The history of Gaborone began with archaeological evidence in the area of the city of Gaborone , dated to 400 BC. Oe., [1] and the first written reports about the city were from the first European settlers of the XIX century. Since 1960, when Botswana gained independence from Britain, Gaborone became the capital of the country. It grew from a small village to a major city in South Africa.
Content
Early history
Experience shows that people have lived near the Notwane River since the Middle Stone Age . [2] The area, which is now the territory of modern Gaborone, was inhabited exclusively by the Hottentot tribes, which were engaged in animal husbandry . [3] They lived here until the eighth century BC , before the Toutswe tribe arrived in Botswana. The Toutswe tribe (also called Toutswemogala ) settled in the Palapye and Serov area . They grew sorghum and millet . [4] Around the year 900, the Toutswe culture began to consolidate in Botswana. Like the Khoikhoi tribe, Toutswe concentrated on raising cattle: Kraal , the remains of which were found in many places in Eastern Botswana. In this tribe, wealth and hierarchy, was based on the number of cows, and not in the amount of gold, as in the neighboring Mapungubwe tribe. [5] Toutswe engaged in long-distance trade, buying beads and porcelain. [3] Toutswe culture began to collapse in the 13th century due to overgrazing and drought, but the prestige of cattle remained in Botswana. [five]
XIX century
Mfekane (crushing or scattering of the Zulu ) is a period at the beginning of the 19th century marked by major upheavals and tribal migrations in South Africa. Before the arrival of the Europeans in this area, Tswana was the dominant ethnic group in southern Botswana, subjugating the Bakglagadi tribe and Koikoy. In the 1830s, the Boers rose to the defense of the Great Trek in the Cape Colony . This movement triggered a military campaign of the northern Ndebele led by Mzilikazi against Tswana. In the 1830s, this tribe moved north to the territory of modern Zimbabwe . The Bacololo tribe also fought Tswana at this time, when they migrated to Barotsland , which is located in present-day western Zambia . Along with Bacololo and Amandebele , the Boers also created skirmishes with Tswana. The battle between the drills and Tswana - The Battle of Dimawe was in 1852-1853. The agreement between the drills and Tswana was signed in January 1853. [5]
During this time, European missionaries from the London Missionary Society , like David Livingston and Robert Moffat , managed to spread Christianity throughout the South African region. David Livingston built the first Christian church and school in 1845 near Gaborone. [five]
In the 1880s, the Cgosi Gaborone clan from Batlokoa left the Madalisberg area in the South African province of North-West to settle in the southeastern part of Botswana. The new settlement they called Moshaweng . [2] There is also a Moshaweng in Queneng County, which is northeast of Gaborone. The town that was founded by Kgosi Gaborone, European settlers called Gaborone's Village . Later the name was abbreviated to Gaberones . Cecil Rhodes , a mining campaign mogul and founder of De Beers , built a fort for the colonial administration across the river from Gaborone. [6] The fort served as a haven for Jameson Reid during the Second Boer War . [2] The fort site became Gaborone and the city Gaborone became Tlokweng . [6]
After that, in 1871, gold was discovered in South Africa. The king of Khama III of the Bamangvato tribe formed an alliance with the British Empire. He wanted to stop the advancement of Boer gold miners. On March 31, 1885, the United Kingdom created a Bechuanaland protectorate from the land north of the Molopo River and to the Caprivi strip, which is the land of German South-West Africa. The area south of the Molopo became part of South Africa . [five]
Until the 1890s, England ruled Bechuanaland indirectly, giving it self-government. The situation changed when Cecile Rhodes created a British South African company with a state charter. Rhodes wanted to have control over the whole of southern Africa. The three kings: Khama III, Sebele I and Bathhaen I made a trip to the UK in 1895 to ask Queen Victoria not to include Botswana, Southern Rhodesia and the Cape colony in the company of Rhodes. Their venture was successful. Today in Gaborone there is a monument to the Three Dikgosi Monument . It was built in honor of the three kings who helped found Bechuanaland, and then Botswana. [five]
XX century
From 1961 to 1965, the city experienced severe droughts. More than 250,000 cattle were killed. [7]
