze ( October 25, 1922 - 1924 ) [pr 43] [13]
 
Vissarion Vissarionovich Lominadze
 Far Eastern Republic (FER)
November 15, 1922 became part of the RSFSR		Chairman of the People’s Government Nikolai Mikhailovich Matveev ( 1921 - 1922 ) [D 44]
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers :
* Peter Mikhailovich Nikiforov ( 1921 - 1922 ) [pr 45]
* Peter Alekseevich Kobozev ( October 4 - November 15, 1922 ) [Ex 46] [28] [54]
 
Peter Alekseevich Kobozev
 Denmark - Kingdom of Denmark
(Kongeriget Danmark)		King Christian X ( 1912 - 1947 )
Prime Minister Nils Neergor ( 1920 - 1924 ) [55]
 Dominican Republic
(República Dominicana)
Since 1916, occupied by the United States of America. Partially restored sovereignty after the appointment of the interim president on October 21, 1922		President Juan Bautista Visini ( October 21, 1922 - 1924 ) [ D 47] [26]
 Egypt - Sultanate of Egypt
(السلطنة المصرية), March 15, 1922 - Kingdom of Egypt
(المملكة المصرية)
A British protectorate that gained independence on February 28, 1922.		Sultan of Egypt Ahmed Fuad I ( February 28 - March 16, 1922 )
King of Egypt Ahmed Fouad I ( March 16, 1922 - 1936 ) [Ex 48]
Prime Ministers :
* Adli Yakan Pasha ( 1921 - 1922 ) [Ex 49]
* Abdel Khaled Sarvat Pasha ( March 1 - November 30, 1922 ) [pr 50]
* Muhammad Tawfik Nazim Pasha ( November 30, 1922 - 1923 ) [pr 51] [14]
 
Ahmed Fuad I
 Transcaucasia - Federal Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (FSSSRZ), from December 13, 1922 - Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (ZSFSR)
(Zaqafqaziya Sovet Federativ Sosialist Respublikası; Անդրկովկասյան Սոցիալիստական ​​Ֆեդերատիվ Խորհրդային Հանրապետություն; ამიერკავკასიისტურსალიილ
It was founded on March 12, 1922 as a union of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. December 30, 1922 became part of the USSR		Chairmen of the Transcaucasian Central Executive Committee :
1. Nariman Najaf-oglu Narimanov (Azerbaijan) ( March 12, 1922 - 1923 )
2. Alexander Fedorovich Myasnikov (Armenia) ( March 12, 1922 - 1923 )
3.
Polykarp Gurgenovich Mdivani (Georgia) ( March 12 - December 4, 1922 )
Shalva Zurabovich Eliava (Georgia) ( December 4, 1922 - 1923 )
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Ivan Dmitrievich Orahelashvili ( December 13, 1922 - 1927 ) [pr 52]
First Secretary of the Transcaucasian Regional Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Grigory Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze ( March 12, 1922 - 1926 ) [pr 53] [13]
 Ireland - Republic of Ireland
(Poblacht na hÉireann or Saorstát Éireann),
self-proclaimed state, December 6, 1922 - Irish Free State
(Saorstat Éireann),
dominion of Great Britain.		Presidents of the Republic :
* Imon de Valera ( 1921 - 1922 ) [Ex 54]
* Arthur Griffith ( January 9 - August 12, 1922 ) [Ex 55]
* William Thomas Cosgrave ( August 12 - December 6, 1922 ) [Ex 56]
Chairmen of the Provisional Government :
* Imon de Valera ( 1919 - 1922 ) [Ex 57]
* Michael John Collins ( January 16 - August 22, 1922 ) [Ex 58]
* William Thomas Cosgrave ( August 22 - December 6, 1922 ) [Ex 59]

King George V ( 1910 - 1936 )
Governor-General Timothy Michael Healy ( December 6, 1922 - 1928 ) [D 60]
William Thomas Cosgrave, Chairman of the Executive Board ( December 6, 1922 - 1932 ) [2]
 
William Thomas Cosgrave
 Spain - Kingdom of Spain
(Reino de España)		King Alfonso XIII ( 1886 - 1931 )
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers :
* Antonio Maura ( 1921 - 1922 ) [Ex 61]
* Jose Sanchez Guerra ( March 8 - December 7, 1922 ) [Ex 62]
* Manuel Garcia Prieto ( December 7, 1922 - 1923 ) [Ex 63] [56]
 
Jose Sanchez Guerra
 Italy - Kingdom of Italy
(Regno d'Italia)		King Victor Emmanuel III ( 1900 - 1946 )
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers :
* Ivano Bonomi ( 1921 - 1922 ) [Ex 64]
* Luigi Fakta ( February 26 - October 31, 1922 ) [D 65]
* Benito Mussolini ( October 31, 1922 - 1943 ) [Ex 66] [57]
 
Benito Mussolini
 Yemen - Yemen Mutawakkiliya Kingdom
(المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية)		The Imam of the Hamiddin Dynasty Yahya Ibn Muhammad Hamidaddin ( 1918 - 1948 ) [58]
Canada
(Canada)		King George V ( 1910 - 1936 )
Governor General Julian Bing ( 1921 - 1926 )
Prime Minister William Mackenzie King ( 1921 - 1926 ) [59]
 Republic of China (in Beijing )
(中華民國)		Presidents :
* Xu Shichang ( 1918 - 1922 ) [D 67]
* Zhou Ziqi ( June 2 - 11, 1922 ) [Ex 68]
* Li Yuanhong ( June 11, 1922 - 1923 ) [D 69]
State Council Premieres :
* Liang Shii ( 1921 - 1922 ) [ex 70]
* Yan Huiqing ( January 25 - April 8, 1922 ) [Ex 71]
* Zhou Ziqi ( April 8 - June 11, 1922 ) [Ex 72]
* Yan Huiqing ( June 11 - August 5, 1922 )
* Wang Chunhe ( August 5 - November 29, 1922 ) [D 73]
* Van Dasyu ( November 29 - December 11, 1922 ) [Ex 74]
* Wang Zhenting ( December 11, 1922 - 1923 ) [ Ex 75] [6]
 
Zhou Ziqi
 Republic of China (in Guangzhou )
(中華民國)		Extraordinary President Sun Yat-sen ( 1921 - June 29, 1922 ) [Ex 76] [6]
 Colombia - Republic of Colombia
(República de Colombia)		Presidents :
* Jorge Marcelo Holguin ( 1921 - 1922 ) [D 77]
* Pedro Nel Ospin ( August 7, 1922 - 1926 ) [D 78] [23]
 
