Mon language (Mons. ဘာသာ မန် , မွန် ဘာသာ , moon bata) is an Austro - Asian language spoken by mones living in Myanmar and Thailand . Like Khmer , unlike most of the languages of Indochina , Mon does not have tones. The number of speakers of this language is 851,000, but there are very few monolinguals among them [2] In recent years, the number of speakers has been sharply reduced, especially among young people [2] - many monks speak only Burmese . In Myanmar, carriers live in the state of the same name , as well as the administrative region of Tanantay and the state of Karen [3] .
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| Mon language | |
|---|---|
| Self name | ဘာသာ မန် |
| Country | Myanmar , Thailand |
| Official status | Cambodia |
| Total number of speakers | 851,000 |
| Status | |
| Classification | |
| Category | Languages of Eurasia |
Austro-Asian family
| |
| Writing | monskoe letter |
| Language Codes | |
| GOST 7.75–97 | ahem 360 |
| ISO 639-1 | - |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-3 | mnw |
| WALS | |
| Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
| Ethnologue | |
| ABS ASCL | |
| IETF | |
| Glottolog | |
History
Monsky had a significant impact on the history of Myanmar. Until the 12th century, he was a lingua franca in the Irrawaddy river valley, including in the kingdom of Pagan . Written Monskoy continued to be the main state language even after the fall of the monastic kingdom of Taton in 1057. The Pagan king (c. 1084–1113) admired the Mons culture, which made Burmese a descendant of Mons , and the Myazedi Inscription appeared [4] . However, after the death of Zhangsita, the use of Monskoy among the Burmese decreased. began to supplant Mons and drink as the state language [4] .
Monk inscriptions are found in many in Thailand, but it is not clear whether their authors were monks of mixed Mono-Malayan or Khmer origin.
After the fall of Pagan, Monsky again became the international language of the monastic state of Hantavadi (1287-1539), remaining the main language in the region until the middle of the 19th century. After Britain colonized Lower Burma in 1852, the Irrawaddy delta became an agricultural region, the colonial government encouraged the resettlement of residents of other regions of the country, as well as Indians and Chinese, which caused a decrease in the influence of Mons.
During British colonial rule, the use of monks was constantly decreasing, and since Myanmar gained independence in 1948, the number of carriers has been steadily decreasing. In the absence of state support, the only people who constantly use monks' letters were monks.
In 2013, it was announced that the Thanlwin Times newspaper ( သံလွင်တိုင်း) , Than Lwin Times) would begin to issue Mon-language news, which would be the first Myanmar publication in Mon in 1962 [5] .
Dialects
Monsky has three main dialects: the central one ( and Moulmein ), the Pegu dialect and the dialect of the city E [6] , all are mutually intelligible. Thai speakers of Monskoy have differences in speech from Burmese speakers, but they do not interfere with understanding.
Writing
In the Thai cities of Nakhon Phanom and Saraburi , this writing is the ancestor of Burmese and Lanna [7] . In modern Mons there are several letters and diacritics, which in ancient Mons were not, for example, the signature letter လ , meaning the medal "l" [8] . In addition, there are significant differences between written and spoken Monsky, there are many homophones written in different ways [9] . Monsky uses a lot of conjoined letters representing consonants .
In Monskoy, 35 consonants, of which one is actually a vowel, in the list below, consonants pronounced with aspirated phonation are highlighted in gray [10] [11] .