In 1965, the capital of the protectorate of Bechuanaland moved from Mafeking to Gaborones. When Botswana gained independence Lobatse was the first option as the capital of the country. However, the new capital of Bula was established near Gaboronez. [6] The city was chosen because of its proximity to the source of fresh water, its proximity to the railroad to Pretoria and its central location among the central tribes. [8] Another reason for choosing Gaborone as the capital was that the city was the administrative center of one of the Botswana counties. During the Second Boer War, the city was the temporary capital of Bechuanaland, while Mafeking was besieged by the Boers. [9] The old colonial Gaborones became a suburb of the new Gaborone and is now known as the “village”. [6]
On September 30, 1966, Bechuanaland became the eleventh British independent colony in Africa. Gaborone’s first mayor was Reverend Derek Jones . [ten]
Gaborone was planned in accordance with the principles of a garden city with numerous walking paths and open spaces. [11] Construction of Gaborone began in mid-1964. [12]
Most of the city was built within three years. The deadlines were exceeded earlier than expected. 2000 workers helped build the city, slaughtering 140,000 m³ of piles and filling out 2,500,000 concrete blocks. [9] The buildings built at the beginning of Gaborone were: government offices, power stations, hospitals, schools, radio stations, telephone exchanges, police stations, post offices, more than 1000 houses [13] and apartments. British High Embassy, library, breweries, churches, and many other structures. By 1966, the population of Gaborone was about 5,000. [9]
The city changed its name from Gaboronez to Gaborone in 1969. [14]
Due to the fact that the city was built so quickly, a massive influx of workers began, who built illegal settlements in the southern industrial zone of the city. These settlements were called Naledi (Naledi). Naledi literally means an open-air community . In 1971, due to the growth of illegal settlements, the City Council of Gaborone and the Ministry of Local Government took the land from Nadelya to a separate district called Bontleng. The essence of this reform was that a very low income item would be spelled out in this area. Nevertheless, the Places were still growing, and the demand for housing was greater than ever. In 1973, the Botswana Housing Corporation (BHC) built New Nadeli across the street from Old Nadelia. The inhabitants of the Old Nadela have moved to New Nadely. Nevertheless, the demand for housing has increased again, and in the presence of New-Nadelya. The problem was solved in 1975, when Sir Seretse Hama , the president of Botswana, abolished the Industrial Zone in Nadeli. [15]
In the 1970s, the city was involved in the conflicts of the Rhodesian Bushman War and South Africa under apartheid. Thousands of South Africans and Rhodesia crossed the Botswana border and traveled to Gaborone or Francistown , or flew to Zambia and Tanzania to participate in the fight against the apartheid movement or free-combat activities with Joshua Nkomo-Union of African People of Zimbabwe . The fugitives put an economic burden on the city, which caused Gaborone’s standard of living to decline, and created tensions between South Africa, Rhodesia, as well as between Botswana’s citizens and refugees. [16] A quote from a government official is given as a mystery:
In this part of Botswana, people are refugees. When they see help in the camps, they want it too. They become beggars. - JH Munamati [17] |
Gaborone experienced many attacks by the South African military in the 1980s. On May 13, 1983, helicopters were sent to South Africa to destroy a military base there. [18] On June 14, 1985, South Africa dispatched an anti-apartheid group in Gaborone. Raids killed twelve civilian casualties. After the special operation, the United States recalled its ambassador to South Africa. South African forces also ambushed Botswana’s barracks north-west of Gaborone in the direction of Mogoditstein . On May 19, 1986, a government worker was killed during a helicopter attack. South Africa said it was the African National Congress of Terrorists. [19] Gaborone also survived another attack on March 28, 1988. There were four dead. [20]
Gaborone received city status by international concepts in 1986. [21]
In 1992, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) established its embassy in Gaborone, uniting the economies of its member countries. [3]
After the 1994 general elections, riots broke out in Gaborone due to high unemployment and other issues. [22]
Today, Gaborone is growing very fast. The city was originally planned for 20,000 people, [9] but by 1992 there were 138,000 people in the city. This led to the creation of new settlements on undeveloped lands. [23]
See also
- History of Botswana
- Gaborone
Links
- ↑ Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa. - New York, New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995. - ISBN 0-312-12598-4 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Hardy, Paula. Gaborone // Botswana & Namibia / Paula Hardy, Matthew D. Firestone. - Lonely Planet, 2007. - p. 75–88. - ISBN 978-1-74104-760-8 .