Pedro Nel Ospina
 Costa Rica - Republic of Costa Rica
(República de Costa Rica)		President Julio Acosta Garcia ( 1920 - 1924 ) [60]
 Cuba - Republic of Cuba
(República de Cuba)		President Alfredo Sayyas ( 1921 - 1925 ) [61]
 Latvia - Republic of Latvia
(Latvijas Republika)		Chairman of the Constituent Assembly Janis Čakste ( 1920 - 1922 )
President Janis Čakste ( November 14, 1922 - 1927 ) [D 79]
Prime Minister Siegfried Anna Meyerowitz ( 1921 - 1923 ) [31]
 Liberia - Republic of Liberia
(Republic of Liberia)		President Charles Danber King ( 1920 - 1930 ) [62]
 Lithuania - Republic of Lithuania
(Lietuvos Respublika)		Chairman of the Constituent Sejm Alexandras Stulginskis ( 1920 - 1922 )
President Alexandras Stulginskis ( December 21, 1922 - 1926 ) [pr 80]
Prime Ministers :
* Kazis Grinyus ( 1920 - 1922 ) [Ex 81]
* Ernestas Galvanauskas ( February 2, 1922 - 1924 ) [Ex 82] [7]
 Libya - Tripolitan Republic
(الجمهورية الطرابلسية)
November 12, 1922 included in the Italian Libya .		Chairman of the Republican Council Ahmad Tahir al-Murayid ( 1918 - 1922 ) [30]
 Lithuania - Republic of Middle Lithuania
(Republika Litwy Środkowej, Vidurio Lietuvos Respublika, Republic of Lithuania)
Unrecognized state. March 24, 1922 became part of Poland.		Head of State Lucian Zheligovsky ( 1920 - 1922 ) [D 83]
Chairman of the interim government commission Alexander Mikhal Marian Meishtovich ( 1920 - 1922 ) [Ex 84] [7]
 Liechtenstein - Principality of Liechtenstein
(Fürstentum Liechtenstein)		Prince Johann II ( 1858 - 1929 )
Prime Ministers :
* Joseph Ospelt ( 1921 - 1922 )
* Alphonse Feger ( May 4 - June 6, 1922 )
* Felix Gubelman ( June 6 - 28, 1922 )
* Gustav Stedler ( June 28, 1922 - 1928 ) [63]
 Luxembourg - Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
(Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, Großherzogtum Luxemburg)		Grand Duchess Charlotte ( 1919 - 1964 )
Prime Minister Emil Retier ( 1918 - 1925 ) [64]
 Mexico - Mexican United States
(Estados Unidos Mexicanos)		President Alvaro Obregon ( 1920 - 1924 ) [65]
 Monaco - Principality of Monaco (Principauté de Monaco)Princes :
* Albert I ( 1889 - 1922 ) [D 85]
* Louis II ( June 26, 1922 - 1949 ) [Ex 86]
Minister of State Raymond Le Bourdon ( 1919 - 1923 ) [21]
 
Louis II
 Mongolia - State of Mongolia
(Bogd haant Mongol uls)		Leader of the revolution and commander in chief of Suhebaatar ( 1921 - 1923 )
Bogdo-Khan Bogdo-Gegan VIII ( 1911 - 1924 )
Chairmen of the People’s Government :
* Dogsomyn Bodoo ( 1921 - 1922 ) [D 87]
* Sodnomyn Damdinbazar ( January 7, 1922 - 1923 ) [Ex 88]
Secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Tseren-Ochirin Dambadorzh ( 1921 - 1923 ) [1]
 
Sodnomyn Damdinbazar
 Nejd - Sultanate of Nejd
(نجد)		Sultan Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud ( 1902 - 1926 ) [40]
 Nepal - Kingdom of Nepal
(Nepal Adhirajya)		King of Tribhuban ( 1911 - 1955 )
Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur ( 1901 - 1929 ) [D 89] [66] [67]
 Netherlands - Kingdom of the Netherlands
(Koninkrijk der Nederlanden).		Queen Wilhelmina ( 1890 - 1948 )
Prime Minister Charles Reis von Berenbruck ( 1918 - 1925 ) [68]
 Nicaragua - Republic of Nicaragua
(República de Nicaragua)		President Diego Manuel Chamorro Bolaños ( 1921 - 1923 ) [69]
 New Zealand
(New Zealand)		King George V ( 1910 - 1936 )
Governor General John Rushworth Jellico ( 1920 - 1924 )
Prime Minister William Massey ( 1912 - 1925 ) [70]
 Norway - Kingdom of Norway
(Kongeriket Norge)		King Haakon VII ( 1905 - 1957 )
Prime Minister Otto Albert Blair ( 1921 - 1923 ) [71]
 Oman - Sultanate of Oman
(سلطنة عُمان)		Sultan Taymur ben Faisal ( 1913 - 1932 ) [72]
 Panama - Republic of Panama
(República de Panamá)		President Belisario Porras Baraona ( 1920 - 1924 ) [73]
 Paraguay - Republic of Paraguay
(República del Paraguay)		President Eusebio Ayala ( 1921 - 1923 ) [74]
 Peru - Republic of Peru
(República del Perú)		President Augusto Bernardino Lehi and Salcedo ( 1919 - 1930 )
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers :
* Erman Legia y Martinez ( 1919 - 1922 )
* Julio Enrique Egoagirre Dongo ( October 7, 1922 - 1924 ) [75]
 Persia - The highest state of Persia
(دولت علیّه ایران; Dowlat-e Elliye-ye Irân)		Shahinshah Sultan Ahmad Shah ( 1909 - 1925 )
Prime Ministers :
* Malek Mansour Mirza ( 1921 - 1922 )
* Hassan Pirnia ( January 20 - June 11, 1922 ) [Ex 90]
* Ahmed Kawam al-Saltane ( June 11, 1922 - 1923 ) [Ex 91] [76]
 Poland - Polish Republic
(Rzeczpospolita Polska)		Head of State Jozef Pilsudski ( 1918 - 1922 ) [D 92]
Presidents :
* Gabriel Narutovich ( December 14 - 16, 1922 ) [D 93]
* Maciej Ratay ( December 16 - 22, 1922 ) [Ex 94]
* Stanislav Wojciechowski ( December 22, 1922 - 1926 ) [Ex 95]
Prime Ministers :
* Anthony Ponikovsky ( 1921 - 1922 ) [pr 96]
* Arthur Slivinsky ( June 28 - July 31, 1922 ) [Ex 97]
* Julian Novak ( July 31 - December 14, 1922 ) [Ex 98]
* Vladislav Sikorsky ( December 16, 1922 - 1925 ) [Ex 99] [77]
 
Stanislav Wojciechowski
 Republic of Pont
(Δημοκρατία του Πόντου)
The de facto state entity. Eliminated by the Turkish army.		Head of the Provisional Government Vasilis Ioannidis ( 1918 - 1922 ) [78]
 Portugal - Portuguese Republic
(República Portuguesa)		President Antonio José di Almeida ( 1919 - 1923 )
Presidents of the Council of Ministers :
* Francisco Pinto da Cunha Leal ( 1921 - 1922 ) [pr 100]
* Antonio Maria da Silva ( February 6, 1922 - 1923 ) [Ex 101] [8]
 Air Reef , Self-proclaimed State.Emir Abd al-Krim ( 1921 - 1926 ) [79]
 Russia - Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)
December 30, 1922 became part of the USSR		Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin ( 1919 - 1938 )
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( 1917 - 1924 )
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin ( April 3, 1922 - 1952 ) [Project 102] [28]
 Russia - Amur State Formation , from July 23, 1922 - Amur Zemsky Territory
October 25, 1922 liquidated by the army of the Far Eastern Republic		Chairman of the Provisional Amur Government Spiridon Dionisievich Merkulov ( 1921 - 1922 ) [D 103]
Zemsky voivode Mikhail Konstantinovich Diterikhs ( July 23 - October 25, 1922 ) [Ex 104] [28]
 
