The Sea of Okhotsk is the sea of the Pacific Ocean , separated from it by the Kamchatka Peninsula , the Kuril Islands and the island of Hokkaido . From the neighboring Sea of Japan, the Pacific Ocean is separated by Sakhalin Island . Washes the shores of Russia and Japan [1] . The former name is the Kamchatka Sea [2] .
| Sea of Okhotsk | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Characteristics | |
| Area | 1603 thousand km² |
| Volume | 1318 thousand km³ |
| Deepest | 3916 m |
| Average depth | 821 m |
| Location | |
Most of the Sea of Okhotsk outside the territorial waters of Russia and Japan belongs to the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Russia, with the exception of a small part adjacent to the island of Hokkaido and belonging to the EEZ of Japan, as well as a narrow enclave in the central part of the sea, which is more than than 200 nautical miles from all coasts. The enclave is completely surrounded by the EEZ of the Russian Federation, according to the application of Russia [3] and the subsequent decision of the UN Commission on the borders of the continental shelf of March 14, 2014 [4] assigned to the continental shelf of Russia , so the Russian Federation has exclusive rights to the resources of the subsoil and the seabed in this part (but not on the covering waters and the air space above them); The media sometimes make erroneous statements that the Sea of Okhotsk is completely inland waters of Russia [5] .
Content
- 1 Hydrography
- 2 Hydronym
- 3 Legal regime
- 4 Temperature and salinity
- 5 Economic use
- 6 Occurrence in December 2010 - January 2011
- 7 In culture
- 8 Notes
- 9 Literature
Hydrography
Area - 1603 thousand km². The average depth is 821 m , the maximum depth is 3916 m [6] . The western part of the sea is located above the gentle continuation of the continent and has a shallow depth. In the center of the sea are the Deryugin depressions (in the south) and the TINRO Depression . In the eastern part there is the Kuril basin , in which the depth is maximum [7] . From October to May - June, the northern part of the sea is covered with ice. The southeastern part practically does not freeze. The coast in the north is heavily indented, in the north-east of the Sea of Okhotsk its largest bay is located - Shelikhova Bay . Of the smaller bays of the northern part, the Eirine Bay and the bays of Shelting , Zabiyak , Babushkina , and Kekurny are most famous. In the east, the coastline of the Kamchatka Peninsula is practically devoid of bays. In the west, the coastline is severely indented, forming the Sakhalin Gulf and the Shantar Sea . In the south, the largest are the bays of Aniva and Terpeniya , Odessa Bay on the island of Iturup . The rivers Amur , Okhota , Kukhtuy flow into it. The Amur River brings about 370 billion cubic meters of water per year, which is 65% of the flow of all rivers flowing into the sea. [8]
Hydronym
The Sea of Okhotsk is named after the Okhota River, which in turn comes from Evensk. okat - "river". Previously called Lamsky (from Evensk lamas - “sea”), as well as the Kamchatka Sea. The Japanese traditionally called it the Hokkai Sea ( 北海 ), literally "North Sea". But since this name now refers to the North Sea of the Atlantic Ocean , they changed the name of the Sea of Okhotsk to Okhotsuku-kai ( オ ホ ー ツ ク 海 ), which is an adaptation of the Russian name to the norms of Japanese phonetics.
Legal regime
The waters of the Sea of Okhotsk are inland waters , territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone of two coastal states - Russia and Japan. In terms of its international legal status, the Sea of Okhotsk is closest to a semi-enclosed sea (Article 122 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea), since it is surrounded by two or more states and mainly consists of the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone of two states, but it is not, because connected to the rest of the oceans not by a single narrow passage, but by a series of passages. In the central part of the sea at a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baseline in the area with coordinates 50 ° 42 ′ s. w. - 55 ° 42 ′ s. w. and 148 ° 30′v. d. - 150 ° 44 ′ in. The village has a meridional stretch, traditionally referred to as Peanut Hole in English literature, which is not part of the exclusive economic zone and is an open sea [9] [10] outside the jurisdiction of Russia; in particular, any country in the world has the right here to fish and conduct other activities permitted by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, excluding offshore activities. Since this region is an important element for the reproduction of the population of some types of commercial fish, some governments explicitly prohibit their vessels from fishing in this section of the sea.