- 2 1 2 3 Collins, Robert O. Collins, United States of America // A History of Sub-Saharan Africa / Robert O. Collins, James McDonald Burns. - Cambridge University Press, 2007. - P. 160–161, 389. - ISBN 0-521-86746-0 .
- ↑ Hall, Martin. Toutswe, Mapungubwe and the East Coast trade // Farmers, Kings and Traders 200-1860 . - Chicago, Illinois, USA: University of Chicago Press, 1990. - p. 85–86. - ISBN 0-226-31326-3 .
- 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shillington, Kevin (2005), "Encyclopedia of African history" , in Shillington, Kevin, Encyclopedia of African History , vol. 1, CRC Press, pp. 161–163, 166–167, 701–702, 704, ISBN 1-57958-453-5 , < https://books.google.com/?id=Ftz_gtO-pngC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false > . Retrieved July 13, 2010.
- 2 1 2 3 4 Njeru, Purity History of Gaborone . Nairobi, Kenya: The African Executive (2009). The appeal date is August 4, 2009. Archived March 22, 2013.
- ↑ Disaster State Near South Africa Drought (June 30, 1965), p. 3. Date of appeal July 14, 2010.
- ↑ Seth, Willie. Major urban centers // Botswana and Its People . - Godfrey Mwakikagile, 2008. - P. 44–46. - ISBN 978-0-9814258-7-0 .
- 2 1 2 3 4 Gaberones Developed As Capital City Of New State, Botswana , Gaberones, Bechuanaland: NY Times News Service (November 9, 1966), p. 33. Appeal date is July 14, 2010.
- ↑ Grant, Sandy. Our Heritage. . - Gaborone, Botswana: Mmegi Online , 2009-06-18. - Vol. 26
- ↑ Keiner, Marco. From the United States of America to the United States of America, Marco Keiner, Christopher Zegras, Willy A. Schmid. - Springer, 2004. - P. 19, 63, 68, 93. - ISBN 978-1-4020-2879-3 .
- ↑ Paine, David J .. Capital City Being Built On Virgin Soil (April 15, 1966). Archived January 2, 2013. The appeal date is July 11, 2010.
- ↑ killion. The Unsustainable Urban Growth of Gaborone City, Botswana . Boidus: Blogs (June 29, 2009). The appeal date is August 4, 2009. Archived March 22, 2013.
- ↑ Regions Given New Spelling (December 22, 1969), p. 11. The appeal date is July 11, 2010.
- ↑ Van Nostrand, John Cornelius. History of the Old Naledi Squatter Upgrading Project, Gaborone, Botswana . - James Lorimer & Company, 1982. - P. 13–15. - ISBN 978-0-88862-650-9 .
- ↑ Younghusband, Peter . The Pied Pipers of Africa (March 2, 1977), p. 7. Date of appeal July 14, 2010.
- ↑ Arnett, Peter . The World Turns a Cold Shoulder (April 24, 1979). The appeal date is July 14, 2010.
- ↑ South Africa conducts raids on cities in three countries (May 13, 1983), p. 3. The date of circulation is July 14, 2010.
- ↑ Cowell, Alan . South Africa raids rebels across border (May 20, 1986), pp. 1-2. The appeal date is July 14, 2010.
- ↑ South African army kills four in raid in Botswana (March 28, 1988), p. 7A. The appeal date is July 14, 2010.
- ↑ Embassy of Botswana in Tokyo, Japan. Gaborone Capital City & The Surroundings (inaccessible link) . Cities and Towns . The appeal date is July 13, 2010. Archived September 24, 2001.
- ↑ LeVert, Suzanne. Botswana . - Marshall Cavendish, 2007. - P. 15, 27–28, 105. - ISBN 978-0-7614-2330-0 .
- ↑ Carr, Michael. The city of the city // // new patterns: process and change in human geography . - 2nd. - Nelson Thornes, 1997. - P. 224. - ISBN 978-0-17-438681-0 .