Mikhail Konstantinovich Diterikhs
 Romania - Kingdom of Romania
(Regatul Romăniei)		King Ferdinand I ( 1914 - 1927 )
Prime Ministers :
* Take Jonescu ( 1921 - 1922 ) [Ex 105]
* Ionel Bratianu ( January 19, 1922 - 1926 ) [Ex 106] [80]
 El Salvador - State of El Salvador
(Estado de El Salvador), from February 4, 1922 - Republic of El Salvador
(República de El Salvador)
February 4, 1922 left the Republic of Central America		President Jorge Melendez Ramirez ( 1919 - 1923 ) [81]
 San Marino - The Brightest Republic of San Marino
(Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino)		Regent captains :
* Egisto Morrie and Giuseppe Lanchi ( 1921 - 1922 )
* Eugenio Reffy and Giuseppe Arzilli ( April 1 - October 1, 1922 )
* Onofrio Fattori and Giuseppe Balducci ( October 1, 1922 - 1923 ) [82]
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
It was created on December 30, 1922 as a union of the Soviet republics - the RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia.		Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR :
1. Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin (Russia) ( December 30, 1922 - 1938 )
2. Grigory Ivanovich Petrovsky (Ukraine) ( December 30, 1922 - 1938 )
3. Alexander Grigoryevich Chervyakov (Belarus) ( December 30, 1922 - 1937 )
4. Nariman Najaf-oglu Narimanov (Transcaucasia) ( December 30, 1922 - 1925 )
Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin ( 1922 - 1952 ) [28]
 USA
(United States of America)		President Warren Harding ( 1921 - 1923 ) [83]
 Thailand - Kingdom of Siam
(ราช อาณาจักร ไทย)		King Wachiravud (Rama VI) ( 1910 - 1925 ) [84]
 Tonga - Kingdom of Tong
(Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga)		Queen Salote Tupou III ( 1918 - 1965 )
Prime Ministers :
* Tevita Tu'ivakano ( 1912 - 1922 )
* William Tupoulahi Tungi ( June 30, 1922 - 1940 ) [85]
 Tuva - People's Republic of Tannu-Tuva
Recognized only by the USSR and Mongolia.		Secretary General of the Tuva People's Revolutionary Party Namachin ( 1921 - 1923 )
Chairman of the Central Council Sodnam Balchyr ( 1921 - February 28, 1922 )
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers :
* Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy ( 1921 - 1922 )
* Lopsan Osur Maadi ( March 1 - August 15, 1922 )
* Idam Syuryun ( August 15, 1922 - 1923 ) [86]
 Turkey - Ottoman Empire or Great Ottoman State
(دوله عثمانیه عالیه, Devlet-i Âliyye-i Osmâniyye)
Abolished on November 1, 1922		Sultan and Caliph Mehmed VI Wahideddin ( 1918 - 1922 ) [D 107]
Caliph Abdul-Majid II ( November 19, 1922 - 1924 ) [D 108]
The Great Vizier Ahmed Tefvik Pasha ( 1920 - 1922 ) [ D 109] [87]
 
Abdul Majid II
 Turkey - Turkish StateChairman of the Great National Assembly Mustafa Kemal Pasha ( 1920 - 1923 )
Prime Ministers :
* Mustafa Fevzi Chakmak ( 1921 - 1922 ) [pr 110]
* Hussein Rauf Orbay ( July 12, 1922 - 1923 ) [pr 111] [87]
 
Hussein Rauf Orbay
 Ukraine - Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)
(Українська Radyansk Socialist Republic)
December 30, 1922 became part of the USSR		Chairman of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee Grigory Ivanovich Petrovsky ( 1920 - 1938 )
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Christian Georgievich Rakovsky ( 1920 - 1923 ) [pr 112]
First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine Dmitry Zakharovich Manuilsky ( 1921 - 1923 ) [pr 113] [88]
 Ukraine - Cold Republic
(Kholodnojarska republic)
Eliminated by the authorities of Soviet Ukraine.		Head Ataman Gerasim Onufrievich Nesterenko (Oryol) ( 1921 - 1922 ) [Project 114] [88]
 Uruguay - East Republic of Uruguay
(República Oriental del Uruguay)		President Balthasar Broome ( 1919 - 1923 ) [89]
 Finland - Republic of Finland
(Suomen tasavalta)		President Kaarlo Juho Stolberg ( 1919 - 1925 )
Prime Ministers :
* Juho Vennola ( 1921 - 1922 ) [Ex 115]
* Aimo Kayander ( June 2 - November 14, 1922 ) [Ex 116]
* Kyousti Kallio ( November 14, 1922 - 1924 ) [D 117] [90]
 
Kyousti Kallio
 France - French Republic
(République française)		President Alexander Millerand ( 1920 - 1924 )
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers :
* Aristide Briand ( 1921 - 1922 ) [D 118]
* Raymond Poincare ( January 15, 1922 - 1924 ) [ D 119] [91]
 Hijaz - Kingdom of Hijaz
(الحجاز)		King Hussein bin Ali ( 1916 - 1924 ) [40]
 Khiva People's Soviet Republic (KHSR)
(Xorazm Xalq Sho'ro Jumhuriyati)
December 30, 1922 became part of the USSR as autonomy		Chairmen of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee :
* Yangibay Muradov ( 1921 - 1922 )
* Abdullah Khodjaev ( July 22 - October 20, 1922 )
* Atajan Safaev ( October 20, 1922 - 1924 )
Chairmen of the Council of People's Nazirs :
* Abdullah Khodjaev ( 1921 - 1922 )
* Babacan Atadzhanov ( July 22, 1922 - 1923 )
The first secretary of the Khorezm Communist Party, Gaifi Sharafutdinov ( 1921 - 1923 ) [49]
 Central America - Republic of Central America
(República de Centroamerica)
It broke up on January 14 - February 7, 1922.		Chairman of the Provisional Federal Council Jose Vicente Martinez ( 1921 - 1922 ) [3]
 Czechoslovakia - Czechoslovak Republic
(Československá republika)		President Tomas Garrig Masaryk ( 1918 - 1935 )
Prime Ministers :
* Eduard Benes ( 1921 - 1922 ) [ex 120]
* Antonin Schwegla October 7, 1922 ) - 1926 ) [Project 121] [92]
 
Antonin Schwegla
 Chile - Republic of Chile
(República de Chile)		President Arturo Alessandri ( 1920 - 1924 ) [93]
 Switzerland - Swiss Confederation
(Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, Confédération suisse, Confederazione Svizzera)		Federal Council :
Giuseppe Motta ( 1911 - 1940 )
Edmund Schultes ( 1912 - 1935 )
Robert Haab ( 1917 - 1929 ) - President
Karl Schörer ( 1919 - 1929 )
Jean-Marie Musee ( 1919 - 1934 )
Ernest Shuar ( 1919 - 1928 )
Heinrich Heberlin ( 1920 - 1934 ) [94]
 
