Emile de Girardin ( fr. Émile de Girardin ; June 21, 1806 , Paris - April 27, 1884 , Paris ) is a French journalist, illegitimate son of General Count Alexander Girardin . He was married to the famous writer Dolphin de Girardin (nee Ge) from 1831 until her death in 1855 .
| Emil de Girardin | |
|---|---|
| fr. Émile de Girardin | |
 Emil de Girardin. Photo of Nadar | |
| Date of Birth | June 21, 1806 |
| Place of Birth | Paris , France |
| Date of death | April 27, 1884 (77 years old) |
| A place of death | Paris , France |
| Citizenship |  France |
| Occupation | journalist , prose writer , publicist , politician |
| Language of Works | French |
| Awards | |
His first novels (Emile, 1827 , and Au hasard , 1828 ) are autobiographical in nature. In 1828, Girardin founded Le Voleur , and the next year began to publish La Mode . Asked to increase the demand for periodicals, he decided that for this it was first of all necessary to significantly reduce their cost. The first experience of such a public publication was the Journal des connaissances utiles , founded by him in 1831 , which, at an annual price of 4 francs, soon after its appearance already totaled more than one hundred and thirty thousand subscribers; this was followed by another, even cheaper edition of the Journal des Instituteurs primaires , which cost only 1 franc 50 centimes a year. Since 1833, Girardin began to publish the Musée des familles , and the next year his Almanach de France appeared , which subsequently diverged in the number of a million copies.
The bold, harsh, paradoxical Girardin soon made himself many enemies, especially after he founded the new political newspaper La Presse , whose subscription price (40 francs) was half the price of all other similar publications. Girardin correctly calculated that with a large number of subscribers, ads would be printed predominantly in his newspaper and paying for them would more than cover the deficit from a too low subscription price. The duel of Girardin with the famous Armand Carrell ( July 22, 1836 ) ended in the death of the latter.
Girardin was repeatedly elected to the Chamber of Deputies, but did not play a prominent role in it; this was hindered by the variability of his opinions. But the significance of him as a publicist was significant. He gave a shade of independence to his conservative newspaper, preaching almost complete indifference to the question of the form of government. At first he was a supporter of Guizot , but at the end of the reign of Louis Philippe extremely sharply condemned the activities of the ministry.
Anticipating the onset of the revolution, Girarden on February 14 resigned as deputy. On February 24, he infiltrated the Tuileries and promoted the abdication of Louis Philippe, but shortly thereafter began to mock the republic and the interim government. In June 1848, he was arrested by order of Cavaignac , and the publication La Presse was suspended. Released after an eleven-day arrest, Girardin avenged Cavegnac by writing the pamphlet Journal d'un journaliste au secret, and then began a fierce struggle against his candidacy for president of the republic, taking the side of Prince Louis Napoleon .
Later, as a member of the legislative assembly, he is an opponent of Bonapartism . Exiled after a coup on December 2 from France , he soon returned and again set about publishing La Presse, which he was soon forced to sell. In 1862, he again assumed the duties of the editor-in-chief of this newspaper, but in 1866 he finally left it and became the head of the little-known Liberté, which began to produce 10 centimes, which made it disperse in 60 thousand copies after several weeks.
For some time, Girardin was in opposition , sharply opposing Ruera , but in 1869 and 1870 he welcomed the liberal Empire and supported Olivier .
In the Franco-Prussian conflict, Girarden was a supporter of the war, for which he was appointed senator. During the siege of Paris, he published Liberté in Bordeaux , attacking the interim government. In 1872, Girardin acquired the Petit Journal , which under his editors began to diverge in the amount of five hundred thousand copies. In 1874, Girardin bought La France , from which he made an instrument of struggle with the ministry of Victor de Broglie .
Elected as a deputy in 1874 , Girardin remained in the ward until his death, constantly advocating full freedom of the press. The number of brochures , pamphlets , collections of articles, plays , novels , etc., separately published by Girardin reaches hundreds. Of these, the following stand out: Questions philosophiques ( 1852 - 1857 ); Paix et Liberté ( 1864 ), Les droits de la pensée ( 1864 ), Du droit de punir ( 1871 ).
Interesting Facts
- The first appearance in the European periodical of “hidden advertising” is associated with the name of Girardin. The appearance of such advertising was noted by specialists in newspapers of the XVIII century, but such messages by private individuals were easily distinguished from the editorial text, at least at the place of publication in the newspaper and with special designation markers such as “N.V.” or “PS”. However, at the beginning In the 19th century, advertising messages began to appear that were difficult to distinguish from the editorial text. Girarden took this into account and took much more for a line of messages than for a line of ads. These messages are of two kinds: at the end of the note, interesting in itself, there is a phrase or several phrases of an advertising nature, in others there is not even a hint of advertising, although in fact the entire note is placed for advertising purposes. " [1]
- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, in their review of Girardin’s 1850 article “Socialism and Tax”, sharply criticized his idea of “two kinds” of socialism: “bad” (“war of labor against capital”) and “good” (“harmony between labor and capital ”), indicating that the latter is not socialism at all.
Notes
- ↑ Journalism of England in the 19th century - report . yaneuch.ru. Date of treatment February 20, 2017.
Links
- Girardin, Emile // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.