Western Great Polish dialects

Starting from one of the first classifications of Polish dialects compiled by K. Nich and presented on a 1919 map, the territory of distribution of Western Great Polish dialects in the classifications of all Polish dialectologists is included in the Greater Poland dialect. An exception on the map of K. Nitsch in 1919 was made by mazurka peripheral dialects in the vicinity of the town of Babimost , which were attributed to the Silesian dialect ( Polish narzecze śląskie ) - on modern maps of the Greater Poland dialect these dialects are referred to as Western Greater Poland ^{[3] [9]} . The West, as a separate dialectic region in the Greater Poland dialect, is distinguished in the classification by K. Nitsch presented in Wybór polskich tekstów gwarowych (1957), in which the original Polish-Luzick borderland ( Polish pierwotne pogranicze polsko-łuy ^[10] ; as well as a separate region, the west is considered in the classifications of S. Urbanchik ^[11] ; Marian Kucała; Monika Gruchmanowa ( Monika Gruchmanowa ) - she distinguishes Western Great dialects as a Western dialect with the Polish-Lusatian borderland ( Polish. Dialekt zachodni oraz pogranicze polsko- łużyckie ) ^[12] ; Zenon Sobierajski ( Zenon Sobierajski ) ^[13] and other dialectologists. Only the boundaries of the territory occupied by Western Great dialects differ in the proposed classifications.

The main linguistic features of the classification of Polish dialects, according to which K. Nitsch distinguished the Greater Poland dialect - isoglosses of the absence of masuria and the presence of a sonorous type of interverbial phonetics ^{[14] [15]} - are also characteristic of Western Great dialects ^[8] .

Western Great Polish dialects are widespread in the west of the range of the actual Greater Poland dialects and in the southwest of the range of the entire Greater Poland dialect. They occupy the territory in the western part of Greater Poland Voivodeship in the areas of Serakuw , Menzdyhud , Pniew , Nowy Tomysl , Zbonshyn, Wolsztyn and other cities. In the north, west, and south, West- Polish dialects border on the territory of the distribution of new mixed Polish dialects , in the northeast - with Krayniak dialects , and in the southeast - with South - Polish dialects . In the east, the Central Velikopol dialects adjoin the Western Great Polish ^{[16] [17]} .

Western Great Polish dialects share all the dialectic phenomena of the Greater Poland dialect proper , including typical Western Polish and South Polish dialectal features, and are also characterized by their own local dialectal features, among which are noted ^[18] :

1. Decrease in articulation u either in all positions, or only after the front-lingual : lo ^u ʒe ( Polish letter. Ludzie “people”), ko ^u ra (letter kura “chicken”), etc.
2. The non-distinction between o and u : kura (lit. kura "chicken"), gura (lit. góra "mountain") and šůr (lit. szczur "rat"), nůš (lit. nóż "knife").
3. Pronunciation i in the place of the ancient Polish long ē after soft consonants: śv'ica (lit. świeca “candle”).

In addition, dialectal features are noted in individual dialects. So, in the dialects of the villages of Chwalim , Old Kramsko and Nowe Kramsko near Babimost and in the dialects of the villages of Velen Mazury in the vicinity of Veleni , Krzyижa and Wronok , Mazury is common (coincidence in series s, z, c, ʒ of the series š, ž, č, ǯ and ś, ź, ć, ʒ́ ), which is generally not characteristic of the Greater Poland dialect ^[19] . Mazuria in the Swahili dialect is explained by its genetic affiliation to the Silesian dialect ; Mazuria in the Velen masurian dialects and in the Kramsko dialects is associated with the supposed foreign-speaking ( Ludic ) substrate ^[4] .

In the dialects of Old and New Kramsko, for which a Luzick substrate is supposed ^[14] , in addition to masuria, the following dialectal features are common ^{[20] [21]} :

1. The lack of narrowing of the vowel in the place of the ancient Polish long ā in monophthonic or diphthonic form : ptak (lit. ptak “bird”), studnia (lit. studnia “well”), etc.
2. The presence of the endings -yg / -ig , -ych / -ich in the genitive forms of the singular adjectives and pronouns of the masculine and neuter gender: moi̯ig dobryg oi̯ca (lit. mojego dobrego ojca “my good father”), tyg dobryg chłopa (lit. tego dobrego chłopa "of this good peasant"), dobrych słowa (lit. dobrego słowa of the "good word"), etc.
3. The presence of the ending -me in the form of the 1st person verb of the plural of the present tense: siedzime (lit. siedzimy “sit”).
4. Distribution of pronouns like icha , ichy , iche : od iche matki ( od jego matki "from his mother").
5. The spread of the word dumbok'i / důmbok'i (lit. głęboki "deep") and other features.