Robert Haab
 Sweden - Kingdom of Sweden
(Konungariket Sverige)		King Gustav V ( 1907 - 1950 )
Prime Minister Karl Hialmar Branting ( 1921 - 1923 ) [95]
 Ecuador - Republic of Ecuador
(República del Ecuador)		President Jose Luis Tamayo ( 1920 - 1924 ) [96]
 Estonia - Republic of Estonia
(Eesti Vabariik)		State Elders :
* Konstantin Päts ( 1921 - 1922 ) [Ex 122]
* Johan Kukk ( November 21, 1922 - 1923 ) [Project 123] [33]
 Ethiopia - Ethiopian Empire
(የኢትዮጵያ ንጉሠ ነገሥት መንግሥተ)		Empress Zaoudou ( 1916 - 1930 )
Regent Tefari Maconne ( 1916 - 1930 )
Chief Minister Habte Giorgis ( 1909 - 1927 ) [97]
 Yugoslavia - Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (KSHS)
(Krajevina Srba. Khrvat and Slovenac, Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca)		King Alexander I ( 1921 - 1934 )
Prime Minister Nikola Pasic ( 1921 - 1924 ) [98]
 Union of South Africa
(Union of South Africa, Unie van Suid-Afrika)		King George V ( 1910 - 1936 )
Governor General Arthur Connautsky ( 1920 - 1924 )
Prime Minister Jan Christian Smuts ( 1919 - 1924 ) [99]
 Japan
(日本)		Emperor Yoshihito ( 1912 - 1926 )
Regent Hirohito ( 1921 - 1926 )
Prime Ministers :
* Korekiyo Takahashi ( 1921 - 1922 ) [D 124]
* Tomosaburo Kato ( June 12, 1922 - 1923 ) [Ex 125] [100]
 
Tomosaburo Kato

Application

 
 
 
 
 
Nikolaos Stratos (Greece)Petros Protopapadakis (Greece)Stylianos Gonatas (Greece)Adli Yakan Pasha (Egypt)Abdel Khaled Sarvat Pasha (Egypt)Muhammad Tawfik Nazim Pasha (Egypt)
 
 
 
 
Michael Collins (Ireland)Arthur Griffith (Ireland)Thomas Michael Healy (Ireland)Wang Chunhe (China)Wang Zhenting (China)
 
 
 
 
 
Gabriel Narutovich (Poland)Arthur Slivinsky (Poland)Julian Nowak (Poland)Vladislav Sikorsky (Poland)Aimo Kayander (Finland)