| က k ( / kaˀ / ) | ခ kh ( / kʰaˀ / ) | ဂ g ( / kɛ̀ˀ / ) | ဃ gh ( / kʰɛ̀ˀ / ) | ၚ ṅ ( / ŋɛ̀ˀ / ) |
| စ c ( / caˀ / ) | ဆ ch ( / cʰaˀ / ) | ဇ j ( / cɛ̀ˀ / ) | ၛ jh ( / cʰɛ̀ˀ / ) | ည ñ ( / ɲɛ̀ˀ / ) |
| ဋ ṭ ( / taˀ / ) | ဌ ṭh ( / tʰaˀ / ) | ဍ ḍ ( / ɗaˀ / ) | ဎ ḍ ( / tʰaˀ / ) | ဏ ṇ ( / naˀ / ) |
| တ t ( / taˀ / ) | ထ th ( / tʰaˀ / ) | ဒ d ( / tɛ̀ˀ / ) | ဓ dh ( / tʰɛ̀ˀ / ) | န n ( / nɛ̀ˀ / ) |
| ပ p ( / paˀ / ) | ဖ ph ( / pʰaˀ / ) | ဗ b ( / pɛ̀ˀ / ) | ဘ bh ( / pʰɛ̀ˀ / ) | မ m ( / mɛ̀ˀ / ) |
| ယ y ( / yɛ̀ˀ / ) | ရ r ( / rɛ̀ˀ / ) | လ l ( / lɛ̀ˀ / ) | ဝ w ( / wɛ̀ˀ / ) | သ s ( / saˀ / ) |
| ဟ h ( / haˀ / ) | ဠ ḷ ( / laˀ / ) | ၜ b ( / baˀ / ) | အ a ( / aˀ / ) | ၝ mb ( / bɛ̀ˀ / ) |
In the monastic letter, consonants are divided into pure and aspirated, and when they join diacritical signs to paired consonants, they change in different ways: pure “ka”, က , reads / kaˀ / , and aspirated ဂ - / kɛ̀ˀ / [12] . When adding vowels, the following changes occur:
- က + ဳ → ကဳ , / kɔe /
- ဂ + ဳ → ဂဳ , / kì /
- က + ူ → ကူ , / kao /
- ဂ + ူ → ဂူ , / kù /
There are several unique diacritical signs in the Monskoy letter, including ဴ ( / ɛ̀a / ) and ဳ ( / i / ), and ိ means / ìˀ / [13] . Also ဨ ( / e / ) is used instead of ဧ .
Monsky has eight medals: алей ၚ ( / -ŋ- / ), ၞ ( / -n- / ), ၟ ( / -m- / ), ျ ( / -j- / ), ြ ( / -r- / ) , ၠ ( / -l- / ), ွ ( / -w- / ), and ှ ( / -hn- / ). Consonant finals are indicated with viram ( ် ), as in Myanmar.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Back lingual | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explosive | p pʰ ɓ | t tʰ ɗ | c cʰ | k kʰ | ʔ |
| Fricatives | s | ç 1 | h | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Approximants | w | l, r | j |
1 / ç / is found only in borrowings from Burmese.
Vowels
| Front row | Middle row | Back row | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top lift | i | u | |
| Mid-high rise | e | ə | o |
| Mid rise | ɛ | ɐ | ɔ |
| Low rise | a |
Register
Unlike the languages spoken around Myanmar and Thai , there are no tones in Mons; as in many Mon-Khmer, Khmer uses phonation and the vowel register to distinguish syllables. There are two registers - “pure” and “aspiratory”, in which vowels have aspiratory phonation . The examples below are indicated by gravel .
Syntax
Verb
Monsky verbs do not change in faces, and the category of time is expressed using particles.
Causation is morphologically expressed in some verbs, usually using the prefix / pə- / [14] :
| Infinitive | Transfer | Causative | Transfer |
|---|---|---|---|
| chɒt | die | kəcɒt | kill |
| lɜm | to be destroyed | pəlɒm | destroy |
| khaɨŋ | be firm | pəkhaɨŋ | make hard |
| tɛm | know | pətɛm | tell, inform |
Noun
- Number
Mon nouns do not change in numbers:
| ၁ | ||
| sɔt pakaw | mòa | mèa |
| an Apple | one | counting word |
"One apple"
| ၂ | ||
| sɔt pakaw | ɓa | mèa |
| an Apple | two | counting word |
"Two apples"
- Definitions
Definitions follow nouns [15] :
| prɛa | ce |
| woman | beautiful |
"Beautiful woman"
- Demonstrative Pronouns
Follow the noun:
| ŋoa | nɔʔ |
| day | this |
| this day | |
- Counting words
As in many other Southeast Asian languages, there are counting words in Mons. The choice of a counting word depends on the noun.