On November 13-14, 2013, the subcommission established within the framework of the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf agreed with the arguments of the Russian delegation in considering the RF application for recognizing the bottom of the above-mentioned stretch of the high seas as a continuation of the Russian continental shelf. On March 15, 2014, the 33rd session of the Commission in 2014 adopted a positive decision on the Russian application, first filed in 2001, and filed in a new edition [3] in early 2013, and the central part of the Sea of Okhotsk outside the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation was recognized as the continental shelf of Russia [4] . Consequently, in the central part, other states are prohibited from extracting “sedentary” biological resources (for example, crab, mollusks) and mining. For catching other biological resources, for example, fish, the limitations of the continental shelf do not apply. The substantive consideration of the application was made possible thanks to the position of Japan, which, by official note [11] of May 23, 2013, confirmed its consent to the consideration by the Commission of the essence of the application without regard to resolving the issue of the Kuril Islands.
Temperature and salinity
In the cold season, more than half of the sea surface is covered with ice for 6-7 months. In winter, the water temperature at the sea surface ranges from −1.8 to 2.0 ° C, in summer the temperature rises to 10-18 ° C.
Below the surface layer, at depths of about 50-150 meters, there is an intermediate cold layer of water, the temperature of which does not change during the year and is about −1.7 ° C.
The waters of the Pacific entering the sea through the Kuril Straits form deep water masses with a temperature of 2.5–2.7 ° C (1.5–1.8 ° C at the very bottom). In coastal areas with significant river runoff, water has a temperature of about 0 ° C in winter and 8-15 ° C in summer.
The salinity of surface sea waters is 32.8–33.8 ‰ . The salinity of the intermediate layer is 34.5 ‰ . Deep waters have a salinity of 34.3–34.4 ‰. Coastal waters have a salinity of less than 30 ‰.
| Horizon m | January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December |
| 0 | 2,37 | 0.34 | -0.44 | 0.05 | 1.27 | 2.08 | 5.26 | 6.04 | 10.0 | 8.12 | 4.47 | 3.08 |
| 10 | 2,38 | 0.32 | -0.42 | 0.10 | 1.30 | 1.68 | 4.48 | 5.47 | 8.20 | 6.76 | 5.03 | 3.09 |
| twenty | 2,37 | 0.33 | -0.23 | 0.10 | 1.14 | 1.47 | 3.57 | 4.07 | 6.31 | 6.45 | 4,56 | 3.09 |
| fifty | 2,50 | 0.86 | -0.09 | 0.25 | 0.38 | 1.10 | 1.70 | 2.16 | 2.42 | 4.17 | 3.48 | 3.06 |
| one hundred | 3.06 | 1.01 | 0.29 | 0.50 | 0.12 | 0.98 | 1.30 | 1,53 | 1.90 | 2,53 | 2.46 | 2.66 |
| 200 | 2.25 | 1.46 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.94 | 1.16 | 1.41 | 1.13 | 1.68 | 1.44 | 1,59 |
| 400 | 1.71 | 1.21 | 1.25 | 1.10 | 1.23 | 1.01 | 1,11 | 1.28 | 1.44 | 1.49 | 1.39 | 1.15 |
Economic Use
Fishing ( salmon , herring , pollock , capelin , navaga , etc.), seafood ( Kamchatka crab ). Hydrocarbon production on the Sakhalin shelf. Main ports: on the mainland - Magadan , Ayan , Okhotsk (post office); on Sakhalin Island - Korsakov , on the Kuril Islands - Severo-Kurilsk . The sea is located on the Okhotsk subplate , which is part of the Eurasian Plate . The crust under most of the Sea of Okhotsk is of a continental type .
Accident of December 2010 - January 2011
From December 30, 2010 to January 31, 2011, a rescue operation was carried out in the Sea of Okhotsk, which received wide media coverage.
The operation itself was large-scale, according to the assessment of Deputy Transport Minister Viktor Olersky and the head of the Federal Agency for Fishery Andrei Krainy , rescue operations on such a scale were not carried out in Russia for 40 years.
The cost of the operation amounted to between 150-250 million rubles, 6600 tons of diesel fuel was spent on it [13] .