Comments

  1. ↑ Representative of the Christian Social Party. He resigned on January 26, 1922 after the failure of negotiations with the Pan-German faction on the protection of the Sudeten Germans. January 27, introduced a new cabinet. heads of land governments on the redistribution of powers.
  2. ↑ Representative of the Christian Social Party, Vice Chancellor and Minister of the Interior since 1920. After the resignation, he headed the State Statistics Committee. He died in 1944.
  3. ↑ He resigned on May 24, 1922 after parliamentary factions of the Social Democrats and Pan-Germans voted against additional loans. In 1929, he again headed the government.
  4. ↑ Chairman of the Christian Social Party. Catholic priest, doctor of theology. Minister of Public Works and Social Security in 1918, deputy of the Constituent Assembly. He formed a coalition cabinet of the KSP and Pan-Germans.
  5. ↑ Deputy Chairman of the CEC since 1921. Surveyor, in a revolutionary movement since 1888. In January 1930, dismissed, in October 1930, died in Moscow.
  6. ↑ In the future, the party leader of Leningrad, a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Shot in 1934 in Smolny.
  7. ↑ Leader of the People’s Party, Minister of the Interior and Justice in 1920-1921. In December 1921, he formed an office, but until the beginning of January 1922, Omer Pasha Vrioni acted as prime minister. Landowner, studied in Istanbul. After his resignation, he was a member of the Supreme (Regency) Council of Albania, during the revolution of 1924 he fled the country. During the kingdom, A. Zogu received a position in the Royal Court, but in 1939 he sided with Italy, under the occupation he was the Minister of Justice of the pro-Italian cabinet. He died during an air raid in December 1940.
  8. ↑ Ahmet Mukhtar Bay Zogolli. Landowner, served in the Austro-Hungarian army, lived for a long time in Vienna and Rome. In 1919 he returned to his homeland and in 1920 was appointed governor of Shkodra. Minister of the Interior since 1921.
  9. ↑ The six-year term has expired. In 1928 he was re-elected president.
  10. ↑ A close associate of I. Yrigoyen, one of the founders of the Civil Radical Union in 1891. Lawyer, participant in the conspiracies and coups of 1890.1899 and 1905. Deputy, in 1917 sent by ambassador to France. In the presidential election on April 2, 1922, he defeated in absentia over Norberto Pinheiro from the National Concentration, Carlos Ibarguren from the Progressive Democratic Party and socialist Nicolas Repetto. In September he returned to Buenos Aires in a French ship. The term of office is 6 years, until October 12, 1928.
  11. ↑ After the formation of the Central Executive Committee of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, he was elected chairman of the Union Council of the USSR. He was the 1st secretary of the Transcaucasian Regional Committee of the CPSU (b), a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, a member of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. He died in a plane crash in the Tbilisi region in March 1925.
  12. ↑ A doctor, a member of the RSDLP since 1903, was repeatedly arrested for revolutionary activity. People's Commissar of Health of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921. He was chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1925-1929), then worked in Moscow. He died in 1944.
  13. ↑ Appointed Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (until 1925). He was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, a member of the Presidium of the CEC of the USSR. Shot in 1937.
  14. ↑ He studied at the Munich, Jena and Gali universities, taught at educational institutions of Armenia. First People's Commissar of Education of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920-1921). After 1927 at the scientific and teaching work. In 1937-1943 - in custody. After rehabilitation, he continued his research and teaching activities. He died in 1972 in Yerevan.
  15. ↑ Later he worked in the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (b), was the secretary of the Central Committee of the BKP (b) (1927-1928). Shot in 1938.
  16. ↑ Metallurgist worker, member of the Social Democratic Party of Poland and Lithuania since 1904. He was repeatedly arrested in 1910-1912 in exile in the United States. Chairman of the Minsk Cheka in 1919. In 1925-1930 he was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Poland, then he was sent to trade union work. Shot in 1937
  17. ↑ Representative of the Republican Party of the State of Minas Gerais. The term of office determined in 1919 has expired. July 5, 1922 was almost overthrown during the "Riot 18" . After the resignation, he was a senator, until 1930 he was a member of the International Court of Justice in The Hague. In 1937, he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. He died in 1942 in Petropolis.
  18. ↑ Lawyer, began his political career as mayor of Visoz. He was a deputy of the federal parliament. Since 1918, the Governor of Minas Gerais. In 1921, he nominated for the presidency of the Republican Party of Minas Gerais. In the March 1, 1922 election, former President Nile Pesanya defeated the Republican Counteraction. The term of office is 4 years, until November 15, 1926.
  19. ↑ At the end of 1921 he fled to Afghanistan after an attempted coup. He later emigrated to India, and then to Turkey, where he died.
  20. ↑ People's Nazir (Commissar) of Internal Affairs, from January 3, was acting instead of U. Pulathodzhaev who had fled abroad. Repressed in the late 1930s.
  21. ↑ Shot in 1938.
  22. ↑ Representative of the National Liberal Party. He resigned on October 22, 1922, after the Conservative Party parliamentary faction on October 19, at the suggestion of Austin Chamberlain, voted to withdraw from the coalition with the liberals (187 vs. 87). He continued his active political activity, was a member of parliament. He died in 1945 in Wales from cancer.
  23. ↑ Representative of the Conservative Party. A native of Canada, a major entrepreneur, a member of the British Parliament since 1900. He served as Minister of Colonies, Minister of Finance, Speaker of the House of Commons and other ministerial posts. Immediately dissolved the parliament, after which the Conservative Party strengthened its position in the parliamentary elections on November 15, 1922.
  24. ↑ Interim President for the period of absence of General Juan Vicente Gomez, elected President for 1915-1921. Since 1924, at diplomatic work, in 1940 he was considered as a presidential candidate. He died in 1941 in Caracas a few months after leaving politics. The term of office has expired.
  25. ↑ General, commander in chief of the armed forces, de facto dictator of Venezuela since 1908. President in 1908-1913, elected president for the period 1915-1921. For health reasons, he lived in Maracay, transferring presidential functions to V. Marques Bustillos. At the end of 1921, he almost died, but was saved by doctors and decided to return to the post of head of state. Elected by the National Congress for 7 years, until 1929.
  26. ↑ The term of office has expired. He moved away from politics and left for his hometown. He died in 1926.
  27. ↑ Elected by the State Council on April 10, 1922. Studied in Paris. Lawyer, poet, musician. Repeatedly served as Minister of Foreign Affairs. The term of office is 4 years, until May 15, 1926.
  28. ↑ Leader of the left wing of the Catholic Party of the Center. He headed the coalition government (Center Party and the Social Democratic Party of Germany). He resigned on November 14, 1922 after an unsuccessful attempt to form a democratic coalition. After the resignation - deputy of the Reichstag, timber merchant, Minister of the Interior (1930-1931). In 1933-1948 he lived in exile. Since 1952, a member of the World Peace Council, in 1955 received the International Stalin Prize and the strengthening of peace between peoples. He died in January 1956 in Freiburg.
  29. ↑ Non-partisan. November 14, 1922 appointed Reich Chancellor. He headed the coalition “economic cabinet” (Center Party, Democrats, German People’s Party, Bavarian People’s Party and non-partisan). The lawyer, an employee of the Imperial Treasury, was engaged in supplying the army during the First World War. Since 1918, he was the director of the board of the transatlantic shipping company HAPAG.
  30. ↑ On September 14, 1922, at the request of the rebel forces, he abdicated and left Greece. He died in January 1923 in Palermo (Italy) at the age of 54.
  31. ↑ The eldest son of Constantine I. He received a military education in Prussia, a participant in the Balkan Wars, since 1913 heir to the throne. In 1917-1920 he lived in exile.
  32. ↑ He resigned on May 16, 1922, after Parliament rejected the draft budget. He was the Minister of Justice in the office of Petros Protopapadakis. After the defeat in the Greek-Turkish war and the overthrow of the government in September 1922, he was arrested and put on trial under treason. Shot November 15, 1922 in Athens.
  33. ↑ Minister of the Interior in the office of D. Gunaris. Lawyer, deputy since 1902, since 1909 he held ministerial posts. In 1916 he founded the National Conservative Party. He did not receive a vote of confidence in parliament and resigned. In September 1922 he was arrested, put on trial, and shot on November 15, 1922 in Athens.