| "One pen" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| MFA | kaneh | mòa | tanəng |
| Transfer | a pen | one | counting word |
| "One tree" | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| MFA | chup | mòa | tanɒm |
| Transfer | tree | one | counting word |
- Prepositions
In Monskoy there are many prepositions:
| ɗoa | əma |
| at | lake |
| "In the lake" |
- Word order
The usual word order in a monk sentence is SVO .
| Monsky | အဲ | ရာန် | သ ္ ၚု | တုဲ | ယျ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MFA | ʔoa | ran | hau | toa | ya. |
| Transfer | I | buy | rice | completion marker | positive particle |
"I bought rice."
| Monsky | ညး | တံ | ဗ ္ တောန် | ကဵု | အဲ | ဘာသာ | အၚ်္ ဂ လိက် |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MFA | Nyeh | tɔʔ | paton | kɒ | ʔua | pàsa | ʔengloit |
| Transfer | 3rd person | plural | teach | preposition "to something" | first person | tongue | English |
"I was taught English."
- Interrogative sentences
General questions (yes / no answer) are formed by the particle ha
| Monsky | ဗှ ် ေ | စ | ပုၚ် | တုဲ | ယျ | ဟာ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MFA | ɓè | ʃìa | pəng | toa | ya | ha? |
| Transfer | you | there is | rice | particle of completeness | the confirmation | interrogative particle |
“Have you eaten rice?”
| MFA | əha | a | ha? |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transfer | father | go | interrogative particle |
Is father coming? [sixteen]
Special questions are made out by particle rau :
| Mon language | တၠ အဲ | ကြာတ် ကြဴ | မူ | ရော |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MFA | Tala ong | kratkraw | mu | ràu? |
| Transfer | Tala Ong | wash | what | interrogative particle |
“What are Tala Ong soaps?”
Notes
- ↑ UNESCO Red Book of Languages
- ↑ 1 2 Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. Mon: A language of Myanmar . Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition . SIL International (2005). Date of treatment July 9, 2006. Archived April 7, 2013.
- ↑ Dr. SM. The Mon Language (An endangered species) (link not available) . Monland Restoration Council. Date of treatment July 12, 2006. Archived on April 7, 2013.
- ↑ 1 2 Strachan, Paul. Imperial Pagan: Art and Architecture of Burma. - University of Hawaii , 1990. - P. 66. - ISBN 0-8248-1325-1 .
- ↑ Kun Chan . First Mon language newspaper in 50 years to be published (February 13, 2013). Archived July 21, 2013. Date of treatment February 16, 2013.
- ↑ South, Ashley. Mon Nationalism and Civil War in Burma: The Golden Sheldrake. - Routledge, 2003. - ISBN 0-7007-1609-2 .
- ↑ Christian, Bauer. Language and Ethnicity: The Mon in Burma and Thailand // Ethnic groups across national boundaries in mainland Southeast Asia / Gehan Wijeyewardene. - Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1990. - P. 17. - ISBN 978-981-3035-57-7 .
- ↑ Proposal for encoding characters for Myanmar minority languages in the UCS (PDF) (inaccessible link) . International Organization for Standardization (April 2, 2006). Date of treatment July 9, 2006. Archived April 7, 2013.
- ↑ Jenny, Mathias. A Short Introduction to the Mon Language (Neopr.) . - Mon Culture and Literature Survival Project (MCL), 2001. Archived July 18, 2011 to Wayback Machine
- ↑ Dho-ong Jhaan. Mon Consonants Characters (May 9, 2010). Date of treatment September 12, 2010. Archived on April 7, 2013.
- ↑ Dho-ong Jhaan. Romanization for Mon Script by Transliteration Method (October 1, 2009). Date of appeal September 12, 2010.
- ↑ Mon // Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. - Elsevier, 2009. - P. 719–20. - ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7 .
- ↑ Dho-ong Jhaan. Mon Vowels Characters (May 10, 2010). Date of treatment September 12, 2010. Archived on April 7, 2013.
- ↑ Pan Hla 1989: 29
- ↑ Pan Hla p. 24
- ↑ Pan Hla, p. 42
Literature
- Krylov Yu. Yu. Phonology and morphology of the Mon language . - SPb .: Publishing house of SPb. University, 2009 .-- 228 p.