The dialect of the village of Dąbrówka Wielkopolska ( Dąbrówka Wielkopolska ) represents the western area of ​​Western Great Polish dialects, geographically it is one of the most western dialects of both the Greater Polish dialect and the entire language area of ​​the so-called old Polish tribal dialects (which do not include new mixed Polish dialects). Dombrowki’s dialect often became the subject of study by dialectologists; it was studied by K. Nich, Z. Sobereisky, M. Grukhmanova. The dialect Dombruvka, as well as all other Western dialects of the dialect, which had long been adjacent to the lands of German colonists, and who appeared in the territory of Prussia in the 19th and early 20th centuries until 1919 (Dombruvka remained on German territory and in the interwar period until 1945), is characterized by a large number of Germanisms . At present, German borrowings are preserved mainly in the speech of the inhabitants of the West Greater Poland villages of the older generation. A number of archaisms have been preserved in the dialect of Dombruvka, as well as in other Western Great Polish dialects, for example, unstressed forms of verbs: graje (letter. Gram “I play”), znaje (letter. Znam “I know”), etc. ^[8]

For dialect Dombrowka Wielkopolski characterized by the following dialectal features ^[8] :

1. The distribution of the voiced type of sandhi , not always used consistently: czowieg‿rod (lit. człowiek rad “happy person”), se ^j iedniedzil (lit. sześć niedziel “six Sundays”), but człowiek‿mo (lit. człowiek ma “ the person has ") ^[22] . There is an increasing spread of the deaf type of sandha.
2. In the absence of masuria, there are some forms with sounds s, z, c, ʒ in the place of hissing: do poduszki włozyli (lit. do poduszki włożyli "put in a pillow").
3. The narrow formation of the continuums of the historically long vowels ā , ō , the absence of diphthongs in their place: ā is pronounced o ( musioł ; naszo ), ō is pronounced u ( przód , wózka ), ē is pronounced y after solid and hardened ( potym , tymu ) and like i after soft consonants ( cikawo , kóbity ). The tendency toward narrowing of vowels in place of historically long vowels in Western Greater Poland is very strong.
4. Nasal vowels. Vowel ę (anterior nasal front row) narrows to į and y nasal: cįżki , ksįżyc , gy ⁿ si , etc. Vowel ę (nasal anterior row) narrows to ų : stųżki , mųż , etc. At the end of the word, the pronunciation of the nasal like um , om .
5. Labialization of the vowel o both at the beginning and inside the word: ^u̯ o ^e jców , ^u̯ od żony , g ^u̯ óści .
6. Reduction ł between two consonants: nasykowaa , mówia , robia , etc.

• Dialects of the polish language
• Greater Poland dialect

Comments

Sources

• Dejna K. Dialekty polskie. - wyd. 2, popr. - Wrocław: Ossolineum, 1973.
• Encyklopedia języka polskiego / pod redakcją S. Urbańczyka . - wyd. 2 popr. i uzup. - Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1994.
• Górnowicz H. Próbka mowy tzw. Mazurów wieleńskich // Język Polski. - 1957. - S. 300-302.
• Gruchmanowa M. Literatura Ludowa nr 6 // Charakterystyka gwar dawnych ośrodków języka polskiego na pograniczu ziemi lubuskiej i Wielkopolski. - 1960. - S. 16-23.
• Gruchmanowa M. Gwary zachodniej Wielkopolski. - Poznań, 1970.
• Gruchmanowa M. Gwary zachodniowielkopolskie // Sprawozdania z Prac Naukowych Wydziału Nauk Społecznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk R. 3. - 1960. - S. 70-74.
• Nietsch K. Dialekty języka polskiego. - wyd. 3rd. - Wrocław - Kraków, 1957.
• Sobierajski Z. Teksty gwarowe z zachodniej Wielkopolski. - Wrocław, 1985.
• Tomaszewski A. Mowa tzw. Mazurów wieleńskich // Slavia Occidentalis XIV. - 1935. - S. 45-176.
• Urbańczyk S. Zarys dialektologii polskiej. - wyd. 5th. - Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe , 1976.
• Ananyeva N. E. History and dialectology of the Polish language . - 3rd ed., Rev. - M .: Librocom Book House, 2009. - ISBN 978-5-397-00628-6 .

• Dialekty i gwary polskie. Kompendium internetowe pod redakcją Haliny Karaś (Polish) . Archived on May 16, 2012. (Retrieved March 25, 2013)
• Gwary polskie. Przewodnik multimedialny pod redakcją Haliny Karaś (Polish) . Archived on May 16, 2012. (Retrieved March 25, 2013)

Speech Fragments and Dictionary:

• Gwary polskie. Przewodnik multimedialny pod redakcją Haliny Karaś (Polish) . - Dialekt wielkopolski. Wielkopolska zachodnia. Tekst gwarowy - Dąbrówka Wielkopolska. Archived on April 9, 2013. (Retrieved March 25, 2013)
• Gwary polskie. Przewodnik multimedialny pod redakcją Haliny Karaś (Polish) . - Dialekt wielkopolski. Wielkopolska zachodnia. Słowniczek wybranych wyrazów gwarowych z Wielkopolski zachodniej. Archived on April 9, 2013. (Retrieved March 25, 2013)