  34. ↑ Minister of Finance in the office of D. Gunaris. Engineer, participant in the construction of the Corinth Canal, professor at the Military Academy and Technical University. One of the founders of the People’s Party. He resigned on August 28, 1922. After the fall of September 9, Smyrna and the defeat of Greece in the Greek-Turkish war, he was arrested, put on trial and shot on November 15, 1922 in Athens.
  35. ↑ Lawyer, studied at the University of Athens, in Berlin and Paris. The deputy since 1892, since 1897 held ministerial posts, including the Minister of Justice and the Minister of the Interior. In 1920 he was appointed commissar of the Greek government in Istanbul. He became Prime Minister after the appointment of the Head of Government on September 9 as Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos was unable to form a cabinet. On September 11, troops rebelled on the coast of the Aegean and Triantafillacos resigned on September 16, 1922 after September 15 rebel military units entered Athens. Since 1929 - senator. He died in 1939.
  36. ↑ Military, received a military education in France, served in the General Staff, was chief of staff of the 10th division in Macedonia and the 6th district in Epirus. Since 1914, the chief of artillery of the Greek army. Minister of War in 1917 and in 1922. Appointed interim prime minister by the Revolutionary Committee of the rebellious troops until the arrival of A. Zaimis in the country. After the resignation, he did not participate in political life. He died in 1949.
  37. ↑ Lawyer, teacher, professor, doctor of law. He graduated from the University of Athens. Deputy since 1892, commander in chief in Cyprus in 1917-1920. September 17, 1922 was appointed head of government by the Revolutionary Committee of the rebel forces. He resigned on November 14, 1922 in protest against the harsh sentence to D. Gunaris and other politicians. He died in July 1924 in Corinth.
  38. ↑ Military, colonel, leader of the rebellion of the army on September 11, 1922. He graduated from the military academy, a participant in the Macedonian campaign (1907-1909), the Balkan, World War I, Greek-Turkish wars and the Civil War in Russia. Appointed head of government by the Revolutionary Committee of the rebel forces.
  39. ↑ Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Georgia in 1929-1931, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Georgian SSR since 1938. He died in Tbilisi in 1941.
  40. ↑ Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Georgia in 1929-1931, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Georgian SSR since 1938. He died in Tbilisi in 1941.
  41. ↑ Studied at Moscow University, an active participant in the revolution, a member of the 11th Army PFR, chairman of the Georgian Revolutionary Committee. He left his post after being elected chairman of the Union Council of the ZSFSR. For opposition in matters of national politics, he was removed from his posts and sent as sales representative to France, then recalled to the USSR and exiled. In 1931 he was appointed chairman of the Economic Council of Georgia. Arrested in 1936, shot in 1937.
  42. ↑ From the nobility, he graduated from St. Petersburg University, a member of the RSDLP since 1903, a participant in revolutionary events. In 1923, he was removed from office for opposition in matters of national politics; in 1927, he was expelled to Siberia for Trotskyism. In 1936-1939 he was imprisoned, then worked at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, was ambassador to Romania. He died in 1971 in Tbilisi.
  43. ↑ In revolutionary activity since 1913. After 1924, at work in the Comintern, he was the 1st Secretary of the Transcaucasian Regional Committee of the CPSU (B.). Dismissed for participation in the party opposition. In 1935, in Magnitogorsk, he died from an injury after trying to shoot himself.
  44. ↑ Since 1923 at the economic work. He died in 1951 in Moscow.
  45. ↑ Relieved of duties by a resolution of the Government of the Far Eastern Democratic Republic on October 2, 1922. In 1925-1927, the ambassador to Mongolia, worked in the Council of People's Commissars, in the People's Commissariat of Supply. He died in 1951 in Moscow.
  46. ↑ Sent to FER of the Central Committee of the RCP (B.). Member of the party since 1898, participant in all Russian revolutions. He graduated from the Riga Polytechnic Institute. Member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the RSFSR, Extraordinary Commissioner in Central Asia, People's Commissar of Railways of the RSFSR in 1918, Chairman of the Turkestan CEC in 1919. After the liquidation of the FER was chairman of the Dalrevkom (1922-1923). Then he was sent to research and teaching, was the rector of the Moscow Land Surveying Institute and the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute. He died in 1941.
  47. ↑ Appointed as interim president after the conclusion of the Hughes-Paynado Agreement on the partial restoration of the sovereignty of the country. From a family of Italian immigrants, entrepreneur, owner of a sugar factory.
  48. ↑ The son of the Khedive Ismail, spent his childhood and youth in Italy, studied at a military school in Turin. Upon returning to his homeland, he was an adviser to the Hedive Abbas II, then he was engaged in the development of higher education in the country. In 1917, he inherited the throne and became the Sultan of Egypt under the British protectorate. March 15 proclaimed himself king under the name of Fuad I.
  49. ↑ He resigned on December 24, 1921 in protest against the preservation of the British protectorate, but continued to formally perform his duties until March 1, 1922, when the protectorate was canceled and A. Kh. Sarvat Pasha was able to form a new cabinet. One of the largest landowners in Egypt, was the personal secretary of the Prime Minister Nubar Pasha, the governor of several provinces, including Cairo, the Minister of Foreign Affairs (1913-1917), and the Minister of the Interior. In 1926, he was re-appointed Prime Minister.
  50. ↑ Lawyer and judge. Turk by origin. Governor Asyuta (1907-1908), Minister of Justice (1914-1919), Minister of the Interior since 1921. Agreed to form a government after the abolition of the British protectorate. On November 29, 1922, he resigned amid widespread dissatisfaction with the preservation of British influence and the expulsion of nationalist leader Saad Zagul. In 1927, he was re-appointed Prime Minister.
  51. ↑ Prime Minister in 1920-1921. Turk by birth, graduated from Jesuit College, lawyer. Minister of the Interior in 1919-1920. A politician known for his personal devotion to the king.
  52. ↑ Leader of the Communists of Georgia, chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Georgia. He was the 1st secretary of the Transcaucasian Regional Committee (1926-1929), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the USSR (1931-1932). In 1932 he was removed from his post and was appointed deputy director of the Institute of Marx-Engels-Lenin. Shot in 1937.
  53. ↑ Member of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). He graduated from the paramedic school, actively participated in revolutionary activities, was arrested. After 1917, one of the leaders of the Bolsheviks of Transcaucasia, in February 1922 he led the party Zakkraykom. In 1926 he was recalled to Moscow, was chairman of the Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b) (1926-1930), chairman of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR (1930-1932) and People's Commissar of Heavy Industry of the USSR (1932-1937). In February 1937, according to various versions, he shot himself or died suddenly from a heart attack.
  54. ↑ Party leader Shin Fein. He resigned after the parliament approved with 64 votes to 57 the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, which provided for dominion status for Ireland. In 1926, Shin Fein left the party and founded the Fianna File party. In 1932 he headed the government.
  55. ↑ Journalist, one of the founders and leaders of the party, Shin Fein, vice-president of the Republic in 1919. He died of a heart attack on August 12, 1922.
  56. ↑ A small businessman, in politics since 1905, since 1913 he participated in the armed struggle, a participant in the Easter uprising of 1916. Sentenced to death, replaced by life imprisonment, but in 1918 elected to parliament and amnestied. Since 1919, the Minister of Local Government in the government of Imon de Valera. He came into conflict with de Valera on the question of the Anglo-Irish agreement of 1921 and soon replaced him in office. Acted as president until September 9, 1922.
  57. ↑ He resigned after parliament approved the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921.
  58. ↑ From a farming family, an employee of the post office. Member of the Easter Uprising, head of intelligence of the Irish rebels, since 1919, President of the Republic of Ireland, then Minister of the Interior and Minister of Finance in the government of Imon de Valera. He was killed in an ambush on August 22, 1922 after the outbreak of civil war between supporters and opponents of the agreement with Great Britain.