Fifteen vessels, about 700 people, were captured by ice [14] .
The operation was carried out by icebreaking flotilla forces: the Admiral Makarov and Krasin icebreakers, the Magadan icebreaker and the Victoria tanker operated as auxiliary vessels. The coordinating headquarters of the rescue operation was in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, work was carried out under the leadership of Deputy Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation Viktor Olersky [15] .
Most of the vessels got out on their own, four icebreakers rescued the icebreakers: the Cape Elizabeth trawler, the Professor Kizevetter research vessel (the first half of January, Admiral Makarov), the Coast of Hope refrigerator and the Commonwealth floating base.
The first aid was provided to the captain of Elizabeth Cape, the captain of which led his ship after the introduction of a ban on entering this area.
As a result, “Cape Elizabeth” was frozen into ice in the Sakhalin Gulf zone [16] .
The second freed vessel was Professor Kizevetter, whose captain, according to the results of the investigation, was deprived of his diploma for six months [13] .
In the region of January 14, icebreakers gathered together the remaining vessels in distress [15] , after which the icebreakers carried out the hitching of both vessels of the caravan.
After the collapse of the "mustache" of the "Commonwealth", it was decided to first carry the refrigerator through heavy ice [17] .
The wiring was suspended in the area on January 20 [18] due to weather conditions [19] , but on January 24, the Shore of Hope refrigerator was able to bring it to clean water [20] .
On January 25, after the bunkering, the Admiral Makarov returned to post the floating base [21] .
On January 26, the towing "mustache" broke again, and time had to be lost for the delivery of new helicopters [22] .
On January 31, the Sodruzhestvo floating base was also withdrawn from ice captivity; the operation ended at 11:00 Vladivostok time [23] .
In Culture
- The two-part Australian documentary film “The Wild Sea of Russia” ( English Russian Wild Sea , 2018 ) is dedicated to the Sea of Okhotsk.
Notes
- ↑ Sea of Okhotsk (physical map, scale 1: 5,000,000) // National Atlas of Russia . - M .: Roskartografiya, 2004. - T. 1. - S. 286—287. - 496 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-85120-217-3 .
- ↑ Old maps of Russian cities - from ancient times to the present day . www.retromap.ru. Date of treatment January 15, 2016.
- ↑ 1 2 Revised partial submission of the Russian Federation to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf with respect to the continental shelf in the Sea of Okhotsk. Part 1. Summary . www.un.org . Date of treatment April 10, 2019 . 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 The UN Commission included the enclave in the Sea of Okhotsk in the Russian continental shelf . news.un.org . Date of treatment April 10, 2019 . UN News. March 14, 2014.
- ↑ Sea of Okhotsk - our everything . // rg.ru. Date of treatment November 22, 2015.
- ↑ Dobrovolsky A.D., Zalogin B.S. Sea of the USSR. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1982, S ill., 192 p.
- ↑ Lithosphere of the Sea of Okhotsk . www.wdcb.ru. Date of treatment April 10, 2019.
- ↑ A.I. Alekseev, V.A. Nizovtsev, E.V. Kim, G.Ya. Lisenkova, V.I. Sirotin. Geography of Russia. Household and geographical areas. Grade 9. / A.I. Alekseev. - 15th, stereotyped. - Moscow: Bustard, 2014 .-- S. 254–255.
- ↑ FAO: World review of highly migratory species and straddling stocks ... . www.fao.org . Date of treatment April 10, 2019.
- ↑ Peanut Hole Scheme (inaccessible link) . www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca . Date of treatment April 10, 2019. Archived April 11, 2009.
- ↑ JPN NV UN . www.un.org . Date of treatment April 10, 2019.
- ↑ ESIMO (inaccessible link) . Date of treatment February 6, 2011. Archived on August 22, 2011.
- ↑ 1 2 Bondarenko, Anna . The captain of Professor Kizevetter stuck in the ice is deprived of his diploma , Rossiyskaya Gazeta (February 2, 2011). Date of appeal February 10, 2011. "for violation of labor discipline that posed a threat to the safety of navigation, life and health of people at sea."