  59. ↑ From July 12, he served as head of government for Michael Collins, who served in the civil war theater.
  60. ↑ A journalist, a lawyer, left Ireland, started as a clerk at a factory in London, and for a long time was a member of parliament. Proposed for the post of Governor General by W. Cosgrave.
  61. ↑ Leader of the Conservative Party. Sold out on March 7, 1922. After the 1923 coup, he withdrew from politics, wrote memoirs. He died in 1925 in Torrelodones near Madrid.
  62. ↑ Lawyer and journalist, representative of the Liberal Conservative Party, served as Minister of the Interior. He formed an office based on conservatives, supporters of A. Maura and the Catalan League. He resigned on December 4, 1922 due to a scandal with the “dossier of General Juan Picasso,” who was investigating a military catastrophe in Melilla in the summer of 1921. Subsequently, he opposed the dictatorship of M. Primo de Rivera, in 1927 he was expelled, in 1929 he participated in an anti-government conspiracy. In 1931, he departed from politics for health. He died in 1935 in Madrid.
  63. ↑ Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party. Prime Minister in 1912 and 1917-1918.
  64. ↑ Socialist. After coming to power, Mussolini withdrew from politics, but in 1940 joined the opposition, in 1943 he headed the Committee for National Liberation, and in 1944 he again became prime minister.
  65. ↑ Representative of the Liberal Party. Lawyer, lawyer, deputy since 1892, repeatedly served as Minister of Finance. He resigned on October 28, 1922 after the king's refusal to impose martial law in the conditions of the fascist campaign against Rome. Since 1924, the senator. He died in 1930 in Pinerol.
  66. ↑ Leader of the National Fascist Party, Member of Parliament. Former socialist, journalist, participant in the First World War. In 1919 he founded the fascist movement. On October 27, 1922, his supporters began the March on Rome , which led to the resignation of the parliamentary government. October 30 B. Mussolini by train arrived in Rome and on behalf of the king began the formation of his office.
  67. ↑ He resigned under the pressure of the Zhili clique, who won the Civil War, declaring that his election was not legitimate. He hid on the territory of the British mission in Tianjin, where he died in 1939.
  68. ↑ Military, general. He headed the state and government after the resignation of Xu Shichang. He was educated in the United States, founder and president of Tsinghua University, governor of Shandong province. Monarchist. He held ministerial posts. In the years 1916-1918 in exile in Japan. He resigned, declaring pressure from the Zhili clique, left for the United States, returned soon, but died in October 1923.
  69. ↑ Military, general. President in the years 1916-1917.
  70. ↑ Henchman of the Fengtian clique. He resigned after the representatives of the Zhili clique resigned from the government, who accused the Fengtian clique of not fulfilling the agreements. In the context of the approaching First Zhili-Feng Feng War, he left Beijing under the pretext of illness and moved away from politics. In 1928 he fled to Hong Kong. He died in 1933 in Shanghai.
  71. ↑ Prime Minister in 1921. In 1926, he was president of China.
  72. ↑ As a result of the First Zhili-Fentian War, which began on April 29, 1922, he lost his position and in June resigned from all posts.
  73. ↑ Minister of Justice since June 1922. He was educated in Japan, Germany, the USA and the UK. Member of the 1911 revolution, the first Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China. He was a member of the Supreme Court. After his resignation, he was appointed to a position in the international court in The Hague, was on diplomatic work, and worked in the judiciary. In 1949 he left for Taiwan. He died in 1958 in Taipei.
  74. ↑ Prime Minister in 1917. He died in 1929.
  75. ↑ Diplomat, educated in Japan and the USA. Member of the revolution of 1911, held ministerial posts.
  76. ↑ Expelled from Guangzhou during the rebellion of provincial governor General Chen Junming. He returned to power in 1923.
  77. ↑ Interim president after the resignation of Marco Fidel Suarez in November 1921, representative of the Conservative Party. He transferred power to the elected president. He died in 1928 in Bogota.
  78. ↑ Representative of the Conservative Party, in the presidential election on February 12, 1922 defeated liberal Benhamin Herrera. An engineer, he studied construction, metallurgy, chemistry and geology in the USA. After returning to the country in 1882, he taught and was engaged in business. Member of the Civil War of 1885 and the Thousand-Day War of 1899. Then he was elected to Congress, was governor of Antigua (1918-1920).
  79. ↑ Elected by the 1st Saeima of Latvia (93 votes in favor, 6 abstained) after the Constitution of Latvia of February 15, 1922, adopted by the Constituent Assembly, entered into force. The term of office is equal to the term of office of the Seimas.
  80. ↑ After the 1st Saeima of Lithuania was elected in the elections of October 10-11, 1922, it met on November 13 and became interim president. A month later, was elected by the Sejm to the post of president.
  81. ↑ Representative of the Peasant Union (laudinink). In 1926 he was elected president.
  82. ↑ Representative of the Democratic Party. Prime Minister in the years 1919-1920. In December 1922, after the election of a new president, he was re-appointed as prime minister.
  83. ↑ On February 20, 1920, the Constituent Seimas decided to join Poland, and on April 18, Zheligovsky signed an act establishing the Government of Poland in the Republic. He took the post of inspector of the Polish army, in 1925-26 he was Minister of War. In 1927 he retired, in 1936-39 he was a deputy of the Sejm. In 1939 he went to France. Then to the UK. He died in 1947 in London at the age of 81.
  84. ↑ On January 8, 1922, he held elections to the Constituent Seim of the Republic. In 1925-28, the Minister of Justice and the chief prosecutor of Poland. In 1939 he went to Italy. Скончался в 1943 году в Риме в возрасте 78 лет.
  85. ↑ Скончался 26 июня 1922 года в Париже в возрасте 73 лет.
  86. ↑ Prince Louis Honorius Charles Antonin Grimaldi, heir to the throne. He received a military education in France, served in Algeria as part of the Foreign Legion. Brigadier General of the French Army.
  87. ↑ He was dismissed and soon executed as a counter-revolutionary on the orders of the leader of the Mongolian revolution, the commander of the army of Sukhbaatar .
  88. ↑ Religious leader, earthly incarnation of Jalhanza Hutuhta, owner of many monasteries and serfs. Since 1911, he participated in the struggle for the independence of the country, then was in diplomatic work. In 1921 he was the head of government during the reign of Baron R.F. Ungern-Sternberg.
  89. ↑ Fifth Hereditary Prime Minister of the Rana clan, Field Marshal.
  90. ↑ Representative of the Constitutionalist Movement Party. Prime Minister in the years 1918-1920.
  91. ↑ Representative of the Democratic Party, Prime Minister in 1921.
  92. ↑ Military, Marshal. He resigned according to the Constitution of March 17, 1921 and refused to run for a new term, considering the powers of the head of state too limited. In 1923, he resigned from military posts and retired to his estate in Sulejuvek, where he lived a private life. He returned to power in 1926.
  93. ↑ Engineer, studied at St. Petersburg and Zurich universities. In his youth, he participated in the activities of the Proletariat party, hiding from persecution, emigrated from Russia and in 1895 adopted Swiss citizenship. He worked and taught in Europe. In 1919 he returned to Poland, from 1920 he was Minister of Public Works, in June 1922 he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. On December 9, 1922, in the fourth round of voting, he was elected President of Poland, defeating Count Maurizia Zamoysky (289 votes to 227). Shot on December 16, 1922 at an art exhibition in the Zahenta Gallery in Warsaw by right-wing extremist Eligiusz Nevyadomsky. He was buried on December 19, 1922.
  94. ↑ Marshal of the Sejm, served as president. Philosopher, graduated from Lviv University. Deputy since 1919, in 1920-1921, Minister for Religious Affairs. In 1926, he again served as president.
  95. ↑ Nobleman, graduated from Warsaw University, from his youth he participated in the movement for the restoration of independence of Poland, was a member of the Socialist Party. He was arrested, in 1892-1906 he lived in exile. He returned to Russia after an amnesty, in 1915 he was evacuated from Poland, returned to his homeland in 1918. Minister of the Interior in 1919-1920. Since 1921, a member of the Polish Peasant Party "Piast". Candidate for Prime Minister and President in 1922. On December 20, 1922, he was elected president in the first round of voting, defeating the President of the Polish Academy of Casimir Moravsky (298 votes to 221).
  96. ↑ Head of the extra-parliamentary government, member of the National Democratic Party. He resigned on June 6, 1922. Member of the Sejm in 1930-1935, then left politics, taught at the Department of Geodesy of the Warsaw Polytechnic Institute. He died in 1949 in Warsaw.
  97. ↑ Head of the non-party cabinet. Historian and publicist, member of the Socialist Party since 1914. In 1917 he was secretary of the Provisional Government of the Kingdom of Poland. He resigned on July 7, 1922. Senator in the years 1935-1939. He died in 1953 in Warsaw.
  98. ↑ Representative of the People’s Party, head of the extra-parliamentary government for the period of elections to the Sejm. Medic, graduated from the Jagiellonian University, in 1921-1922 he was rector of the University of Krakow. He held elections to the Sejm on November 5 and 12, 1922, ending with the victory of the Christian bloc. Senator in the years 1922-1927. He died in 1946 in Krakow.
  99. ↑ Military, general, commander in chief and chief of the General Staff since 1921. Appointed to the post of head of the non-partisan cabinet at the suggestion of Marshal Seim Matey Ratay after the assassination of President G. Narutovich. He graduated from the Lviv Polytechnic Institute, since 1908 he participated in the struggle for the restoration of Poland. During the Soviet-Polish war of 1920, he commanded the 9th division, 3rd and 5th armies.
  100. ↑ Non-partisan. He resigned after the victory of the Democratic Republican Party in the parliamentary elections on January 29, 1922. He was a deputy, held ministerial posts. In 1924 he became rector of Coimbra University, but supported the uprising on April 18, 1925 and was sent to prison. Amnestied, in 1926 founded the Liberal-Republican Union, was president of the Bank of Angola in 1927-1930. Due to the conflict with A. Salazar, he resigned and emigrated to Spain. He returned in 1932, but was again arrested and deported in 1935. Later he was one of the leaders of the opposition. He died in 1970 in Lisbon.
  101. ↑ Leader of the Democratic Party, Prime Minister in 1920. He headed the government after the party’s success in the January 29, 1922 parliamentary elections. November 30 and December 7 formed new cabinets.
  102. ↑ Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (B.) Since 1919, People's Commissar for Nationalities since 1917. He was educated in a theological seminary, but was expelled. Repeatedly arrested and referred to for social democratic activity. After the October Revolution, he also held the posts of People's Commissar of State Control (1919-1920) and People's Commissar of Workers and Peasants' Control (1910-1922). The post of Secretary General was established by the plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP (B.) After the XI Congress of the RCP (B.).
  103. ↑ He resigned under military pressure and was appointed representative of the Zemsky Territory in the United States and Europe. October 10, 1922 M.K. Diterichs relieved him of this post. He lived in exile in the USA. He died in 1957 in San Francisco.
  104. ↑ Military, lieutenant general. Elected to the post of Zemsky Cathedral. Member of the Russian-Japanese and World War I, commanded the Russian brigade in Greece. In 1917 - Quartermaster General of the High Command. During the Civil War, he was the chief of staff of the Czechoslovak Corps, the head of the commission to investigate the killing of the imperial family, the commander of the Eastern Front and the chief of staff of the government army A.V. Kolchak. After taking up the post of Zemsky voivode, he announced his intention to restore the Romanov dynasty on the throne. After the fall of the Zemsky Territory, he emigrated to China. He died in 1937 in Shanghai.
  105. ↑ Representative of the Conservative Democratic Party. He resigned on January 17, 1922 after a vote of no confidence. Died during a trip to Italy on June 2, 1922 in a sanatorium in Rome from typhoid fever at the age of 63
  106. ↑ Representative of the National Liberal Party, Prime Minister in 1908-1910, 1914-1918 and in 1918-1919. He dissolved the parliament and held early parliamentary elections on March 1 and 3, 1922, which strengthened the position of the NLP.
  107. ↑ On November 1, 1922, the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara passed a law on the separation of the Sultanate and the Caliphate and on the abolition of the Sultanate. He remained a caliph, but on November 16, 1922 he asked for political asylum from Great Britain and boarded the British cruiser Malaya in Istanbul. November 19, 1922 deprived of the title of Caliph. Delivered to Malta, then lived in Italy. He died in 1926 in San Remo, is buried in Damascus (Syria)
  108. ↑ Heir to the throne, son of Sultan Abdul-Aziz, cousin of Sultan Mehmed VI. Elected by the Caliph the Great National Assembly. He did not play a political role. After the caliphate was abolished on March 3, 1924, he and his family went by train to Switzerland. He remained the head of the imperial house of the Ottomans. He died in 1944 in Paris.
  109. ↑ Fasting abolished on November 17, 1922. He moved away from politics, in the 1930s he adopted the name "Okday". He died in 1936 in Istanbul.
  110. ↑ Military, Field Marshal. He resigned on July 9, 1922 and went with M. Kemal Pasha to the front of the Greek-Turkish war to organize a decisive battle at Dumlupynar. In 1924 he became chief of the General Staff of the army, then moved away from politics. He died in 1950 in Istanbul.
  111. ↑ Military, lieutenant colonel. He commanded a cruiser, was the commander of the Turkish naval forces, then switched to diplomatic work.
  112. ↑ In 1923 he was accused of nationalism and sent as ambassador to London (1923-1925). He was ambassador to France (1925-1927), but then was removed from his post for his participation in the opposition, expelled from the Central Committee of the CPSU (B.) And from the party. In 1935 he was reinstated in the CPSU (b), worked in the People’s Commissariat of Health. In 1937 he was arrested, shot in 1941.
  113. ↑ Later he worked in the Comintern and the Main Political Administration of the Red Army. Since 1944 - People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. He died in Kiev in 1959.
  114. ↑ In the fall of 1922, with the remnants of the troops, he went to Romania, where he was interned. He lived in exile. In June 1946 he was arrested by the SMERSH of the USSR, in 1946 he was sentenced to 10 years in forced labor camps. The further fate is unknown.
  115. ↑ Representative of the National Progressive Party. He resigned after the conflict between Parliament and Foreign Minister Rudolf Holstin. In 1922-1924 he was Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of the Treasury in 1930-1931. He died in 1938 in Helsinki.
  116. ↑ Botanist, a professor of forestry, was studying the forests of Finland. He was not involved in politics, but he was unexpectedly appointed to the post of head of government by President K. Stolberg for the period of parliamentary elections July 1-3, 1922.
  117. ↑ One of the leaders and founders of the Agrarian Union. Member of the Seimas of the Grand Duchy of Finland (1904-1906) and the Seimas of Finland since 1919.
  118. ↑ The Republican Socialist led his seventh coalition government (Republican Socialists, Republican Democratic Union, Democratic Left, Republican Democratic Left, Left Republicans, and Radical Socialists). He resigned on January 12, 1922. In 1925 he again headed the government.
  119. ↑ Representative of the Republican Democratic Union. President in the years 1913-1920. He formed his second cabinet on a coalition basis (Republican Union, Republican Democratic Union, left republicans, radical socialists, democratic left, republican and social action, republican socialists and radical democratic union).
  120. ↑ Representative of the Socialist (National Socialist Party). He headed the “semi-parliamentary cabinet” (Social Democratic, National Socialist, Agrarian, People’s, National Democratic and Slovak People’s Parties). After resigning, he retained the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs until 1935, when he was elected president of the country.
  121. ↑ Chairman of the Agrarian Party since 1909. He headed the office of the "pan coalition" (Agrarian, Social Democratic, National Socialist, People’s and National Democratic Parties). Landowner, journalist, publisher. Member of Parliament of Austria-Hungary since 1908, Parliament of Czechoslovakia since 1918. Minister of the Interior in 1918-1920. One of the five most influential politicians in the country.
  122. ↑ In 1923, he again took up the post of State Elder.
  123. ↑ Chairman of the Riigikogu (Parliament) since 1921. He graduated from the Riga Polytechnic Institute, had an internship in Germany. Entrepreneur, member of the cooperative movement, journalist. Member of the Provisional Zemstvo Council of Estonia in (1917-1919), Minister of Finance (1918-1920), Minister of Trade and Industry (1920-1921).
  124. ↑ Viscount. He resigned on June 6, 1922 due to disagreements in the Rikken Seyukai party. He was a deputy, held the posts of Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, Minister of Trade and Industry. And about. Prime Minister in 1932. Killed during a military rebellion in February 1936.
  125. ↑ Military, admiral. Viscount. Member of the Russo-Japanese War, was Minister of the Navy.

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Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List of_state_of_states_in_1922_year&oldid = 100364661


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