- ↑ Shadrina, Tatyana . State bailout The state will partially pay for the withdrawal of fishing vessels from ice captivity . We monitor the situation , Rossiyskaya Gazeta (January 31, 2011). Date of treatment February 10, 2011. “The state, together with the fishermen, will pay for a rescue operation to remove ships from the ice of the Sea of Okhotsk. It lasted a month and ended on January 30. "
- ↑ 1 2 ITAR-TASS . Icebreakers together with the Sodruzhestvo floating base reached the refrigerator “Shore of Hope” , News of the day , Rossiyskaya Gazeta (January 14, 2011). Date of appeal February 10, 2011. "The coordination headquarters of the rescue operation in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk under the leadership of Deputy Transport Minister of the Russian Federation Viktor Olersky are analyzing ...".
- ↑ Basov, Vasily . Ice Capture The ship was trapped due to a lack of accurate weather information , Rossiyskaya Gazeta (January 20, 2011). Date of treatment February 10, 2011. “About two million dollars will be paid by the owner to save the Cape Elizabeth seiner from ice captivity.”
- ↑ Bondarenko, Anna . Icebreakers "Admiral Makarov" and "Krasin" tow the transport refrigerator "Shore of Hope" , Rossiyskaya Gazeta (January 20, 2011). Date of treatment February 10, 2011. “The icebreaker“ Krasin ”goes ahead, followed by the icebreaker“ Admiral Makarov ”, which drags in tow,“ on the mustache ”“ Coast of Hope ”.”
- ↑ ITAR-TASS . The refrigerator “Shore of Hope” was taken out of ice captivity , Novosti daily , Rossiyskaya Gazeta (January 24, 2011). Date of treatment February 10, 2011. “The icebreakers“ Admiral Makarov “and“ Krasin “brought to the clean water in the Sea of Okhotsk the refrigerator“ Coast of Hope “and after refueling they will set off to sail the floating base“ Sodruzhestvo ”.”
- ↑ Bondarenko, Anna . Rescue operation in the Sea of Okhotsk suspended due to bad weather , Rossiyskaya Gazeta (January 21, 2011). Date of treatment February 10, 2011. "Heavy snow, zero visibility, a wind speed of 15 meters per second, which intensified the compression of the ice, forced to temporarily stop towing the vessels."
- ↑ Bondarenko, Anna . Edge of Hope Icebreakers brought the “Coast of Hope" to clean water , Rossiyskaya Gazeta (January 24, 2011). Date of treatment February 10, 2011. “The icebreakers“ Admiral Makarov “and“ Krasin “today brought to light the transport refrigerator“ Coast of Hope “, which has been in captivity for more than 20 days in the Sea of Okhotsk.”
- ↑ Bondarenko, Anna . The icebreaker Admiral Makarov is heading towards the Sodruzhestvo floating base , Rossiyskaya Gazeta (January 25, 2011). Date of treatment February 10, 2011. “The icebreaker Admiral Makarov ... ... refueled from the tanker Victoria and took the return course to the Sodruzhestvo floating base.”
- ↑ ITAR-TASS . The withdrawal of the Sodruzhestvo floating base was suspended . News of the day , Rossiyskaya Gazeta (January 26, 2011). Date of treatment February 10, 2011. “The link between the Krasin icebreaker and the Sodruzhestvo floating base” is being restored after delivery of the spare mustache by helicopter ”.
- ↑ Bondarenko, Anna . The operation to remove vessels from ice captivity in the Sea of Okhotsk is completed , Rossiyskaya Gazeta (January 31, 2011). Date of treatment February 10, 2011. “at 11:00 Vladivostok time, icebreakers removed the Sodruzhestvo floating base from an ice trap in the Sea of Okhotsk.”
Literature
- Shamraev Yu. I., Shishkina L.A. Oceanology. L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980.
- Schmidt P. Yu. Fish of the Sea of Okhotsk . - M. - L. , 1950.
- Sea of Okhotsk: Encyclopedia / author. and comp. I. S. Zonn and A. G. Kostyanaya; under the editorship of A.N. Kosareva. - M.: Intern. Relations, 2009. - 253, [1] p.: ill., maps, portr. - Bibliography: p. 251-252. - 1000 copies.